Financial investments of the enterprise. Accounting for financial investments of the organization Financial investments in the balance sheet

In the modern world, many individuals and legal entities carry out investment activities. The most attractive are long-term financial investments. This is due to the mass of their advantages over other earning options. It is worth knowing what financial investments are.

Concept definition

A long-term financial investment is an investment of a financial asset or capital by an individual, legal entity or enterprise for a period that exceeds one year. They are funds that are directed to the authorized capital of other companies. They can invest in the purchase of securities. They are also long-term loans received from third-party enterprises.

Classification of financial investments

The object of investment is fixed and working capital. They can also be targeted financial contributions, securities, intellectual property in which funds are invested. According to the object, long-term investments are divided into:

• Securities. This type is considered portfolio investment. In this case, bonds and shares are purchased for a period of more than a year. Most often, with such investments, the investor does not have the desire to earn on speculation. Long-term investments of this type are divided into two groups:

Investing in securities to complete a partial acquisition of a joint-stock company. This will allow the investor to participate in the management of the organization.

Investment of capital for the purpose of its preservation. This option is not common, which is explained by the fact that securities are highly liquid assets. However, investors still use them if they are owned by stable joint-stock companies and are not subject to significant fluctuations.

In addition, securities can be private and public, depending on who issues them.

• Debt securities. The most common type of them are bills. The holder of the bill receives the capital, which he transferred to the holder within a predetermined period. Long-term financial investments of this type are usually large sums. They are provided for a period of more than a year, since during this period it is possible to improve the financial condition of the company.
• Investments in the authorized capital of outside firms contribute to profit after the development of this company. This investment is also long-term, as a small number of organizations can recoup all costs in a short time.
• Loans. Their provision is similar to promissory notes. However, in this case, debt obligations are formed on the basis of a guarantee or an agreement.

Having familiarized yourself with the main types of investments, you should determine what contributions to enterprises can be.

Other types of investments

Long-term financial investments also include deposits in enterprises that provide loans. The investor provides funds issued to citizens as a loan. This investment involves receiving a certain percentage of the payment. This type of investment is mainly carried out for several years.

Investments can also be made in the authorized capital of partnerships. They represent an organizational and legal form. The latter allows you to receive capital sufficient to start a business by summing up the funds contributed by the co-founder. Accordingly, the investor will receive a percentage of the partnership's profits.

Income is distributed among the co-founders in accordance with the amount of capital contributed by each of them. Long-term investment in communities allows for productive business management. Profit will have to wait more than one year. However, this depends on the specific case.

What values ​​do not apply to financial investments?

It should be noted that financial investments are not:

• Own shares that were redeemed by a shareholder of the company for the purpose of their cancellation or resale.
• Promissory notes received by the selling organization from the issuing company in the process of settlement for services rendered, products provided or work performed.
• Investments in property presented in a tangible form by a company. At the same time, only temporary use is available for the purpose of making a profit.
• Works of art, precious metals and similar valuables that are purchased for income.

In the event of the purchase of the listed values, the investor cannot accept them as a financial investment.

Actual costs for the purchase of assets

Assets that represent cash, financial investments or other valuables require the following actual costs to acquire:

• Amounts that are paid to the seller in accordance with the concluded contract.
• Expenses aimed at paying for the provided consulting and information services related to the purchase of assets. Their cost relates to the financial results of a commercial organization, and non-profit - to the increase in costs. The accounting period during which the decision on the acquisition of financial investments was made is taken into account.
• The rewards that were paid to the person or company that completed the asset purchase assignment.

It is worth noting that long-term financial investments do not include costs similar to those listed above, aimed at the acquisition process.

Financial investments in financial statements

The following information is subject to disclosure, taking into account the materiality requirement, in the financial statements:

• The method according to which financial investments are valued in the balance sheet when they are disposed of.
• Consequences resulting from a change in the method of the relevant assessment.
• The price of financial investments, which determines their current market value.
• The difference between the indicators that the assessment of financial investments helped to obtain and the current market value.
• The difference between original and face value when buying debt securities over their maturity.
• Type and price of the deposit, which is encumbered with collateral.
• The type and price of retired securities after they have been transferred to another person or company through a gratuitous transaction.
• Information about the reserve for depreciation, indicating its type, amount and amount.
• Information about granted loans and debt securities. Such financial investments in the balance sheet must be displayed without fail.

All necessary information should be provided in the reporting in a timely manner in order to avoid violation of the law.

Conditions for accepting assets for accounting

In order to take into account financial investments, the following conditions must be met without fail:

• The presence of reliable documents with the correct execution, which indicate the existence of the company's rights to make deposits and receive assets.
• Organization of financial risks associated with making financial investments.
• Long-term financial investments must be capable of generating economic benefits for the company. It is expressed in the form of dividends, interest or capital gains.

In the presence of all the factors listed above, it is possible to produce accounting for assets of this type.

Tasks of analysis of financial investments

The evaluation of financial investments is aimed at solving the following tasks:

• Evaluation of investment efficiency.
• Analysis of the structure and composition of financial investments.
• Determination of their direction.
• Analysis of sources of financing of assets of this type.

To perform accounting of deposits in the Chart of Accounts, an active inventory account 58 is used, for which the following accounts are opened:

• Debt securities.
• Shares and shares.
• Provided loans.

Depreciation of financial investments

A depreciation of an investment is a significant and sustained decrease in its value. The estimated value is the difference determined between the book value and the amount of the reduction in the value of financial investments. This indicator should be determined for those deposits for which the market value is not calculated. The depreciation of long-term financial investments is characterized by the following conditions:

• The carrying value of investments significantly exceeds the estimated value at the reporting date.
• The estimated value of the investment has been reduced during the reporting period.
• There is no likelihood of a significant increase in the estimated value.

Signs of depreciation of financial investments

Depreciation of assets most often occurs when a company that is an issuer of securities shows signs of bankruptcy. It is also possible when carrying out transactions for the purchase and sale of securities at a price that is less than their real value. A significant impact on depreciation will be provided if the sources of long-term investments do not generate income, as well as if it is significantly reduced.

Under such conditions, the company should perform a test to determine whether there are signs of a permanent decline in the value of assets. If the fact of impairment is confirmed by verification, the entity must create a special allowance between the carrying and estimated values.

Reflection of the reserve for depreciation of investments in the financial statements

The formed reserve should be reflected in the debit of account 91. For the loan, account 59 is specially allocated for it. At the same time, its amount is used to form the value of financial investments in the balance sheet. It is the difference between the book value and the created reserve. At the same time, the considered reserve allows covering the received losses on operations with assets.

The composition of long-term financial investments should be checked by the organization for depreciation at least once a year (if any of the above signs are present). The amount of the created reserve should increase if the audit reveals a high probability of a decrease in the estimated value of the investment.

Financial investments are a very effective way to get good profits. Of course, where big money is circulating, it is impossible to do without risks and losses. Let's look at what financial investments are, what types of investments exist and what risks there are.

Accounting for financial investments

To obtain complete data on the presence and movement of the enterprise's deposits in government securities, shares and bonds of third-party firms, as well as obtaining information on the issuance of loans from its assets to other organizations, 58 "Financial Investments" is intended.

The accountant monitors the movement of the company's funds and transfers and issues these funds. It is guided by the provision on accounting, namely PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization"

The role of financial investments and what they include

Accounting reporting is very important in the activities of the enterprise. Accounting for PV plays one of the main roles there. Without them, it is not possible to conduct business activities at many enterprises. The first place in accounting is occupied by financial investments, because it is thanks to them that the greatest flow of cash injections into the enterprise occurs, thereby increasing its well-being.

In simple terms, PV is an investment of your assets. These include the following:

• investments of one firm in the authorized capital of another;
• valuable bills;
• granting by one enterprise of monetary credits to another;
• deposits, etc.

Financial investments are included in accounting as monetary losses for the investor. From the amount of investments, the company will receive the expected income in the form of dividends.

Conditions of existence and types of financial investments

PV is understood by us as cash injections into property, the acquisition of the opportunity to participate in the affairs of other companies. PVs are divided according to the following parameters:

Purpose of purchase:

• acquired for profit;
• received for resale.

By speed of receipt:

• long-term (received for a period exceeding 1 year);
• short-term (obtained for a period not exceeding 1 year).

For relations with the capital of the company:

• received for the formation of the company's capital;
• received for subsequent investment in valuable documents.

Long-term infusions of funds include funds invested in the development of other enterprises or directed to the purchase of shares in third-party firms. They also include long-term loans that were transferred to other firms in order to receive interest on the amount repaid.

Short-term injections include securities that are in considerable demand, all kinds of bonds and stocks, short-term financial support for other firms, and deposit certificates.

The sources of obtaining PV include personal capital and funds temporarily received from outside.

Personal capital includes:

• funds raised from reserve capital;
• unspent profit;
• unspent deductions for the restoration of fixed assets.

Funds received from outside include:

• amounts received as a result of a loan or credit;
• advances;
• credit debt.

To accept assets as PV, the following set of requirements must be met simultaneously:

• the company has properly executed financial papers, which are a confirmation of ownership of the FV;
• transfer along with investments and financial risks (risk of price increase or decrease, bankruptcy of the debtor);
• the ability to generate income for the company in the form of profit in the form of interest.

Tracking financial investments

This type of investment is transferred to accounting in the total amount of expenses for the investor. From this amount, the company will receive the expected income. PV are taken for accounting at the cost that was originally.

According to the available PV, the main part of the costs are the costs that were transferred to the seller. The remaining expenses for receiving injections can be regarded by the enterprise as other, and they will be taken into account on 91 “Other income and expenses”. And accounting for investments that are considered major will be accounted for on another account - on account 58, called "Financial Investments".

The available expenses for the purchase of assets are:

• the amount that was transferred to the seller under the relevant agreement;
• payment for the provision of services by third parties, as a consultation on the transfer of assets;
• settlement with intermediary firms that accompany the transaction;
• interest on loans or credits taken to acquire assets;
• other expenses associated with the purchase.

The initial cost of financial investments

The initial monetary value of PV is the amount that was spent on their purchase, after deducting all due taxes. The value of the cash investment of an enterprise or firm received under an agreement when paid without cash is considered the value of the assets that were transferred. Their final value is calculated from the ordinary price at which the firm under other circumstances evaluates these funds.

The initial investment amount is based on their cost in the market. The extent to which assets depend on the market cost is calculated based on what operations are carried out with them. The company's cash injections include amounts used to pay interest on loans for the acquisition of assets before they are registered with the company's accountant.

Profit and expenses on financial investments

Benefits for these types of investments are income from any areas of activity or other receipts that comply with the accounting regulations.

Expenses that are associated with the issuance of loans and credits to other firms are considered other expenses of the organization and have a corresponding account. Also, these expenses include payment for services provided by the bank for the storage of cash investments, the provision of any paid information and the preparation of the necessary documentation at the request of the depositor.

Assessment of risk factors for financial investments

Speaking about the topic of finance, the concepts of profit and risks are inextricably linked with each other. In this context, risks are understood as possible losses associated with financial injections. Before investing your funds in any assets, you need to carefully analyze and try to predict possible losses.

The risk associated with financial investments is divided into 2 groups:

Systematic

It depends on the current situation in the country.

Political and economic changes not only in our country, but also in the world as a whole is a big risk for financial investments. Rising and falling prices, changes in the exchange rate, interest rates and economic instability in general, have a great influence on the increase in the risks associated with monetary investments.

Unsystematic

It includes the risk of falling prestige and the economic component of the enterprise that was the object of financial investments. The company may go bankrupt, and its securities will significantly lose value or even depreciate.

The main stages of calculating the risks associated with the injection of own funds into securities:

• the amounts of income and the probability of their receipt are predicted;
• a possible deviation from the amount of possible income is predicted;
• the coefficient of possible deviation is calculated.

The longer the period for which you need to plan risks, the more difficult it is to get an accurate forecast.

The economy of our country is extremely unstable, and the longer the period for which you need to get a forecast, the greater the risk associated with cash investments.

Conclusion

Financial injections and their accounting is a separate chapter in accounting and a separate expense item. Currently, all reputable companies and firms are investing their funds in order to further generate income. This is especially beneficial for deposits related to foreign currency. The dollar and euro exchange rates are constantly jumping, but if you catch the moment when one of these currencies is at its peak, you can make a huge profit.

From all of the above, we can conclude that PV are very profitable and bring considerable profit to the enterprise that makes these investments. This is considered the same type of income as, for example, the profit from the sale, and is subject to all relevant taxes. But there are certain risks that must be calculated before making injections of your funds.

In contact with

The category of short-term includes investments for a period of not more than a year. It is understood that after its expiration, the costs incurred are converted into receivables. In this capacity, the purchase of securities, the issuance of loans at interest with a maturity of up to 12 months, deposits and other returnable investments that bring profit are taken into account.

The essence of short-term financial investments

You can invest funds only if you have free money supply. This is possible when receiving unplanned profits or its seasonal nature. Receiving increased income makes it possible to place the “surplus” at interest, subject to a return within a year. It is not mandatory to have entries for accounts and a balance line intended for short-term investments.

Short-term investments in the balance sheet

Short-term financial investments are included in the balance sheet assets and are reflected in line 1240 as of December 31. The amount reflected in it is the balance on the following accounts, reduced by the balance on the loan of the 59th account:

• 58 - for short-term investments on a sub-account of the second order;
• 55 - for short-term deposits;
• 73 - internal loans to employees with a maturity within a year.

Line 1240 reflects only investments that involve making a profit. If a loan is issued without interest (money in debt), it loses the status of a financial investment and cannot be reflected in the 58th account and the 1240th line of the balance sheet. On account 59, a reserve of financial investments is collected, which is necessary to compensate for their depreciation.

In addition to line 1240, explanatory section 3 is filled in the balance sheet (subsections 3.1 and 3.2). They show the presence, movement and use of investments.

Financial investments in accounting

Account No. 58 is common for long-term and short-term investments. By order of the Ministry of Finance in October 2000, official sub-accounts for it were abolished, but a strict division of investment accounting by term was regulated. Companies have the right to independently open and maintain them, taking into account the timing of investments. For this, sub-accounts of the second order are introduced. For example, 58.1 for stocks, 58.2 for debt.

Short-term investments are taken into account at cost, that is, at the cost of acquiring an asset. Income from them appears in the accounting report as interest is transferred or at the end of the investment period, that is, at the end of the year.

Increase and decrease of short-term investments

The growth in the volume of short-term investments indicates the availability of free funds available for investments for a short period. Such investments are less risky than long-term ones, they quickly return and allow you to quickly compensate for possible losses.

Posting examples:

• Issuance of loans to third parties - Dt 58 - Kt 50;
• Opening a deposit - Dt 58 - Kt 51;
• Purchase of securities - Dt 58 - Kt 76.

A decrease in short-term investments indicates:

• decrease in business and financial activity;
• lack of working capital;
• the approach of a crisis situation;
• repayment of a loan or redemption of securities.

The decrease in amounts for short-term investments also indicates the repayment of obligations. Funds that could have been invested were used to repay the loan. This does not indicate a decrease in financial performance and the approach of a crisis, but is seen as a prospect for the future. In the next reporting period, these amounts can already be used to revitalize activities, subject to a similar level of income.

When investments are retired, they are fixed on the credit of the 58th account and the debit of the 91st (subaccount 2).

Posting examples:

• Loss of financial investments - Dt 99 - Kt 58;
• Other disposal of investments - Dt 91.2 - Kt 58.

Management of short-term investments

Management refers to tracking their movement - is there a risk of loss, are the costs justified, is it necessary to use reserves. The latter are created in order to compensate for losses in the event of depreciation of an investment.

For their formation, 91-account is used. The appearance and movement of reserves is reflected in the posting: Dt 91 - Kt 59. The total amount of the reserve is included in other expenses (PBU 19/02). Check for depreciation is carried out at least once a year. With regard to short-term investments, denser regularity is acceptable. For example, at the end of a quarter or half a year.

Financial operations are actions aimed at solving a specific problem of organizing and managing monetary relations that arise during the formation and use of cash funds. One of the main features of the classification of financial transactions is the target orientation of their action. On this basis, investment transactions are distinguished in financial transactions. These operations are associated with investments in the acquisition of financial investments (financial assets) and investment projects.

The investment policy of the organization provides for two investment options:

- portfolio investments - capital investments in a group of projects related to the acquisition of securities;

- real capital-forming investments - capital investments in property.

The first group of investments represents financial investments.

Financial investments called investments in securities and other financial instruments.

Investments- these are cash, deposits, shares, shares and other securities, technologies, machinery, equipment and any other property (all types of property and intellectual values) invested in objects of entrepreneurial and other activities in order to make a profit and achieve a positive social effect.

Financial instruments are any term contract that results in the sale and purchase of a financial asset on certain and pre-agreed terms.

financial asset is a commodity that is bought and sold on the financial market. Financial assets (securities) are monetary documents certifying the right of ownership or the relationship of the owner of the document in relation to the person (issuer) that issued such a document. Securities as a market commodity, these are securities that can independently circulate on the market and be the object of sale and purchase and other transactions, as well as serve as a source of regular or one-time income.

A financial asset, like any ordinary commodity in the capital market, can be characterized from different positions. This product has fewer features than consumer products. In particular, there are four main characteristics of a financial asset: price, cost, return, risk.

Existing investment opportunities vary in terms of return and risk. Among the least risky are investments in bank deposits and government securities. It is also possible to invest in the authorized capital of other organizations both directly and by acquiring their shares on the secondary stock market.

The accounting legislation provides for certain requirements for keeping records and reflecting business transactions related to the formation and movement of financial assets, which cannot be ignored in financial management.

Investments of funds in financial assets in order to generate income are considered in accounting as an independent object - financial investments. The accounting procedure for financial investments is regulated by PBU 19/02 “Accounting for financial investments”, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 24, 2003 No. 105n.

In PBU 19/02, the category “financial investments” is defined by highlighting the criteria for their recognition, i.e., the criteria, compliance with which a specific fact of economic life allows to classify as forming the organization’s financial investments. According to paragraph 2 of PBU 19/02, in order for assets to be accepted for accounting as financial investments, the following conditions must be met at a time:

Availability of properly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization's right to financial investments and to receive funds or other assets arising from this right;

Transition to the organization of financial risks associated with financial investments (risk of price changes, risk of insolvency of the debtor, liquidity risk, etc.);

The ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends or an increase in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (redemption) price of a financial investment and its purchase value as a result of its exchange, use to pay off the obligations of the organization, increase in the current market value etc.).

Financial investments include:

State and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities, in which the date and cost of redemption are determined (bonds, promissory notes);

Contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and independent companies);

Contributions of the organization - a partner under a simple partnership agreement;

Loans granted to other organizations, deposits in credit organizations, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right to claim, etc.

The most common type of financial investments are investments in securities - the purchase of shares, bonds, bills, deposit and savings certificates, etc.

Financial investments do not include:

Own shares redeemed by a joint-stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;

Promissory notes issued by the drawer organization to the seller organization when paying for goods sold, products, work performed and services rendered;

Investments of the organization in real estate and other property having a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use in order to generate income;

Intangible assets, such as fixed assets, intangible assets, inventories.

As a rule, many Russian organizations operate rather passively on the stock market and financial investments do not occupy a very large share in the asset structure. This is due to the lack of free working capital for investing in the activities of other organizations. Nevertheless, the conditions of the modern market dictate the need for investment activities of organizations, including in terms of financial investments.

Financial investments are classified according to various criteria:

V dependencies with authorized capital distinguish between financial investments for the purpose of forming authorized capital (shares, investment certificates) and debt (bonds, mortgages, deposit and savings certificates, treasury bills, bills of exchange);

By forms of ownership distinguish between government and non-government securities;

V depending on the period for which financial investments are made, they are divided into long-term and short-term. TO long-term include financial investments with a payback period of more than one year. The costs of acquiring shares of other organizations or other participation in their authorized capital are in all cases classified as long-term investments, since the return period for these funds, as a rule, is not defined. TO short-term financial investments include investments in deposits, loans, bonds and other securities, the maturity of which does not exceed one year.

The nominal value of financial investments is the value specified in the financial instrument, accepted in the contract, recorded in the register or printed on the security. The nominal value of equity instruments shows the amount of the share capital they represent, and the nominal value of debt instruments shows the amount of the borrower's obligations, which he undertakes to repay. The purchase and sale of financial investments does not change the nominal value, it remains constant throughout the entire period for which this investment is issued.

The value declared by the issuer (organization) at which securities are offered for sale upon initial placement on the market is the cost of placement or the issuance value. The latter may be higher or lower than the nominal value of financial investments. If the issuance value exceeds the nominal price, this means that the security is placed with a premium, resulting in the generation of share premium; otherwise, if the nominal value exceeds the cost of placement, the issuer has a loss.

The value at which the financial instrument is subsequently circulated on the market (sold and bought) is the market or current value of financial investments, which is determined at a particular point in time by the nominal value, the liquidity of investments and the amount of income generated.

The main primary documents for accounting for transactions with financial investments are as follows:

Agreement;

Transfer-acceptance certificate;

Issuance security certificate;

Depo account statement;

Extract from the register of shareholders, etc.

The contract is concluded in cases and taking into account the requirements established by Russian legislation, and above all in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. As a rule, the written form of the contract is used, for some types of contracts it is obligatory. Some contracts, such as the sale of securities, must be registered in the prescribed manner in specialized companies. In the terms of the contract, the parties determine the main rights and obligations arising from the transaction: the cost, the procedure for payment and transfer of the subject of the contract, terms, force majeure and other conditions.

The transfer-acceptance act is a document certifying the transfer of material assets from one person to another. The fact of transfer and receipt is certified by the signatures of responsible persons from each side and sealed by legal entities. As a rule, the act of acceptance and transfer is drawn up in accordance with the concluded agreement and contains detailed characteristics of the transferred property. For example, in the act of acceptance and transfer of a bill, its issuer, bill amount, series and number of the bill, date and place of redemption are indicated.

A certificate of an emissive security may take place in transactions with documentary securities, i.e. those that exist in the form of a document. In the documentary form of emissive securities, the certificate and the decision to issue securities are documents certifying the rights secured by the security.

Emission security certificate - a document issued by the issuer and certifying the totality of rights to the number of securities specified in the certificate. The owner of securities has the right to require the issuer to fulfill his obligations on the basis of such a certificate. The issuance security certificate must contain the following mandatory details:

Full name of the issuer and its legal address;

State registration number of equity securities;

Type of securities;

Indication of the number of emissive securities certified by this certificate;

Indication of the total number of issued emissive securities with the given state registration number;

Procedure for placement of issuance securities;

The obligation of the issuer to ensure the rights of the owner if the owner complies with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation;

Issuer's seal;

Signatures of the issuer's managers and the signature of the person who issued the certificate;

Other details provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation for a specific type of securities.

The following securities may exist in documentary form: shares and bonds of organizations, promissory notes, government bonds, etc. Emission securities of organizations (shares, bonds) and the state may exist in non-documentary form.

Part of the securities circulating on the market exists in the so-called non-documentary form, i.e., the owners of such securities cannot receive them “in their hands” in the form of a document. Information about the transfer of ownership of such securities is received by the organization in the form of extracts from the register or extracts from the depo account, since the rights of owners to equity securities of a non-documentary form of issue are certified in the registry maintenance system - by entries on personal accounts with the registrar or in the case of accounting for rights to securities in a depository - by entries on depo accounts with depositories.

The depo account statement contains: details of the depo account and depository, information about the security (number, characteristics), name of the owner, date of transfer of ownership, information about the document on the basis of which the change of owners took place.

An extract from the register is provided on a specific date at the request of the holder of securities and contains information about the registrar, owner, number of securities, characteristics of securities. The extract is certified by the signature of the official and the seal of the registrar.

In accordance with the established rules, all securities held by the organization must be registered in the securities ledger, which contains the following details: name of the issuer; nominal price of a security; purchase price; number and series; total; date of purchase; Date of sale; counterparty (buyer or seller).

The book of accounting for securities must be bound, sealed with the seal of the organization and signed by the head and chief accountant, the pages are numbered.

Corrections to the book of accounting for securities may be made only with the permission of the head and chief accountant, indicating the date of the corrections.

In the case of maintaining a book of accounting for securities using computer technology, the resulting information can be generated in the form of an output document on machine-readable media. Printing information from machine-readable media is carried out as necessary or at the request of regulatory authorities, but at least once a year.

When storing forms (certificates) of securities in a depository, they continue to be recorded in the accounting records of the owner organization, indicating in the analytical accounting the details of the depositary to which they were transferred for storage.

The construction of analytical accounting should provide the possibility of obtaining data on short-term and long-term assets in the context of each accounting object. At the same time, accounting for financial investments within a group of interrelated organizations, on the activities of which consolidated financial statements are compiled, is kept on account 58 “Financial investments” separately, since this is of particular importance in the preparation of consolidated financial statements.

Financial investments are accepted for accounting in the amount of actual costs for the investor. For the amount of actual investments, the organization will receive the income due in the form of dividends on shares, interest on bonds, income on investments in the authorized capital of other organizations, etc.

According to PBU 19/02 "Accounting for financial investments", financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost. The initial cost of financial investments purchased for a fee is the amount of actual costs for their acquisition, excluding VAT and other reimbursable taxes.

The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments are:

Amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the seller;

Amounts paid to specialized organizations and other persons for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these assets;

Remuneration paid to intermediary organizations with the participation of which these assets were acquired;

Expenses on paying interest on borrowed funds used to acquire assets before they are accepted for accounting;

Other expenses directly related to the acquisition of assets.

If for the acquired financial investments the bulk of the expenses are the costs paid under the agreement to the seller, then the remaining expenses for the acquisition of these investments can be recognized by the organization as other expenses, i.e., they are recorded on account 91 “Other income and expenses”, and not on the account 58 "Financial investments".

The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments may decrease or increase, taking into account exchange rate differences arising in cases where payment is made in rubles in an amount equivalent to the amount in foreign currency, before the assets are accepted as financial investments for accounting.

The method of formation of the initial cost of securities, as well as the criterion of materiality, must be fixed in the accounting policy of the organization. The initial cost of financial investments received free of charge, such as securities, is recognized:

Their current market value at the date of acceptance for accounting. The current market value of securities is understood as their market price calculated in accordance with the established procedure by the trade organizer on the securities market;

The amount of money that can be received as a result of the sale of received securities as of the date of their acceptance for accounting - for securities for which the market price is not calculated by the trade organizer on the securities market.

The initial cost of financial investments made as a contribution to the authorized (reserve) capital of an organization is the value agreed between the founders (participants), unless otherwise provided by Russian legislation.

Accounting for financial investments is kept on the active balance account 58 "Financial investments". The debit of the account reflects the amount of an increase in financial investments (investments) (Table 8.1), the credit of the account reflects the write-off of these amounts. According to the content, the account has the following sub-accounts:

58-1 "Shares and shares" - to account for the presence and movement of investments in shares of joint-stock companies, authorized (reserve) capitals of other organizations;

58-2 "Debt securities" - to account for the presence and movement of investments in state and municipal securities;

58-3 "Granted loans" - to account for the availability and movement of cash and other loans provided by the organization to legal entities and individuals;

58-4 “Contributions under a simple partnership agreement” - to account for the presence and movement of contributions to common property under a simple partnership agreement;

58-5 "Deposit deposits" - to account for funds invested by the organization in bank and other deposits;

58-6 "Other financial investments" - to take into account the rights of claim acquired by the organization in the order of their assignment and on other grounds.

Analytical accounting on account 58 "Financial investments" is carried out by types of financial investments and objects in which these investments are made (organizations selling securities, other organizations in which the organization is a member, borrowing organizations, etc.). The construction of analytical accounting of financial investments should also provide the possibility of obtaining data on long-term and short-term investments.

After accepting financial investments for accounting, their value is subject to periodic adjustment, which is carried out directly for investments with a market value, and indirectly - for investments for which the market value is not determined. In the first case, the organization is obliged to reflect financial investments in the balance sheet at market prices. To do this, they are revalued, and the difference between the market value and the previous balance sheet valuation (market or initial, when acquiring objects in the reporting period) is credited to the accounts of other income and expenses. In the second case, instead of revaluation, a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments is accrued, since a steady significant (below the amount of economic benefits) decrease in the value of financial investments, for which their current market value is not determined, is recognized as depreciation of financial investments.

PBU 19/02 provides examples of situations in which depreciation of financial investments may occur:

The appearance of signs of bankruptcy in the organization issuing securities or in its debtor under a loan agreement;

Making a significant number of transactions with securities on the securities market at a price significantly lower than their book value;

Absence or significant decrease in income in the form of dividends (interest).

In such situations, the organization is obliged to create a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments. The amount of the reserve is equal to the difference between the value at which financial investments are reflected in the accounting records (book value) and the estimated value of financial investments.

Information on reserves for depreciation of investments in securities is reflected on account 59 “Reserves for depreciation of investments in securities”. The organization forms the specified reserve at the expense of financial results (as part of other expenses) (Table 8.2). With an increase in value or profitability, the previously accrued reserve decreases until the original cost is fully restored.

According to paragraph 38 of PBU 19/02, in the financial statements, the value of financial investments for which an impairment provision has been formed is shown at book value less the amount of the provision.

Assessment of financial investments upon their disposal is carried out immediately at the time of disposal. The disposal of financial investments takes place in cases of redemption, sale on the secondary market of securities, gratuitous transfer, transfer as a contribution to the authorized capital of another organization, transfer as a means of payment in payment for the delivered values, work performed and services rendered, etc.

Proceeds from the sale of securities in accordance with PBU 9/99 are recognized as other income or income from ordinary activities. If the income received is the subject of the organization's activities (recognized as income from ordinary activities), then it is reflected in the credit of account 90 "Sales", otherwise the proceeds are recorded in the credit of account 91 as other income (Table 8.3).

Financial investments for which the current market price is determined are valued based on their latest valuation.

Financial investments for which the current market price is not determined are valued at the time of disposal in one of the following ways:

At the initial cost of each financial investment;

At the average initial cost;

At the initial cost of the first in time acquisition of financial investments (FIFO method).

The following data are available on the availability and movement of financial investments for the period.

In this example, the average initial cost of one security price available on the organization's balance sheet amounted to 101.96 rubles in the reporting period. Accordingly, the value of retired securities was 117,300 rubles, and the value of the remaining securities at the end of the period was 530,200 rubles.

When using the FIFO method, retired securities are valued (according to the above data):

200 pcs. + 500 pcs. + 100 pcs. + 350 pcs. = 1150 pcs. ? 100,000 = 115,000 rubles

The value of the securities remaining at the end of the period will be:

3850 pcs. ? 100 = 385,000 rubles;

1000 pcs. ? 110 \u003d 110,000 rubles;

100 pieces. ? 120 = 12,000 rubles;

50 pcs. ? 90 = 4,500 rubles;

200 pcs. ? 105 \u003d 21,000 rubles.

Total 5200 pcs. for 532,500 rubles.

The valuation of securities under the FIFO method is based on the assumption that securities are sold within a month in the sequence of their receipt, i.e. the securities that were first sold should be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the value of securities listed at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the value of securities remaining at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the latest acquisitions, and the value of the earliest acquisitions is taken into account in the value of the sale (disposal) of securities. The value of sold (discarded) securities is determined by subtracting the cost of the balance of securities at the end of the month from the sum of the value of the balance of securities at the beginning of the month and the value of securities received during the month.

To write off the cost of issuance securities (shares, bonds), the FIFO method and the average historical cost method are used.

Inventory financial investments are carried out as part of the general inventory of property and financial obligations of the organization. When checking the actual availability of securities, the following is established:

Correct registration of securities;

The reality of the value of securities recorded on the balance sheet;

Safety of securities (by comparing actual availability with accounting data);

Timeliness and completeness of the reflection in the accounting of received income from securities.

When storing securities in an organization, their inventory is carried out simultaneously with the inventory of cash on hand.

An inventory of securities is carried out for individual issuers, indicating in the act their name, series, number, nominal and actual value, maturity dates and total amount. The details of each security are compared with the data of inventories (registers, books) stored in the accounting department of the organization.

An inventory of securities deposited with special organizations (a bank, a depositary, a specialized depository of securities, etc.) consists in reconciling the balances of the amounts on the relevant accounting accounts of the organization with the data of statements of these special organizations.

Inventory is required in the following cases:

When transferring the organization's property for rent, redemption, sale, as well as in cases provided for by law when transforming a state or municipal unitary enterprise;

Before the preparation of annual financial statements, except for property, the inventory of which was carried out no earlier than October 1 of the reporting year;

When changing financially responsible persons (on the day of acceptance and transfer of cases);

When establishing the facts of theft or abuse, as well as damage to values;

In case of natural disasters, fire, accidents or other emergencies caused by extreme conditions;

In case of liquidation (reorganization) of an organization before drawing up a liquidation (separation) balance sheet and in other cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation or regulations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

When making an inventory of financial investments, they check the actual costs in securities and authorized capital of other organizations, as well as loans granted to other organizations.

The unrecorded securities identified during the inventory are credited to account 58 from the credit of account 91 on the basis of the data of the inventory list of securities and strict reporting forms (form No. INV-16). Shortfalls and losses from damage to securities are debited from account 58 to the debit of account 94 “Deficiencies and losses from damage to valuables”, uncompensated losses of securities associated with natural disasters, fires and other emergencies are reflected in the credit of account 58 and the debit of account 99 “ Profit and loss".

Depending on the organizational and legal form of the organization in which funds are invested, investments can be mediated:

Change in the composition of participants, drawn up by re-registration of constituent documents;

Acquisition of shares of an organization (if it is an open or closed joint-stock company).

In the first case, a share is acquired that gives the right to participate in the profits of the organization and in its management. In the second case, securities are purchased - shares, which can be ordinary and preferred.

Ordinary shares give both the right to participate in the management of the enterprise - the right to vote at the general meeting of shareholders, and to participate in profits - the right to receive dividends. Preference shares do not give their holder the right to participate in the management of the organization (with the exception of voting at the general meeting of shareholders on the reorganization and liquidation of the joint-stock company), but dividends on them have a certain amount and are accrued before the accrual of dividends on ordinary shares. Dividends on preferred shares can be defined both as a percentage of their nominal value (declared at the time of issue) and in absolute terms (in a fixed amount of money).

Preferred shares may be convertible, i.e., it may be possible to exchange them for ordinary shares of the same joint-stock company in a certain ratio. There are also cumulative preference shares, on which a joint-stock company can pay dividends not annually, but accumulate and pay in one payment after several years.

Payment for shares or shares is possible both in cash and by transferring fixed assets, intangible assets, equipment, and tangible working capital to the authorized capital.

When transferring equity contributions (shares) in cash or materials (according to the balance sheet value) to the authorized capital, a direct entry is made to the debit of account 58-1 “Shares and shares” from the credit of accounts 50 “Cashier”, 51 “Settlement account” or 10 “ Materials”, 01 “Fixed assets” or with preliminary accrual of the amount of the contribution through account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”.

If the amount of the share (contribution) differs from the book value, several accounting entries are made. So, on account 01 "Fixed assets", first the amounts are debited to subaccount 01-9 "Disposal of fixed assets" (from other sub-accounts of account 01 "Fixed assets") and depreciation from account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets", then the sum of the residual value of fixed assets is recorded on the credit of subaccount 01-9 “Retirement of fixed assets” and the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, and on the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, the amount of fixed assets in the contract value corresponds to the debit of subaccount 58-1 “Shares and stock".

Accounting for the acquisition of shares on the debit of sub-account 58-1 is kept in correspondence with the credit of different accounts, depending on the method of payment: direct transfer of funds from a settlement or foreign currency account - credit of accounts 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts"; payment through settlement accounts - account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", provision in the order of payment in material assets - accounts 10 "Materials", 43 "Finished products", if payment is made at book value.

For shares listed on the securities market, there are some peculiarities in their reflection on the investor's balance sheet. Investments in such shares in the preparation of the annual balance sheet should be recorded at market value if it is lower than their book value.

At the beginning of the year, the value of the block of shares was 200,000 rubles. The current market value of the shares at the end of each quarter was: I - 215,000 rubles; II - 190,000 rubles; III - 205,000 rubles; IV - 210,000 rubles.

The following entries will be made in accounting on a quarterly basis:

1. Dt of account 58, Kt of account 91 - for 15,000 rubles. (215,000–200,000);

2. Dt of account 91, Kt of account 58 - for 25,000 rubles. (190,000–215,000);

3. Dt of account 58, Kt of account 91 - for 15,000 rubles. (205,000–190,000);

4. Dt of account 58, Kt of account 91 - for 5,000 rubles. (210,000–205,000).

Thus, the book value of shares in the debit of account 58 will increase over the year as of the end of the fourth quarter by 10,000 rubles.

The sale of shares is reflected in the accounting entries:

Dt of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors, Kt of account 91 - for the sale value of shares;

Dt of account 91, Kt of account 58 - for the book value of shares.

Additional expenses for the sale of shares are also written off to the debit of account 91.

The difference between the debit and credit turnover of account 91 shows the financial result from the sale of shares. This difference is written off from account 91 to account 99 "Profit and Loss".

There is also such a form of contribution to the authorized capital of other organizations as the transfer of the right of full economic management to fixed assets. The right of full economic management differs from the right of ownership in that it limits the possibility of disposing of property without the consent of the owner and gives him the right to participate in profits from the use of this property.

When transferring fixed assets to full economic management, they are not reflected in account 58 “Financial investments”, since the organization does not incur any costs (does not transfer ownership of these funds). The object continues to be listed on account 01 "Fixed assets" separately, as transferred to full economic management. Depreciation continues to be charged on this object, but it is not charged to the debit of account 25 “General production expenses”, but to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount 2 “Other expenses”, thus reflecting the costs of investments and reducing them by these amounts income received from participation in the authorized capital of another organization.

Investment in the authorized capital of other organizations of tangible current assets is accounted for in the same way as the investment of fixed assets, intangible assets, equipment.

Reflection of the cost of acquiring shares on the debit of sub-account 1 "Shares and shares" of account 58 "Financial investments" can only be carried out according to documents confirming the fact of acquiring shares.

The acquisition of debt securities as a type of financial investment is becoming increasingly important in the business turnover of the organization. Debt securities primarily include bonds and financial bills.

Synthetic accounting of debt securities is carried out on sub-account 58-2 "Debt securities". At the same time, the presence of investments in both public and private debt securities is given separately. According to the legislation, government securities include securities issued (issued) on behalf of the Russian Federation and municipalities (local governments).

Investments in government securities are considered the least risky, since the state acts as a guarantor in this case. The following types of bonds are currently circulating on the government securities market:

Government short-term bonds (GKO);

Federal loan bonds (OFZ);

Bonds of the state savings loan (OGSS);

Bonds of a currency loan (OVVZ or OVOZ).

Bond- This is a security that certifies the deposit by its owner of funds in the amount indicated in the bond. The owner of the bond is vested with the right to receive the face value of the bond and a fixed percentage within the specified period. The terms of the issue may set the payment of interest in equal installments before the term (maturity) specified in the bond. Such bonds are called coupon bonds. Income on them is paid by paying coupons (tear-off parts of the bond).

Bonds can be registered and bearer. Depending on the maturity of the bonds are divided into long term and short term. Long-term bonds have a maturity of more than a year, while short-term bonds have a maturity of less than a year.

Purchased bonds are entered in a special register indicating the numbers and the amount of interest on them. Bonds with a copy of the register are kept at the cash desk of the organization.

The bonds are accounted for at their actual acquisition cost on account 58 "Financial investments", to which sub-account 2 "Debt securities" is opened. The cost of the organization to purchase bonds in most cases do not coincide with their face value. If the bond is zero-coupon (does not involve payment of interest until maturity), then it is sold below par (the amount payable at maturity). A coupon bond is sold at a price higher than the face value, since the price includes the amount of future interest (coupon) payments.

The difference between the face value and actual costs for the purchase of bonds, other similar securities (bills, etc.) should be attributed to the results of economic activity during the period of their circulation.

This difference is written off on a monthly basis in equal installments during the entire period remaining until the redemption of the securities and the return of invested funds. The purpose of writing off the differences is to equalize the par and book value of the bond at maturity.

The organization purchased bonds with a nominal value of 800,000 rubles. with a maturity of 10 years and an income of 10% per annum, i.e., the annual interest income will be 80,000 rubles. Purchase price - 1,000,000 rubles.

Thus, the difference between the nominal value and the purchase price will be:

RUB 1,000,000 - 800,000 rubles. = 200,000 rubles.

So, annually it is necessary to write off 200,000 rubles. / 10 years = = 20,000 rubles. from 80,000 rubles. income on bonds (60,000 rubles are attributed directly to profit).

The purchase of bonds is documented first by posting: the debit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” (sub-account “Investments in securities”) and the credit of cash accounts (50, 51, 52), depending on the form and currency of payment, settlement accounts (60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors"). Then, when all the costs of purchasing bonds are taken into account, an entry is made on the credit of account 08 and the debit of account 58 "Financial investments", sub-accounts 1 or 2, depending on the maturity.

The purchase of bonds denominated in a foreign currency is accounted for in the ruble equivalent at the official exchange rate effective on the date of the transaction.

The accrual of interest (income) on bonds is reflected in the debit entry of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, the subaccount “Interest (income) on bonds” and the credit of account 91.

When selling or redeeming coupon bonds, the income received from the sale (redemption) of the coupon (coupon income) and the financial result from the disposal of the security are determined separately.

If at the time of the sale or redemption of the bond there is paid interest (income), recorded at the time of receipt on the account of financial investments, the received interest (income) is reflected in the credit of account 58 "Financial investments", sub-account "Funds received and costs incurred on bond interest ( income)" in correspondence with account 91 "Other income and expenses".

The resulting difference between the received and paid interest (income) for each individual bond issue is subject to debiting from account 58 “Financial investments”, sub-account “Funds received and costs incurred on bond interest (income)”, to account 99 “Profits and losses” in date of sale or redemption of the bond.

An investor's profit from zero-coupon transactions can be accounted for in two ways:

1) monthly in the amount of revaluation of financial investments;

2) the total amount at the time of sale or redemption of the security.

Most often, the first option is preferable for the investor.

The organization purchased bonds for 100,000 rubles. at their nominal value of 80,000 rubles. The bond matures in 5 years. The interest on the bonds is 15% per annum and is paid at the end of the year.

The posting of bonds is documented by the entry:

Dt account 58, Kt account 51-100,000 rubles.

At the end of the year, income on bonds in the amount of 15,000 rubles was accrued. (100,000 × 15%), the difference between the purchase and nominal price of the bond was 20,000 rubles, and for one year - 4,000 rubles. The difference between the annual income on bonds and the annual difference between the purchase and face value will be 11,000 rubles. (15 000-4000).

At the end of the year, the accrual of income, taking into account the indicated differences, is reflected in the correspondence:

Dt account 76, sub-account "Settlements on due dividends and other income" in the amount of annual income (15,000 rubles);

Kt of account 58 - for the annual part of the difference between the purchase and nominal prices (4000 rubles);

Kt of account 91 - for the difference between income and the annual part of the difference (11,000 rubles).

Dt of account 51, Kt of account 76–15,000 rubles. - the accrued amount of income is credited to the current account.

In the balance sheet at the beginning of next year, the value of the bonds will be reflected in the amount of 96,000 rubles. (100,000-4000).

Bills are taken into account on account 58 if:

The organization has granted a cash loan, and the borrower has issued a promissory note with an obligation (a promissory note) or with an offer to another person (a bill of exchange) to pay the borrowed amounts of money upon the due date of the promissory note; the conclusion of a bill of sale agreement is redundant;

When acquiring a bill for cash, the contract for the sale of a bill is concluded not with the drawer, but with another organization that transfers the bill by endorsement;

As an advance payment or in payment for products (works, services), a bill of “third party” (a bill of exchange issued by neither the buyer nor the seller) or a bill of exchange accepted by the payer was received from the buyer by endorsement.

The transfer and receipt of bills recorded on account 58 as payment for products (works, services) is an exchange (barter) operation or debt repayment through compensation. The rules for reflecting such transactions in accounting are established in paragraph 6.3 of PBU 9/99 “Income of the organization” and paragraph 6.3 of PBU 10/99 “Expenses of the organization”. These rules apply to transactions involving promissory notes subject to two circumstances:

The transfer of ownership of the bill at the time of the endorsement, and not the performance by the other party of its obligations;

The impossibility of posting a bill at a cost exceeding its face value.

If the buyer, in payment for the products (works, services) purchased from the supplier, issues his own bill, i.e. a bill for which he himself is an obligated person, or a bill of exchange not accepted by the payer, then such bills are recorded in the same account as the receivable .

When dealing with debt securities in foreign currencies, exchange rate differences may occur if the purchase and sale of securities are made at the same currency price. This difference is written off to account 91 "Other income and expenses".

According to Art. 807 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, under a loan agreement, one party (lender) transfers money or other things defined by generic characteristics to the ownership of the other party (borrower), and the borrower undertakes to return to the lender the same amount of money (loan amount) or an equal number of other things received by him of the same kind and quality. A loan agreement can be interest-bearing (with payment of interest) and gratuitous.

In Art. 809 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation stipulates the procedure for paying interest under a loan agreement.

Under a reimbursable loan agreement, the amount and procedure for paying interest are determined by the agreement. Interest under the loan agreement may be paid in the manner agreed by the parties. If such an order is not stipulated, then interest is paid monthly until the day the loan is actually repaid.

The current market value of loans granted is not determined - they are reflected in accounting and reporting at their original cost. The entity is permitted to calculate their valuation at present value. In this case, no accounting entries are made.

Granted to other organizations, monetary and other loans are accounted for in the debit of account 58, subaccount 3 "Granted loans", in correspondence with the credit of account 51 "Settlement accounts" or other accounts, depending on the type of loan. The repayment of the loan is reflected in the debit of account 51 “Settlement accounts” or another account, depending on the type of loan, and the credit of subaccount 58-3 “Granted loans”. Loan interest amounts are shown separately. The accrual of dividends (interest) on loans granted is reflected in the debit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" and the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses", and the receipt - in the debit of cash or other accounts and the credit of account 76.

Loans provided by the organization, secured by bills of exchange, are accounted for separately on this sub-account.

It should be borne in mind that, in accordance with paragraph 3 of PBU 9/99, the receipt and repayment of a loan granted to a borrower, i.e., the receipt of the principal amount of the loan, is not recognized as income of the organization. Income for accounting purposes includes only interest received for the provision of the organization's funds for use (clause 7 PBU 9/99).

Under a non-monetary loan agreement (loan of material assets), the payment for the use of the relevant property is set in cash, i.e., it is practically the same percentage.

The amounts of accrued interest under the loan agreement are reflected with the lender by an entry in the debit of account 58 and the credit of account 91, the receipt of interest - in the debit of account 51 and the credit of account 58.

For the borrowing organization, the amounts of interest paid for the use of the loan are, in accordance with paragraph 11 of PBU 10/99, included in other expenses and are subject to debit account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

If the borrower does not repay the loan amount on time, then interest must be paid on this amount, which is determined based on the discount rate of bank interest that exists at the place of residence (for citizens) or at its location (for a legal entity). The amounts of accrued penalties are reflected in the debit of account 76, the sub-account "Calculations on claims" and the credit of account 91.

For tax purposes, the amount of due penalties are included in other income of the lender only as they are recognized by the borrower or awarded by the arbitration court.

According to Art. 1041 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, two or more persons (partners) undertake to combine their contributions, skills and abilities to make a profit or achieve another goal that does not contradict the law (conclude a simple partnership agreement).

The partnership is created and operates on the basis of the founding agreement, which is signed by all its participants. The agreement determines the size and composition of the share capital of the partnership; the size and procedure for changing the shares of each of the participants in the share capital; the amount, composition, terms and procedure for making contributions by participants; responsibility of participants for violation of obligations to make contributions.

The law does not require a partnership to have a mandatory minimum share capital. At the same time, a certain share capital of the partnership should constitute the property base of its participation in civil circulation. It is this capital that is directed to meet the requirements of the partnership's creditors in the first place.

By the time of registration of a full partnership, its participants are required to make at least half of their contribution to the share capital. And the rest must be paid within the terms established by the memorandum of association. If the participant does not make a timely contribution to the share capital, then he must pay the partnership 10% per annum from the unpaid part of the contribution and compensate for the losses incurred. Complete a partnership is recognized, the participants of which (general partners), in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for its obligations with their property (Article 69 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Monetary value of participants' contributions is made by agreement between them. The property contributed by the comrades, which they possessed by rights, as well as the products produced as a result of joint activity and the income received from it, are recognized as their common shared property, unless otherwise provided by law or a simple partnership agreement.

Accounting for the common property of partners can be entrusted by them to one of the legal entities participating in the simple partnership agreement, which involves maintaining a separate balance sheet, compiling and submitting accounting, tax and other documentation to both partners and state bodies.

The contributions of partners in accounting are reflected as part of financial investments in the assessment provided for by the simple partnership agreement (or the requirements of the current legislation). Deposits, depending on the term of the concluded joint activity agreement, are divided into short-term (if the agreement is less than 12 months) and long-term (if the agreement is 12 months or more).

Contributions of comrades to joint activities are accounted for by them on account 58 “Financial investments”, subaccount 4 “Contributions under a simple partnership agreement”. The transfer of property as a contribution is reflected in the debit of this account in correspondence with account 51 and other accounts of the transferred funds.

The contributions of comrades can be both cash and various types of property: fixed assets, intangible assets, raw materials, materials, products, work in progress, etc.

The organization entered into a joint activity agreement with another company and transferred fixed assets with a residual value of 1 million rubles as a contribution to the joint activity. In accordance with the agreement, in the separate balance sheet of joint activities, these funds were valued at 5 million rubles. In the accounting of the enterprise that has made the contribution, entries will be made:

Dt of account 58-4, Kt of account 01 - in the amount of 1 million rubles.

The return of funds from a joint activity upon termination of a simple partnership agreement is reflected in the debit of the accounts of the received property from the credit of account 58-4 in the assessment at which it was contributed, or, if other property is returned, in the assessment agreed upon by the participants upon liquidation of the joint activity.

In connection with the termination of the joint activity, the organization returned the fixed assets previously transferred to the joint activity. The cost of funds under the agreement between the participants in the joint activity is estimated at 5 million rubles. Depreciation in the amount of RUB 0.350 million was accrued over the time the funds were used in the joint venture. In accounting, these transactions will be reflected in the entries:

Dt account 01 - in the amount of 4.65 million rubles.

Dt account 91-2 - in the amount of 0.35 million rubles,

CT account 58-4 - in the amount of 5 million rubles.

Profits and losses of a general partnership are distributed among its participants in proportion to their shares in the share capital, unless otherwise provided by the constituent agreement or other agreement of the participants (Article 75 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). A partner in a partnership cannot be completely excluded from making a profit or completely relieved of the burden of losses.

1. What is meant by financial investments?

2. What is the investment for?

3. What conditions are necessary for accepting financial investments for accounting?

4. Name the types of cost of financial investments.

5. What is a security and what are the types of securities?

6. What securities are revalued?

7. Name the methods for evaluating securities.

8. When is a provision for depreciation of financial investments created?

9. What is meant by the current market value of securities?

10. On what account are financial investments taken into account? Does this account have sub-accounts, if so, which ones?

11. In what cases is the disposal of financial investments recognized?

12. How is the accounting of shares organized?

13. Is the FIFO valuation method applicable to securities?

14. Define the term "bond".

15. What types of bonds exist and how are they accounted for?

1. Financial investments in accounting are evaluated:

a) at book value;

b) in the amount of actual costs;

c) at market value.

2. Financial investments are investments:

a) into non-current assets;

b) into securities;

c) in material values.

3. When reflecting the value of acquired long-term securities, an accounting entry is made:

a) Dt of account 08, Kt of accounts 50, 51, 52; Dt of account 58-1, Kt of account 08;

b) Dt of accounts 50-3, Kt of accounts 50-1, 51, 52;

c) Dt of accounts 58-1, Kt of accounts 50-1, 51, 52.

4. Financial investments include:

a) making loans to other organizations;

b) profitable investments in material assets;

c) lending to buyers and customers.

5. The joint-stock company redeemed part of the shares from its own shareholders. The value of the repurchased shares is reflected in the account:

a) 58-1 "Shares and Shares";

b) 58-2 "Debt securities";

c) 81 "Own shares (shares)".

6. When additionally accruing the amount of excess of the nominal value of the purchased bonds over their purchase price, an accounting entry is made for the amount of income:

a) Dt account 58, Ct account 91 or 76;

b) Dt of account 76, Kt of account 91;

c) Dt account 76, Ct account 58 or 91.

7. The issue price of a share is the price:

a) for which the share is listed on the secondary market;

b) at which the share is sold in the primary market;

c) for which preference shares are converted into ordinary shares.

8. The book value of a share shows:

a) the amount for which shares are bought and sold on the stock market;

b) the amount of dividends per 1 share;

c) backing of shares of the organization with net assets.

9. Investments in government securities (carried out by transferring funds from a current account) in accounting are reflected in the following entry:

a) Dt of account 86, Kt of account 51;

b) Dt of account 81, Kt of account 51;

c) Dt of account 58, Kt of account 51.

10. The amounts of interest received under the loan agreement are recorded with the lender as follows:

a) Dt of account 58, Kt of account 91;

b) Dt of account 51, Kt of account 76;

c) Dt of account 91, Kt of account 58.

11. The provision for depreciation of investments in securities is reflected in accounting on the account:

a) 58 "Financial investments";

b) 14 “Reserves for depreciation of material assets”;

c) 59 "Provisions for depreciation of investments in securities".

12. When accruing interest on long-term bonds purchased from firm A, an accounting entry is made:

a) Dt of account 76, Kt of account 91-1;

b) Dt of account 76, Kt of account 99;

c) Dt account 76, Ct account 98-1.

13. The costs associated with the sale of securities are:

a) business expenses;

b) other expenses;

c) production costs.

14. Accounting for the organization's investments in the authorized capital of other organizations is kept on the account:

a) 80 "Authorized capital";

b) 58 "Financial investments";

c) 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”;

d) 81 "Own shares (shares)".

15. Acceptance from buyers and customers of financial investments (bills) to pay off receivables in the accounting of the organization is reflected:

a) Dt of account 58, Kt of account 75;

b) Dt of account 62, Kt of account 58;

c) Dt of account 58, Kt of account 62.

Balance - the main type of accounting reports. It shows the state (property and finances) of the organization for a certain period and / or at the current moment. It is divided into two points - liabilities and assets, which are necessarily equal to each other. They, in turn, are divided into sub-items, where the types of asset and liability are displayed, respectively. The structure of the balance sheet is fixed by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 1999 under number 43n.

Short-term financial investments (KFI)

Short-term financial investments (KFI) - funds invested for a period not exceeding twelve months from the date of the last report. They are in the "Asset" group, in the 2nd paragraph of the Accounting Balance, code p.1240. It reflects all areas of financial investments: securities (debt), transferred loans (including%%), purchased rights, shares, contributions under partnership agreements, a deposit (divided into rubles and foreign currency).

This does not include loans that are interest-free, as they are not considered an investment. If the deadline for any of the items is not set, but it is planned to make a profit or repay the loan in less than a year, such a situation is reflected in the CIF.

Directions of short-term financial investments

KFV - a method for the organization to protect free cash from inflation or to obtain additional benefits, in the future. Since investments of this kind have high liquidity and are part of current assets, they become one step with the means of payment, their responsibility is to ensure the financial obligations of the owner.

Most often, short-term investments are made in materials or raw materials. The advantage of this type of investment is that such deposits are least of all at risk of being lost because the situation in the economy can be predicted for a period of 12 months. As influencing factors, one can also identify the political situation and the exchange rate of the national currency.

With regard to deposits of securities, here the company takes a conscious risk, since in this case it is best to invest in liquid securities, which can be easily converted into finance at any time. Only a competent specialist can predict this, perhaps even using some analytical programs. Some enterprises specifically turn to such specialists for advice. This item of short-term financial investments can be classified as liquid only if the securities have a minimal risk of falling in price and can be easily sold.

If we talk about loans, then, as a rule, loans issued for short periods are subject to higher interest rates than long-term loans (TFV). Such a measure will save the company from non-return of funds.

The company has the right to transfer any cash contribution from long-term to short-term if its purpose or intention to use it further changes. Such a clause should be provided for in the statutory accounting documents of the company.

Example In February 2010, an organization received a loan from another company for a period of 24 months, respectively, it must repay it in February 2012. In the report for 2010, it will be displayed in the paragraph on VFD. After two years, it can be transferred to the KFV, since the time remaining for its payment is less than a year.

Short-term financial investments are indicated on account 58. This account is provided for bringing together information about investments and their movements within the enterprise. Counts may be opened, suppose 58-1 - “Securities”. Accounting is kept by groups and types of investments of the organization, regardless of the country in which the funds or assets are located.

Information to be disclosed when reporting to an accountant (minimum)

1. Methods for assessing PV by their types.
2. Variants of situations that are possible with changes in these methods, the cost of those investments for which a price is determined and for which it is not as such, or it is not possible to determine.
3. Difference of the price for today with the price indicated in the previous report.
4. The value of those securities that are pledged, as well as those that have been transferred to other companies or individuals (excluding sales).
5. Information about reserves in case of depreciation of deposits, indicating the type, amount of reserves, and the amount by which they were used in the specified year.
6. Data on granted loans and debt securities (discounted value, discount methods).