How to formalize and reflect in the accounting the formation of reserve capital. What is reserve capital? Accounting for reserve capital Accounting for the formation and use of reserve capital

Organizations, in accordance with the current legislation, are granted the right to form funds and create reserves financial resources, which may be part of equity, formed by inclusion in the cost of products (works, services) or by inclusion in other expenses of the organization.

The need to create appropriate reserves is caused by the need economic activity organizations. Their formation and use affect the amount of costs and profits, the main indicators of taxation and represent the insurance capital of the organization, intended to compensate for losses from economic activity.

The formation of reserve capital can be mandatory and voluntary. IN without fail in accordance with the legislation, joint-stock companies and enterprises with foreign investments form a reserve capital (fund).

NK-Innovations LLC can create reserve capital in accordance with its constituent documents:

To cover losses from business activities;

Size increase authorized capital.

Accounting for reserve capital is carried out on a passive synthetic account 82 "Reserve capital". The source of the formation of reserve capital is net profit, therefore the formation of reserve capital is reflected in accounting records by an entry in the debit of the account and the credit of account 82 “Reserve capital”. The use of reserve capital is reflected in the accounting on the debit of account 82 "Reserve capital" and the credit of account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)". At the same time, the amounts that are directed to cover the loss for reporting year, are debited directly to the debit of account 82 from the credit of account 84. In section III liabilities balance sheet the balance of account 82 "Reserve capital" is reflected.

The registered authorized capital of NK-Innovations LLC for 2014 is 500,000 rubles. As a result of work for this year society received net profit in the amount of 280,000 rubles. The meeting of founders decided to send part of the profit in the amount of 240,000 rubles. for the payment of dividends, including to employees of NK-Innovations LLC - 97,000 rubles. The remaining amount was decided to be used to finance capital investments.

The reserve capital, which is 5% of the authorized capital, has not been fully formed. The balance on account 82 "Reserve capital" at the time of the decision to distribute the net profit of the reporting year is 13,000 rubles.

The following entries were made in the accounting of NK-Innovations LLC:

Debit 99 “Profit and loss” Credit 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”

280 000 rub. - final entries for December write off the amount of profit after taxation;

Debit 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)" Credit 82 "Reserve capital"

12 000 rub. - made contributions to the reserve capital;

Debit 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)" Credit 75 "Settlements with the founders" sub-account "Calculations for the payment of income"

RUB 143,000 (240,000 - 97,000) - dividends were accrued to the founders - third parties;

Debit 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” Credit 70 “Settlements with personnel for remuneration”

RUB 97,000 - Dividends were accrued to the founders - employees of the organization.

Analytical accounting provides information on the main areas of use of reserve capital.

In the course of their activities, organizations can form various reserves.

The reserves formed by including in the cost of products (works, services) include reserves for paying vacations to employees, payment of remuneration based on the results of work for the year and length of service, repair of fixed assets, warranty repairs and warranty service, etc. Provisions formed by inclusion in the organization's other expenses are represented by provisions for impairment material assets, reserves for depreciation of financial investments, for doubtful debts.

The first group includes reserves formed by including in the cost of products (works, services), which are reflected in the accounting on a passive synthetic account. The main purpose of creating reserves upcoming expenses consists in uniform inclusion of them in the costs of production and the costs of selling products (works, services). Operations on the formation of reserves are reflected in the credit of account 96 "Reserves for future expenses", and on their use - in its debit.

object analytical accounting is each of the formed reserves, which is assigned a separate sub-account on account 96 “Reserves for future expenses”.

The correctness of the formation and use of reserves is checked in the organization periodically, and at the end of the year it is mandatory. For this, estimates, calculations, etc. are involved, on the basis of which the value of each of the reserves is determined. If necessary, the amounts of created and used reserves are adjusted based on the results of the audit (the amount of created reserves is additionally charged or reversed).

The second group includes reserves formed by inclusion in other expenses of the organization. Initially, they are recorded in different accounts, and the purpose of their creation is different.

Provisions for the impairment of material assets are created if, as of the reporting date, market price material values ​​will be lower than their actual cost. The amount of the decrease in material assets is established during the inventory before compiling the annual financial statements. As a result of identifying the magnitude of the decrease in material assets, the organization has the right to report material assets at the current market value if it is lower than the value accepted for accounting. For the difference between the actual cost and their market value as of the reporting date, reserves are formed for the reduction of material assets due to other expenses.

When compiling the balance sheet, the amount of created reserves is deducted from actual cost material assets, and they are reflected in the balance sheet at the current market value. At the beginning of the next reporting period, the reserved amounts are written off.

The same group of reserves includes reserves for the depreciation of financial investments in securities accounted for in a passive synthetic account.

On the market valuable papers transactions for the purchase and sale of securities on stock exchanges. At the same time, the acquisition of shares, bonds and other securities is carried out at prices above or below their nominal value. Consequently, differences arise in accounting that affect financial results organizations. To cover losses from these operations, provision is made for the depreciation of investments in securities.

Provisions for depreciation are created at the expense of other income of the organization, if the market value of the securities acquired by the organization turned out to be lower than the value at which they are listed on the balance sheet. At the same time, the market value of securities is determined as a weighted average value according to the data on their quotation on the stock exchange. When the market value of securities for which provisions for impairment have been made increases, they are written off to other income.

When compiling the balance sheet, the balance of account 58 " Financial investments» is shown net of the amounts of created reserves for depreciation of financial investments.

Allowances for doubtful debts are created at the expense of other income of the organization and are recorded in the accounting policy of the organization. Doubtful debt is accounts receivable organization that is not repaid in fixed time and is not covered by the appropriate guarantees. Provisions for doubtful debts are created at the end of the reporting year on the basis of an inventory of receivables for each doubtful debt, depending on the solvency of the debtor. Bad debts are written off at the expense of the created reserve during the year following the year of the formation of the reserve, as the terms expire limitation period.

If the doubtful debt for which a provision has been made, within next year for some reason not written off, then the balance of reserves for such debts is added to other income of the reporting year.

The unused balance of allowances for doubtful debts is also added to other income of the reporting period in case of a change in the organization's accounting policy in the next year.

Accounting for reserves for doubtful debts is kept on a passive synthetic account 63 "Reserves for doubtful debts". The creation of provisions is recorded as a loan, and write-offs doubtful debts and accession of balances of reserves - on the debit of this account.

Unclaimed receivables written off the balance sheet are accounted for in the balance sheet for five years to monitor the possibility of its collection in the event of a change in the property status of debtors on account 007 “Debt written off at a loss insolvent debtors”.

Analytical accounting for the account is maintained for each doubtful debt for which a reserve has been created.

Accounting records for the reflection in the accounting of the formation and movement of funds of reserve capital and other reserves created in the organization are presented in Table. 2.1.

Table 2.1 - Correspondence of accounts for accounting for reserve capital and other created reserves of NK-Innovations LLC

Thus, each organization has its own capital, which is determined by the difference between the amounts of assets and external liabilities of the enterprise. It includes some components. In addition, it can be both constant and variable. At the same time, its variable part depends on the financial result of all the activities of the organization, and a reserve capital is created at its expense.

One of constituent parts capital are the reserves of the organization, which are necessary to cover unexpectedly arising unforeseen expenses caused, for example, by a crisis. This is due to the fact that any economic decision is to some extent associated with some risk, with possible losses from the activities carried out. In this case, losses can be provoked not only by objective, but also by subjective factors.

That is why, in order to ensure stability in the economic development of the organization, some part of the results obtained should be put aside in reserve. In the asset balance of the enterprise, these reserved values ​​are taken into account in the current turnover, but in the liability they are reflected as a credit balance of 82 accounts. Thus, the reserve capital is an "untouchable" part of the funds, which in no case should be reduced. It is formed from profit. When defining the concept of "reserve capital", it should be clarified that this is a part of the profit of the organization, subject to distribution, on which the owner of the enterprise or the legislation imposes restrictions on the options for its use. In this case, the amount of deductions from profit is set individually in each organization.

All deductions made from profits to reserve capital are reflected in the 82 credit account, and the expenditure of its funds is indicated in the debit of this account. Correspondence is carried out with 84 accounts.

It must be said that mandatory formation reserve is peculiar only to joint-stock companies. Many other organizations should not create it. However, they may do so in accordance with accounting policy or founding documents. This situation is due to the established legislation.

Capital is the main tool for the business owner, without which she herself entrepreneurial activity can't even start. Equity capital consists of heterogeneous parts intended for specific purposes. One of the important and obligatory components of capital legal entity- Reserve capital. Unlike other shares of capital, there are some contradictory nuances in its formation, use and accounting.

Below we will consider the legal basis for its formation and application, the main functions, the connection with retained earnings, as well as the subtleties of accounting entries.

What is reserve capital

Any activity cannot be insured against losses. In entrepreneurship, where the financial issue is the main one, the constant presence of some financial “cushion” on Unexpected situations is especially relevant. It happens that in no other way to get necessary funds impossible, while there are certain obligations to counterparties or an urgent need for immediate cash investments.

For these purposes, the company must have a certain insurance fund - a reserve.
Thus, the reserve capital is a certain part of the organization's property (or its profit), which performs an insurance function that guarantees the operation of the enterprise without interruption and compliance with responsibility to counterparties. It consists of retained earnings placed in it.

In a broader sense organization's reserve fund- financial source for:

• defect coverage current assets when forming production reserves, unfinished objects, etc.;
• short-term financial investments.

Purpose of reserve capital:

• compensation for losses, if this is not possible from other sources;
• redemption of bonds;
• redemption of shares of LLC or JSC;
• payment of income to investors (if the profit does not allow it);
• dividends on preferred shares;
• compliance with urgent obligations to creditors that are not repaid in any other way.

Laws of the Russian Federation on reserve capital

The creation of a reserve capital is provided for legal entities - joint-stock companies and limited liability companies. But the legislative justification for the formation of this part of equity for enterprises of different forms of ownership has significant differences.

Reserve capital for JSC

The legal framework for the functioning of joint-stock companies is regulated by the Law on Joint-Stock Companies - Federal Law No. 208-FZ of December 26, 1995. Reserve capital is dedicated to paragraph 1 of Art. 35 of this Law. In it, entrepreneurs-shareholders are legally obliged to create a reserve capital at their enterprise. Its size must be determined by the statutory documents of the joint-stock company, but in any case not be less than one-twentieth of the total authorized capital.

To form it, you need to deduct a certain percentage of profits to this fund every year (the amount of deductions is also stipulated in the Charter). It can be anything, but not less than 5% of net profit, until the fund reaches the value specified in the Charter of the JSC.

The purposes of using the JSC reserve fund are rigidly enshrined in the following closed list:

• covering possible losses of the joint-stock company;
• redemption of bonds;
• buyback of shares.

IMPORTANT! All these purposes can be carried out at the expense of the reserve fund, if there are no other sources of funding. It is not permitted by law to use money from the reserve fund for purposes not specified in this list.

Reserve capital for LLC

The Law on LLC (Federal Law of 08.02.1998 No. 14-FZ) in Article 30 allows, but does not oblige the founders to create a reserve fund, as well as other funds for various purposes. The sizes are not strictly regulated, but it is required to streamline them in the statutory documents.

Since the LLC Law does not contain an indispensable obligation to create a reserve fund, the goals of this part of the capital are not regulated. In this case, paragraph 69 of the “Regulations on the conduct of accounting and accounting in Russian Federation”, which, in addition to the procedure for distributing the reserve fund to various sub-accounts, lists possible ways to spend it. LLCs can use the reserve capital for:

• compensation for losses;
• redemption of bonds;
• redemption of founder's shares;
• increase in the authorized capital.

FOR YOUR INFORMATION! If an JSC or LLC receives foreign investment, its reserve capital must be at least a quarter of the authorized capital, as required by the laws of the Russian Federation.

How is the reserve capital reflected in accounting

As already mentioned, the reserve capital is included as an integral part in the equity capital of a legal entity (clause 66 of the Regulations on Accounting). Clause 69 of the same document decides that the reserve fund should be displayed separately in the balance sheet. For this, a special account 82 "Reserve capital" is provided, which is a liability. It displays information about the availability of funds in the reserve fund and their dynamics.

Since the funds in the reserve fund are taken from retained earnings, the credit of account 82 will function in correspondence with account 84 "retained earnings, uncovered loss."

EXAMPLE 1. LLC "Superkontrakt" declared in the founding documents the amount of its authorized capital of 50 million rubles. - such a figure appeared in the documents after the last meeting of the founders on February 15, 2017. The size of the reserve capital for this date was 2 million 200 thousand rubles. Net profit according to the final documents of 2016 amounted to 12 million rubles.

The size of the reserve capital, in accordance with the requirements of the law and the Charter of Supercontract LLC, should be 5% of the total equity capital: 50 million rubles. X 5% \u003d 2 million 500 thousand rubles. Annual deductions also amount to the statutory 5%. Thus, the net profit of the previous reporting year will give 12 million rubles to the reserve fund. X 5% \u003d 600 thousand rubles.

To achieve the size of the reserve fund provided for by the Charter, 2 million 500 thousand rubles are missing. - 2 million 200 thousand rubles. = 300 thousand rubles. They can be accrued from the net profit of 2016, as decided by the Board of Founders of Supercontract LLC.

The accounting entry looked like this:

15.02.2017

Debit 84, credit 82 - 300,000 rubles. - "The reserve capital was formed at the expense of net profit."

If the purpose of replenishing the reserve fund is to increase assets, then such an operation must be reflected again on credit 82, but use debit already 75 - “Settlements with the founders”. You can open additional sub-accounts.

EXAMPLE 2. JSC "Trayan", represented by its shareholders, decided to increase the value of assets by 6,000,000 rubles, contributing the appropriate funds for this. This decision was reflected in the minutes of the meeting of the joint-stock company dated 03/13/2017. Some shareholders transferred the necessary money on the next day, 03/14/2017, and the last payment was made on 03/21/2017. This is how the final accounting entry will look like:

14.03. 2017 – 21.03.2017

Debit 51, credit 75 - 6,000,000 rubles. – money was received for the formation of reserve capital from shareholders.

21.03.2017

Debit 75, credit 84 - 6,000,000 rubles. – the reserve capital was formed at the expense of the contributions of shareholders.

Target accounting of reserve capital

Since reserve capital (for JSC) can be used exclusively for certain purposes, accounting reflection in each case is strictly regulated by the Accounting Rules. The debit of account 82 may be in correspondence with such accounts provided for by the Account Management Plan:

• 84 "Retained earnings, uncovered loss";
• 66 "Settlements on short-term credits and loans";
• 67 "Settlements on long-term credits and loans".

Analytical accounting of reserve capital

Unlike accounting, analytical accounting allows you to clarify the areas of application of reserve capital. The reserves formed by enterprises may have a different target direction and source.

1. Reserves included in the cost. In accounting, this group of assets is reflected in the passive account 96 “Reserves for future expenses”. They are regularly and evenly included in costs, each type of which corresponds to a separate sub-account of this account:
   • vacation pay for staff;
   • performance bonuses;
   • repair of fixed assets;
   • warranty repair and maintenance, etc. .
2. Reserves included in other income. Initially having a different purpose, they are displayed on different accounts. When they are formed, the amount of the created reserve is deducted from the cost, so they will be reflected on the balance sheet at the market value current on the date of deposit. These amounts may be written off if they are not committed by the start of the next accounting period. They are recorded on account 59 "Reserves for the depreciation of financial investments." These reserves include:
   • reserves created by reducing the value of tangible assets - when the market value at the date of entry on the balance sheet is lower than the actual one, the difference forms a reserve;
   • depreciation of investing money in securities - the same situation as with tangible assets, can also develop with securities (purchasing them on stock exchange at a cost above or below par, the difference constitutes a reserve).

ATTENTION! In accounting, when reflecting the balance on the balance sheet of account 58 “Financial investments”, it is necessary to subtract the amounts included in the reserve fund for the depreciation of financial investments.

3. Provisions for problematic debt. A problematic (doubtful) debt is a receivable that has not been repaid within the period provided for this and is not secured by guarantee obligations. Such debts can be identified after the inventory at the end of the year. First you need to assess the potential ability of the debtor to repay the debt. The year following the accounting year is allotted for this, during which the amount of debt will be listed as a reserve. After the expiration of this year, the unpaid debt, which was a reserve, will be listed as a debt (5 years are allotted for this), and then will be written off as a loss.

Such a reserve must be taken into account on account 63 “Reserves for doubtful debts” (creation - on a debit, write-off and addition of reserve balances - on a loan).

4. Additional capital. When an organization is doing well, its capital grows. There is an opportunity to increase assets, including reserve capital. Additional capital may consist of:
   • revaluation of the company's assets (current and non-current);
   • the difference between the actual and nominal price of shares used for the authorized capital;
   • differences in the exchange rate when making contributions to the authorized capital, if they were made in foreign currency.

For accounting of additional capital, account 83 “Additional capital” (credit) and special sub-accounts are intended. The debit can be account 50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts", etc.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION! The amount included in the reserve as additional capital is usually not subject to write-off, except in cases of posting an increase in the authorized capital, a write-down of fixed assets after revaluation, or a negative exchange rate difference.

EXAMPLE 3. JSC "Consumer" got the opportunity to increase its authorized capital by placing in it additional shares. At face value, the increase would have amounted to 300,000 rubles, but in the sale by subscription for shares, 320,000 rubles were paid.

Entries in the accounting of JSC "Consumer":

• debit 75 “Settlements with founders”, sub-account “Settlements on contributions to the authorized capital”; loan 80 "Authorized capital", sub-account "Declared capital" - 300,000 rubles. — an increase in the authorized capital is reflected;
• debit 80 "Authorized capital", sub-account "Declared capital"; loan 80 "Authorized capital", subaccount "Subscribed capital" - 300,000 rubles. - registered subscription for shares;
• debit 51 "Settlement accounts"; loan 75 “Settlements with the founders”, sub-account “Settlements on contributions to the authorized capital” - 320,000 rubles. - reflects the receipt of funds for the acquired shares;
• debit 75 “Settlements with founders”, sub-account “Settlements on contributions to the authorized capital”; loan 83 "Additional capital" - 20,000 rubles. - reflected share premium (excess of the actual cost of placement of shares over their face value).

The value of reserve capital

Reserve capital or reserve fund (these concepts are used in one field) has a rather limited scope of application. Its main function is to compensate for certain losses of the organization. The procedure for spending funds from the reserve capital does not increase or decrease the assets of a legal entity: it only affects the composition of equity capital.

The reserve fund is an indirect means of saving the finances of the enterprise, because it protects part of the profit from immediate use at the time of its appearance, and forces it to “save” this part for a “rainy day” of possible losses, thereby insuring the organization from acute negative consequences.

Reserve capital - account, on which it is taken into account, we will consider in detail further - all joint-stock companies must create without fail. Consider the reflection of operations with reserve capital in accounting.

Account characteristics 82

To account for the formation reserve capital account 82 corresponds with account 84. In particular cases, account 82 corresponds with account 75, for example, when forming an AC in non-profit organizations and agricultural enterprises. In order to reflect operations on the use of accumulated reserve capital account corresponds with accounts 66 (67).

By studying the features of account 82, one can make such a description of it. This is the account:

• passive, since it takes into account the sources of the enterprise's property; RC is one of the constituent parts of the capital of a joint-stock company and, like all sources for assets, is reflected in the liabilities side of the balance sheet;
• balance sheet, because its indicators are reflected in the balance sheet;
• stock, since it is intended to account for the sources of formation of funds belonging to the joint-stock company - the capital of the company;
• the main one, because it is designed to control the state and movement of the sources of formation of the company's property (in this case).

You can read about the sources of capital formation in our article.

Deductions to reserve capital - postings

There are several main ways to display the opportunities used to replenish the AC (we will consider them together with postings By reserve capital):

1. Due to retained earnings (according to the norms of paragraph 1 of article 35 of the law of December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ, until the size of the Republic of Kazakhstan approved by the charter of the joint-stock company is reached, the amount of deductions made each year cannot be less than 5% of profit after taxes (net)): Dt 84 Kt 82.
2. By making contributions by shareholders, participants non-profit organizations and agricultural enterprises: Dt 75-3 Kt 82 (subaccount 75-3, as a rule, displays other settlements with shareholders (founders)).

As you can see from the above postings, replenishment reserve capital account 82 is shown on credit.

Postings when using reserve capital

Use of funds reserve capital account 82 is displayed on the debit, which is typical for passive accounting accounts. For AO, only target spending funds of the Republic of Kazakhstan (paragraph 3, clause 1, article 35 of Law No. 208-FZ):

• The redemption of the bonds issued by JSC - Dt 82 Kt 66 (67) - is carried out at the expense of the Republic of Kazakhstan in case of a shortage of other funds from the company. At the same time, the above entry will only increase debts on bonds, since the Republic of Kazakhstan is not property, but only a source.
• Redemption of issued shares - Dt 82 Kt 81. In this case, the Republic of Kazakhstan, rather, plays the role of a source of coverage for losses from securities redemption operations, since money (assets) is still needed for the actual redemption of its shares, and not sources. Therefore, despite the fact that this posting is used in practice, it is better to use cash accounting accounts instead of account 82 in such postings.
• Coverage of losses received - Dt 82 Kt 84. In accounting, this operation is regarded as an event occurring after the date of the report. The mechanics of this operation is as follows: following the results of consideration on the basis of sub. 12 p. 1 art. 65 of Law No. 208-FZ, the Supervisory Board makes a decision to cover the incurred losses at the expense of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Results

All ongoing operations related to the change reserve capital on account 82 are displayed for both credit and debit. The receipt of funds (replenishment of the RC) is shown on the credit of this account, and the use of funds - on the debit.

According to the Chart of Accounts approved by the Ministry of Finance, it is assumed that the “Reserve Capital” account corresponds only with accounts 66 (67) and 84. In some cases, it is practiced to use posting with account 75 when forming the AC from the contributions of shareholders, founders of NPOs.

You will find more information on the use of accounting accounts in our article.

The accounting of reserve capital is considered as part of the organization's own capital, formed from the profit received from the results of activities for the reporting period, reserved to cover possible losses of the organization, as well as to redeem the organization's bonds and buy back its own shares.

General provisions

To ensure the stability of economic development, any firm must set aside part of the results obtained, creating a reserve capital, or fund.

Reserve capital - part of the organization's own capital; part of the profit received from the results of activities for the reporting period, reserved to cover possible losses of the organization, as well as to redeem the organization's bonds and buy back its own shares (that is, retained part of the profit)

The reserve capital is subdivided into a reserve fund created by organizations on a mandatory basis, and other optional reserve funds. These two types of reserve funds should be shown separately in the balance sheet.

The regulatory framework for accounting for the reserve capital created by the organization in legislative order, includes:
- Federal Law No. 26.12.1995 No. 208-FZ "On Joint Stock Companies" (hereinafter referred to as the JSC Law);
- Federal Law No. 14-FZ dated February 8, 1998 “On Limited Liability Companies” (hereinafter referred to as the LLC Law);
- Guidelines on the procedure for the formation of indicators of the financial statements of the organization, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 28, 2000 No. 60n;
- New plan accounting accounts (hereinafter referred to as the Chart of Accounts);
- Civil Code Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
- Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 1999 No. 107n, dated March 24, 2000 No. 31n) (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations on Accounting).

Reserve capital (fund) is created in joint-stock companies (JSC) and limited liability companies (LLC) in accordance with the charter. At their discretion, enterprises of other forms of ownership can also create it, if this is provided for by their constituent documents or accounting policies.

According to Art. 35 of the JSC Law for JSCs, the creation of a reserve capital is mandatory. For an LLC in Art. 30 of the LLC Law states: “The company may create a reserve fund and other funds in the manner and in the amount provided for by the company’s charter”, that is, the LLC decides on the creation of reserve capital on its own.

Reserve Capital Accounting

To summarize information on the status and movement of reserve capital, the Chart of Accounts provides for account 82 “Reserve Capital”. Count 82 is passive. Analytical accounting on account 82 is organized in such a way as to provide information on the channels for using funds.

JSCs form a reserve capital in the amount provided for by the company's charter through mandatory annual deductions from net profit (at least 5%) until it reaches the amount established by the company's charter; reserve capital must be at least 5% of the authorized capital.

The reserve capital is formed mainly at the expense of retained earnings.
The amount of net profit received for the reporting year reflected in accounting in the following way:
Dr. 99 "Profit and Loss"

Deductions to reserve capital from net profit :

Kt 82 "Reserve capital"

Until January 1, 2002, the value of the mandatory reserve capital for a joint-stock company had to be at least 15% of the size of the authorized capital. Thus, if the company made these changes to the charter - reducing the size of the reserve capital to 5% of the size of the authorized capital, then such an operation should be reflected in the accounting records.
The excess of the amount of reserve capital is charged to retained earnings and is reflected in the following entry:
Dt 82 "Reserve capital"
Kt 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)"

According to Art. 35 of the JSC Law, the reserve fund of the company is intended for three purposes:
- covering his losses;
- redemption of the company's bonds;
- redemption of the company's shares in the absence of other means.

The obligatory reserve fund of the company cannot be used for other purposes. The rest of the unused funds of the reserve fund are transferred to the next year.

Losses are losses from economic activities expressed in monetary terms. If in the reporting period the organization received a loss, then the accumulated funds of the reserve capital of the JSC, formed by law, can be used to cover this loss.

According to the Chart of Accountsthe amount of uncovered loss of the reporting year is written off by the final turnover of December in the following way:
Dt 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”
Kt 99 "Profit and Loss"

Covering the loss at the expense of reserve capital is reflected in the accounting records as follows:
Dt 82 "Reserve capital"
Kt 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)"

A bond is a type of security that confirms that its owner has contributed cash for the purchase of a security and thereby has the right to present it later for payment as promissory note, which the organization that issued the bond is obliged to reimburse at the nominal value indicated on the bonds. This redemption is called the redemption of the bond.

If bonds are placed at a price higher than their face value , then the following records are made:
- cash received for placed bonds at face value:

Kt 66(67) “Settlements on short-term credits and loans”, (“Settlements on long-term credits and loans”);
- the amount of excess of the placement price of bonds over their face value:
Dt 51 (50) "Settlement accounts" ("Cashier");
Kt 98 "Deferred income".
- Reflection of issued bonds:
Dt 009 “Securities for obligations and payments issued”

Within a predetermined period, the bond issuer is obliged to monthly accrue and pay to their holder a fixed percentage of the face value.

Interest paid by the organization for providing it with the use of funds (credits, loans) to third parties , are recognized operating expenses(clause 11 PBU 10/99) and are accounted for on account No. 91 “Other income and expenses”, sub-account 91.2 “Other expenses”:
- accrued interest due to third parties on bonds:
Dr. 91.2 "Other expenses"
Kt 66.2 (67.2) "Calculations on accrued interest"
- payment by the organization of interest on bonds:
Dt 66.2 (67.2) "Calculations on accrued interest"
Kt 51(50) "Settlement accounts" ("Cashier")

A bond may be redeemed ahead of schedule, on time or not redeemed if its holder does not appear to receive the funds due to him. Applies to bonds general term limitation period of three years. The issuer must pay the amounts due to the bondholder when the bonds are redeemed. A bond refers to obligations with a definite maturity - a maturity period, which, as a rule, is several years - an average of two years, and in accordance with Art. 200 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation for obligations with certain period performance, the limitation period begins at the end of the performance period. That is, within three years after the expiration of the bond circulation period, the JSC must pay the third party all the funds due to it.
Issued bonds redeemed at face value :
Dt 66.1 (67.1) "Calculations at face value of bonds"
Kt 51 (50) "Settlement accounts" ("Cashier")
Repaid bonds reflected:
Kt 009 “Securities for obligations and payments issued”

After a three-year period, the debt is written off to the financial results of the organization's activities, taking into account the interest payable as accounts payable for which the statute of limitations has expired.
The amount paid upon redemption of the bond consists of two parts - the face value of the bond and interest. Turnovers on account No. 82 "Reserve capital" can only reflect interest on bonds and in cases where other funds are not enough for this. Since interest on bonds is ultimately charged to the organization's expenses, the case when there are not enough other funds to pay the interest is the case when the organization does not have an amount of income corresponding to the expenses.
Part of the reserve fund was directed to the redemption of the company's bonds :
Dt 82 "Reserve capital"
Kt 66(67) “Settlements on short-term credits and loans”, (“Settlements on long-term credits and loans”)

Redemption of shares is the acquisition by a certain person of securities (shares) previously issued by him. In accordance with Article 101 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a joint-stock company has the right, by decision general meeting shareholders to reduce the authorized capital by purchasing part of the shares in order to reduce their total(if such a possibility is provided for by the charter of the company).

For this operation, an entry is made in the debit of account 81 “Own shares (shares)” in correspondence with accounts for cash accounting - the amount of actual costs for the repurchase of shares is reflected. JSCs may spend their reserve capital to buy back the company's shares if other funds are insufficient for this.

Reserve capital created for purposes not provided for by law

The reserve capital of an enterprise, created in an optional (non-legislative) manner, can be formed at the expense of targeted contributions from the founders, at the expense of the redistribution of funds from other funds and at the expense of targeted financing and receipts.

Business operationson accounting for earmarked funding and revenues reflected as follows:
- receipt of funds received from other organizations, institutions and persons:
Dt 50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts"
Kt 82 "Reserve capital"
- accrual of parental contributions due for the maintenance of children in nurseries and kindergartens, tuition fees for special courses, etc.
Dr. 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors"
Kt 82 "Reserve capital"

The reserve capital formed at the expense of target financing and receipts should be used for the purposes for which they (receipts) were intended: the maintenance of children's institutions, training of personnel, research work of national economic importance, etc.

Optional reserve funds usually created on short term time or as needed and can be of various purposes:
- amounts allocated for the payment of income and dividends in periods when the current profit is not enough for this, are recorded as:
Dt 82 "Reserve capital"
Kt 75.2 "Calculations for the payment of income"
- amounts used to pay salaries of employees:
Dt 82 "Reserve capital"
Kt 75.2 "Settlements with personnel for remuneration"
- Settlements with personnel for other operations:
Dt 82 "Reserve capital"
Kt 75.2 "Settlements with personnel for other operations"
- settlements with different debtors and creditors:
Dt 82 "Reserve capital"
Kt 75.2 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors"
and etc.

The reserve capital can also act as a source of an increase in the authorized capital:
Dt 82 "Reserve capital"
Kt 80 "Authorized Capital".

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Reserve capital represents funds accumulated by the company for specific purposes by placing retained earnings in it to cover losses, as well as to redeem the company's bonds and buy back the company's shares in the absence of other funds. The main functions of the reserve capital are:
- warranty- determines that the reserve capital is a kind of insurance for shareholders and creditors in case the organization does not have enough funds to pay off debts to them;
- limiting the possibility of making a decision on the distribution of profits- the company is not entitled to make a decision on between the participants or on the payment of dividends on shares, if on the day such a decision is made, the value of the company's net assets is less than its authorized capital, reserve fund and excess over the nominal value determined by the charter, the liquidation value of the placed preferred shares or become less than their size as a result of such a decision. This function is performed due to the fact that the formation of reserve capital is carried out from the same sources as the accrual of dividends, but in order - deductions to the reserve capital are made before the announcement of the payment of dividends.
Differentiation (of the fund) in the balance sheet and accounting is widespread in world practice, its size significantly exceeds the size established Russian legislation. Due to the importance and significance of the functions of the reserve capital, the organization has the opportunity not only to increase the transparency and attractiveness of its financial reporting but also to stabilize its financial and economic activity.
In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 35 federal law dated December 26, 1995 N 208-FZ "On Joint Stock Companies" (hereinafter - Law N 208-FZ) joint-stock companies are obliged to create a reserve fund, minimum size which is 5% of the authorized capital. The specific amount of the reserve is determined by the charter of the JSC ( maximum dimensions annual deductions to the reserve fund are not limited by law), while the company is obliged to annually deduct at least 5% of net profit to the reserve capital until its amount specified in the charter is reached. When this amount is reached, annual contributions to the reserve fund may not be made temporarily.
A limited liability company has the right, but is not required to form a reserve capital. According to Art. 30 of the Federal Law of 08.02.1998 N 14-FZ "On Limited Liability Companies" (hereinafter - Law N 14-FZ), a company may create a reserve fund and other funds in the manner and in the amount provided for by the company's charter. As in the case with joint stock company, it lists part of the net profit of the organization.
deduction in the reserve capital is reflected in the credit of account 82 "Reserve capital" and the debit of account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)", subaccount 1 "Profit to be distributed".
It should be noted that the regulatory documents use different terms: in Laws N 208-FZ and N 14-FZ the phrase "reserve fund" is used, in the financial statements - "reserve capital". In a broad sense, the reserve capital and the reserve fund can be considered as synonyms, but at the same time, the use in normative documents different terms in relation to one category cannot be considered a positive fact, since they should not contradict the concepts that characterize the economic life of an enterprise (organization) and are used in civil law.
The report for 2011 must be submitted according to the new forms of financial statements approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 N 66n. Reserve capital is shown on line 1360 of the balance sheet. TO specified line additional lines may be opened, which reflect data on sub-accounts: 1 "Reserves formed in accordance with the law"; 2 "Reserves formed in accordance with the constituent documents" to account 82.
Recall that the distribution of profits, including for the formation of reserve capital, according to the results of the year, belongs to the category of events indicating that arose after reporting date economic conditions in which the organization operates. At the same time, in the reporting period for which the organization distributes profits, no accounting entries are made. Postings on the formation of reserve capital are drawn up after the annual general meeting of shareholders (participants) and on the basis of its decision, drawn up in the minutes or an extract from the minutes. However, only the protocol as the primary document for execution accounting entry is not enough, since it does not contain details that must be included in a mandatory manner in primary document. As a primary accounting document in this case is used accounting information drawn up on the basis of the minutes of the general meeting of shareholders (participants). Therefore, records on the formation of the reserve are made at the beginning of the next year.

Example 1 OJSC with an authorized capital of 300,000 rubles. decided to create a reserve capital. According to the charter of the company, its size is 10% of the authorized capital (300,000 rubles x 10% = 30,000 rubles). 8% of net profit is directed to the reserve capital. At the end of 2011, it amounted to 200,000 rubles. After the statements were approved, it was decided to allocate net profit in the amount of 16,000 rubles. (200,000 rubles x 8%) for the formation of reserve capital.
The creation of reserve capital is documented in the following records:
Debit 84, subaccount 1 "Profit to be distributed", Credit 82, subaccount 1 "Reserves formed in accordance with the law", - a reserve was created in accordance with the law - 10,000 rubles. (200,000 rubles x 5%);
Debit 84, subaccount 1 "Profit to be distributed", Credit 82, subaccount 2 "Reserves formed in accordance with the constituent documents", - a reserve was created on the basis of the statutory documents - 6000 rubles. [(16,000 RUB - 10,000 RUB) or (200,000 RUB x 3%)].
Thus, according to line 1360 of the balance sheet, the reserve capital will amount to 16,000 rubles.

Usage reserve capital is accounted for in the debit of account 82 in correspondence with accounts 84 - in terms of the amounts of the reserve fund directed to cover the organization's loss for the reporting year; 66 "Settlements on short-term credits and loans" or 67 "Settlements on long-term credits and loans" - in terms of the amounts allocated for the redemption of bonds issued by the joint-stock company, in the absence of other funds. The use of reserve capital for other purposes is not allowed.
Despite the fact that such entries are indicated in the Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts for Accounting for the Financial and Economic Activities of Organizations (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 N 94n), as a result of these operations, the debt on loans does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases, since accounts 66 and 67 are passive, and the turnover on their loan indicates an increase in debt on loans and borrowings. This means that in fact no repayment of the bonded loan occurs, therefore, the funds of the reserve capital cannot be directed to the repayment of bonds and the redemption of own shares. However, in this situation it is possible to indirectly use the funds of the reserve capital.

Example 2 In the reporting period, OJSC issued short-term bonds in the amount of 400,000 rubles. When they are repaid, income in the amount of 40,000 rubles must also be paid. Due to the absence of other sources for the payment of income for these purposes, the funds of the reserve capital were used.
Operations are recorded as:
Debit 51 "Settlement accounts" (50 "Cashier") Credit 66 - short-term bonds were placed and funds received for them - 400,000 rubles;
Debit 82 Credit 66 - reflects the funds of the reserve capital aimed at paying income on bonds - 40,000 rubles;
Debit 66 Credit 51 (50) - bonds were redeemed and income was paid - 440,000 rubles. (400,000 + 40,000).

If the amount of the resulting loss is greater than the amount of accumulated reserve capital, then this excess must be covered from other sources determined by the authorized body (board of directors), for example, from retained earnings of previous years or other equity items. When deciding on the use of reserve capital to cover losses, it is necessary to restore the used part of the reserve capital in subsequent years.
The reserve capital can also be written off if the organization has changed the charter and determined its size in a smaller amount than was previously accumulated. In this case, excessively reserved amounts are added to retained earnings of previous years. The corresponding entry is made only after state registration necessary changes in the statutory documents.

Example 3 At one time, a reserve fund in the amount of 15% of the authorized capital was formed at the expense of net profit in the joint-stock company. Subsequently, the minimum size of the reserve fund in accordance with Law N 208-FZ and the charter of the JSC was 5%. The organization had a question: can the amount of the reserve fund exceeding the established minimum amount be used as a source of funds to cover unforeseen expenses? As noted above, it is not possible. First, this excess must be returned to account 84 (Debit 82 Credit 84), and then you can use the funds of retained earnings for the development of the enterprise, investments, acquisition of property, bonuses, etc.

Redemption of own shares at the expense of reserve capital is reflected in the debit of account 82 and the credit of account 81 "Own shares (shares)".

Example 4 The JSC redeemed 200 of its own shares with a nominal value of 3,000 rubles per share.
This operation is carried out as follows:
Debit 81 Credit 50 (51) - repurchased own shares were credited - 600,000 rubles. (3000 rubles x 200 pieces);
Debit 82 Credit 81 - reflects the use of reserve capital to buy back own shares - 600,000 rubles.

Over 10 years ago when financial position newly created business companies in new market conditions was very unstable, the state stimulated the creation and increase of reserve capital, which could be some kind of insurance that increases financial stability organizations. In particular, one of the levers of such stimulation was tax breaks. Later, the need for such state incentives was recognized as unnecessary, and income tax benefits for the formation of reserve funds from January 21, 1997 were canceled.
At present, there are no income tax benefits when directing profits to the formation (increase) of the reserve fund (capital), i.e. for these purposes, you can use only the net profit left by the organization after paying income tax. Thus, despite the obvious expediency of forming a reserve capital, many organizations neglect the benefits that it allows to obtain and do not form a reserve capital, since it is actually created at the expense of the owners who own the net profit.