How to calculate the doubtful debt reserve. Provisions for doubtful debts: accounting, postings. Accounting policies for accounting purposes

In their practice, companies often face non-payment for the services or goods provided, that is, with overdue debts. And if the overdue debt objectively becomes doubtful (that is, it is not repaid within the agreed time frame and is not secured with guarantees, or there is a certainty that it is impossible to collect it), then the company needs to form a so-called reserve for doubtful debts to cover this debt. Build it up to ensure veracity financial statements companies, in particular, debts. Let's consider how it is formed, taken into account and reflected in the reporting.

Features of the accrual of the reserve

The amounts of such debts are identified based on the results of the inventory of calculations. The amount of the allowance for doubtful debts is calculated for each debt based on the terms of the agreements concluded and the prospects for repayment, using the calculation method in force in the company. For example, if a firm has established a debt for several counterparties, then a reserve should be formed for each obligation of each of them. That is, scrupulous analytical support is necessary here.

When starting the formation of a reserve, one should take into account the existing differences provided by legislators in the rules for organizing it in tax and accounting. Let's demonstrate them in the table:

Reserve for doubtful debts in tax accounting

We have already listed the criteria for defining debts as doubtful in tax accounting. Let's dwell on the details that need to be borne in mind when calculating the amount of the reserve. Despite the fact that the inventory of calculations is carried out at the end of the financial year, when determining advance payments for income tax (if the company pays advances), the calculation of reserves will have to be done quarterly.

A reserve is accrued for each debt, and the size is determined based on the time of delay:

The legislative limit is set for the amount of the reserve - it cannot be higher than 10% of the proceeds recorded in the period when the reserve is created. However, the company has the right to reduce the percentage by securing this position in the UP.

Reserve for doubtful debts in accounting

The reserve is considered an estimated value (p. 3, 4 of PBU 21/2008), and its variations are recorded in the accounting of the period when they occurred. Therefore, accruals to the reserve are made with the frequency of submission of financial statements. When organizing a reserve, most often enterprises adhere to the requirements tax accounting, since the order of its formation in accounting is not strictly defined.

There are different methods for calculating the reserve. The chosen method should be approved in the UP, indicating the criteria by which the accountant will be guided in the calculation. For example, with the method peer review they are guided by the indicators of the debtor's solvency, and when calculating the reserve for doubtful debts, depending on the delay period, they set the corresponding percentage of deductions.

When creating a reserve, the following conditions are observed:

1. It does not include the amount of advances received;
2. When determining the size of the reserve, you can focus on paragraph 3 of Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, adhering to the established 10% rate of revenue and the terms of the reservation. If the procedure for creating a reserve is different from that dictated in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, then there will be:
   • inconsistencies due to different establishment of the timing of provisions, entailing the emergence of temporary differences, the result of which will be the formation of deferred tax assets (paragraphs 8, 11, 14 PBU 18/02);
   • dissonance if the reserve exceeds 10% of the proceeds. In this case, the reserve for doubtful debts (PBU 18/02 clauses 4.7) provokes the formation of permanent differences.

Doubtful debt reserve: transactions

The operations with the reserve are accompanied by the following records:

Doubtful debt reserve inventory

Inventory the reserve at the last date tax period, checking the correctness of the calculation of the reserve and relying on the requirements of clause 3.54 of the Methodical Instructions No. 49 of 13.06.1995. But the enterprise has to constantly analyze the existing debt for the formation of a reserve.

In addition, it is important to control the amount of bad debts written off the balance sheet by controlling changes in the financial solvency of debtors.

Allowance for doubtful debts on the balance sheet

You cannot see the amount of the reserve in the balance sheet, since there is no separate line for it. Accounts receivable are reduced by the amount of the reserve (line 1230). But information about him must be disclosed in the appendix - an explanatory note to the reporting forms.

The assets and liabilities of the entity should be adjusted for accounting estimates. In such an indicator is the reserve of doubtful debts - in the balance sheet the amount of DZ is shown minus the accumulated savings. This avoids overstating assets. Since 2011, the formation of a reserve for doubtful debts is the responsibility of the organization (according to clause 70 of PBU RF No. 34n). Although the Tax Code of the Russian Federation this operation spelled out as a company law. But if we consider that this amount should be included in tax expenses, then many enterprises enjoy the right to create reserves. You will learn how to do this correctly, what transactions should be formed and how this operation is displayed in "Accounting 1C", you will learn from this article.

Reserves in BU

"Accounting" and "tax" accumulated amounts for doubtful and bad debts are very different, therefore, they need to be formed separately for different purposes. In accounting, the enterprise sets the procedure for calculating independently. The RAS RF states that the amount of funds should be calculated by one of the following methods:

Separately, for each debt, the company determines the amount of DZ that will not be returned and includes it in the reserve;

Based on information from previous periods: the share of the unpaid amount for several previous years is calculated;

For each amount in proportion to the delay. A similar method is used at NU.

Are not dubious:

• DZ for the obligations of suppliers who received an advance payment, as well as for undelivered goods within the terms specified in the contract.
• Debt on fines for non-compliance with the terms of the contract.
• Debt under loan agreements and claims.

Confirmation of selection

The selected option must be approved in. If the management decided to use the expert assessment method, then the criteria for attributing debt to reserves should be clearly defined. In the proportional method, you need to set the percentage values. When choosing an option for forming a reserve, it is important to consider the purpose of its creation. The higher this amount, the higher the net assets indicator. For "beautiful" reporting, it should be minimal. This will ensure that legal requirements are met and investors will not be harmed. In the BU, the creation of a reserve for doubtful debts is reflected in the account. 63, analytical data are prescribed separately for each debtor. Contributions to the reserve are displayed in "Other costs" (sc. 91-2).

An example of the formation of a reserve in BU

LLC "X" shipped goods to LLC "U" for 120 thousand rubles. (VAT 18, 24 t RUB.) 12.08.2013. The grace period of 10 calendar days was violated. Accounting policy LLC "X" provides for the attribution of the amounts to the hopeless in full. The management decided to include 100% of the debt in the allowance for doubtful debts. In this case, the transactions will look like this:

Correction. 15.10.13 the buyer decided to pay part of the debt in the amount of 50 thousand rubles. This operation should be reflected in the BU by account. 63 "Reserve for doubtful debts". Postings:

At the end of the year, the DZ in the balance sheet must be reduced by the amount of doubtful debts: 120 - 50 \u003d 70 t rubles.

2. For example, in June 2014 LLC “U” was liquidated. Since earlier the amount of their debt was included in the fund, then it will be written off from the same account 63 "Reserve for doubtful debts". Postings:

3. According to RAS No. 34, if by the end of the period following the creation of the reserve, its value has not been fully used up, then the balance should be included in the financial results of the current period. Within the this exampleif the balance is not written off before 12/31/14, then it must be charged to other costs (sc. 91-1). But according to the same provision, at the end of the year, a reserve for doubtful debts should be created again. The postings are similar to those discussed above. In view of the ambiguity of the requirements, experts recommend not to write off the debt completely, but to correct it in one direction or another.

Creation of a reserve for doubtful debts in OU

This settlement procedure is clearly spelled out in Article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. It states that the taxpayer can create / make deductions for any debt. The exception is interest on loans. The same article says that it is possible to create a reserve for doubtful debts only based on the results of the inventory of the DZ at the end of the reporting period. This operation must be carried out no earlier than the obligation to pay taxes arose. The accounting policy should reflect the fact of creating or refusing to form a reserve. This must be done before the beginning of the year. You cannot make any changes in the current period.

The purpose of the inventory in this case is to determine the timing of the delay in payment of the debt. Based on the calculations received, the company determines the amount of delay, and then classifies it as hopeless (if the debtor was liquidated) or doubtful. In the first case, the debt must be written off at the expense of the created reserve, and in the second, it must be included in it. The funds of the fund can only be used to cover the costs of bad debts.

These deductions refer to non-operating expenses, reducing the basis for calculating corporate income tax (NPP), that is, only NPP payers can carry out such operations. The amount of deductions is determined for each debt:

• < 90 дней просрочки - 100%;
• 45-90 days - 50%;
• \u003e 45 days - 0%.

Moreover, if the amount of debt is fully included in the reserve, then it should not be more than 10% of the proceeds of the current period.

Calculation example

LLC "X" established the formation of reserves in 2014. NPP payments are paid once a quarter, respectively, the reserve is adjusted at the same time.

1. Inventory of the reserve for doubtful debts on 03/31/14 showed that four debtors have overdue DZ. The company's revenue is 3 million rubles. The amount of the reserve is calculated as follows:

The total amount of the reserve: 200 + 50 + 150 \u003d 400 thousand rubles.

Tax restrictions: 3000 * 0.1 \u003d 300 thousand rubles.

The amount of the formed reserve: 300 thousand rubles.

2. Correction. In the second quarter, the third debtor settled with the supplier, and the first one was liquidated. No new doubtful amounts have appeared, so these transactions should be displayed on the balance accounts.

At NU, the hopeless DZ is written off in full. If it exceeds the amount accumulated in the fund, then it should be attributed to non-operating expenses. So, the calculation of the provision for doubtful debts in the second quarter should look like this:

Total reserve: 100 + 400 \u003d 500 thousand rubles.

Tax restrictions: 6000 * 0.1 \u003d 600 thousand rubles.

Amount of deductions: 500 thousand rubles.

From the first quarter, there are 100 thousand rubles left. unused reserve. Accordingly, it is adjusted upward, and 400 thousand should be attributed to non-operating expenses.

Debt carryover

According to Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the fully unwritten amount of doubtful debt in the current period can be carried over to the next. The newly created reserve must be adjusted by the amount of the balance: if it is less, then the difference relates to non-operating income; if more - to expenses.

At the end of the year, the adjustment is as follows. If on next year a decision is made to form a reserve, the amount is transferred. If not, then the remainder should be included in

Typical accounting entries

Difference between NU and BU

As noted above, taxpayers who decide to create OU and BU reserves will inevitably face a difference in data. This is due to the following reasons:

1. The amount of the reserve for doubtful debts in the BU includes only the amount for the unpaid sold SOE. The debt for the sold fixed assets and other property is not included.

2. On the BU accounts, the amount of doubtful debt is displayed by the decision of the management. In the Tax Code, for more than 90 days delay, the amount in the reserve is taken into account in full.

3. In the BU, the unused balance must be attributed to the financial results of the organization. In NK it can be carried over to the next period (year).

The enterprise must create a register-calculation and keep records of reserves for doubtful debts in it. The results of the inventory of the reporting period must be confirmed in the corresponding act (No. INV-17) with added chapters:

Debt origin date (3 groups from the Tax Code);

Percentage of deductions (0 or 100).

The accountant should track the transition of doubtful debts to bad debts, and the remaining amount should be transferred or included in the financial results.

Displaying operations in "Accounting 1C"

Settings typical configuration allow you to track the amount of overdue debt separately for each client. But for this you need to install checkboxes. In the "Account settings" window on the "Settlements with counterparties" tab, you should specify the period after which the delay period will begin. But this rule will apply if the checkbox "Form reserves in OU and / or BU" is set in the accounting policy on the "Settlements with counterparties" tab. If both checkboxes are activated, then inevitably there will be a difference in numbers. The reasons for its appearance have already been indicated above.

If the maturity of the debt is more than 45 days, then at the end of the month a reserve of 50% of the total amount for DT 62 and DT 76.06 will be accrued. If the period is more than 90 days, then - 100%. For delay in foreign currency the amount of the reserve will have to be formed manually. You can check the correctness of calculations in the database in the reference of the same name.

• If the client used the old configuration, in which the analytics was not conducted for each shipment document, then after updating the configuration, you need to create a new accounting policy, distribute the total amount of the reserve among the shipment documents using "Operation (BU and NU)".
• Dt 91.02 Kt 63 - The transaction is created automatically on the last day of the month.
• The reserve is formed for each client. The program analyzes the balance for DT 62 and 76.06. If the client has an advance payment under one agreement, but otherwise the debt is more than 45 days, then the reserve will still be accrued. And if this amount differs from NU, then the difference will be automatically taken into account.
• Dt 63 Kt 91.01 - posting of the restoration of the reserve, which is generated automatically at the end of the month. The amount is reduced if the client has paid for the goods.
• Dt 63 Kt 91.01; - debt transfer.
• Dt 63 Kt 62 (76.06) - write-off of DZ. This transaction is generated by the "Debt adjustment" document with the "Write-off" type. You should indicate the "Reserve for doubtful debts" account 63 and indicate the subconto.

If the company keeps records in NU and BU, then it is necessary to separately change the amounts. To do this, in the "Debt adjustment" document, you need to activate the "Manual adjustment" checkbox. Then, in the entry Dt 63 Kt 62.01, indicate the amount of the reserve, and attribute the remainder to permanent and temporary differences. The program correctly calculates the NPP if the following condition is met: BU \u003d NU + PR + VR.

The remainder of the debt not covered by the OU reserve should be charged to the account. 91.02 "Write-off of DZ (KZ)." That is, a negative permanent and temporary difference arises on debit and credit.

The amount of debt written off, for which more than three years have passed, should be listed on the off-balance account 007 for another 5 years. But if during this time the client returned at least part of the money, then this operation is reflected in the following entry: Dt 50 (51) Cr 91.02. If the money has not been returned, then the account is closed with "BU (OU) Operation" for the entire amount.

Summary

At the end of the reporting period, the company must create reserves for doubtful debts, that is, for those amounts that are unlikely to be returned. Methods for calculating such amounts in OU and BU differ. If the management decides to display the amounts not only in the reporting documents, but also in the accounting policy, then the adjustments will have to be made in the database manually. It is important to understand for what purpose this reserve is formed. The higher the amount of doubtful debts, the higher the indicator of net assets. This is not always good for “beautiful” reporting submitted to the bank.

Doubtful debt reserve transactions

Companies must control receivables. After all, banks pay attention to frozen accounts receivable and may refuse a loan. See the bad debt reserve transactions.

Bad debt reserve accounting entries

Bad debts are written off at the expense of the reserve that the company must create, even if it is a small business entity. It includes doubtful debts. These are debts to the organization that counterparties are unlikely to repay (clause 70 of the Regulations for accounting, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n, letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 14, 2015 No. 07-01-06 / 188).

The fact that the company will most likely not wait for payment from the debtor may be evidenced by the following:

• the debtor constantly violates the terms of payment under the contract;
• the company has information about the debtor's financial problems.

The procedure for creating and using the reserve should be fixed in the accounting policy (clause 7 of PBU 1/2008). The entire amount of doubtful accounts receivable (including VAT) can be deducted to the reserve. And you can reserve each debt only in the part that, in the opinion of the organization, the counterparty will not repay.

It happens that the counterparty is both a supplier and a customer. Then, before writing off the receivables, you should find out if there are any accounts payable to him. In this case, you must first offset the debts. If, after that, an overdue receivable remains in the accounting, only this amount the company has the right to include in non-operating expenses. Such clarifications were given by the Ministry of Finance of Russia in a letter dated October 4, 2011 No. 03-03-06 / 1/620. When calculating the simplified tax, the written off accounts receivable not included in expenses. After all, the list of costs taken into account in the special regime does not provide for such an expense (clause 1 of article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Do not rush to write off the debt to travel agents. As a rule, they sell tourism products and individual services under intermediary agreements.

In this case, the customer's debt on payment for services cannot be taken into account in the travel agent's expenses. After all, this is a debt to the principal. And he, in turn, can write it off only after the agent transfers him the right to claim against the customer.

In any case, in order to write off accounts receivable, the organization must have documents confirming the occurrence of the debt (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 8, 2013 No. 03-03-06 / 1/11347). We are talking about invoices, acts, payment documents. The agreement and the statement of reconciliation of settlements do not apply to such documents - letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated December 6, 2010 No. ШС-37-3 / 16955.

If the company previously applied the simplification, and then switched to general regime, she cannot take into account in the composition non-operating expenses losses from writing off bad debts that arose during the period of application of the special regime (

Since 2017, updated rules have been in effect for the creation and calculation of provision for doubtful debts. We note right away that now it has become more profitable for taxpayers to create this reserve. How to calculate it, we will tell you in detail in the article.

The procedure for creating a provision for doubtful debts in tax accounting

Provisions for doubtful debts are created by organizations that are payers of income tax (clauses 7, clause 1 of article 265, article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

When forming a reserve, you need to act as follows (clause 4 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Step 1. On the last day of the reporting (tax) period, take an inventory of receivables. The results of the inventory shall be drawn up in an act in a form developed by the organization independently, taking into account the provisions of Art. 9 of Law No. 402-FZ, or using unified form INV-17, approved by the decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated 18.08.1998 No. 88.

When analyzing receivables, you need to determine the debts, which, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation are recognized as doubtful, and on the basis of which a reserve will be created.

Doubtful debt is understood as a debt arising from the sale of goods (performance of work, provision of services), not repaid within the time period stipulated by the contract and not secured by a pledge, surety, bank guarantee. That is, if there is a pledge or surety, then it is impossible to create a reserve for such debt, even if the guarantor is bankrupt (letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 10, 2015 No. 03-03-06 / 39756, dated January 14, 2013 No. 03-03-06 / 1/7).

Since 2017, the direct rule of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes to include in the reserve only part of the debt that is not covered by the counter debt of the same counterparty. That is, if the company has a counter obligation to the debtor counterparty, then only the amount that exceeds the amount of this obligation is considered doubtful debt. At the same time, the reduction of such debts on the creditors of the economic entity is carried out starting from the first in the time of debt occurrence (clause 1 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

It should be noted that when creating a reserve for doubtful debts, an organization should not take into account those amounts of accounts receivable that arose during the period of application of a taxation system other than the general one, for example, UTII (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 21.12.2012 No. 03-11-06 / 3 / 90).

See also:

• "Should the given advance be taken into account in the" doubtful "reserve?";
• "The insured debt cannot be doubtful" .

Step 2. For each doubtful debt, determine the percentage of deductions and calculate the total estimated amount of deductions (RSO) according to the following principle:

• if more than 90 days have passed since the inception of the doubtful debt, then the debt in full (100%) is included in the reserve,
• if the term of doubtful debt is from 45 to 90 days (inclusive), then 50% of the debt amount is deducted to the reserve,
• if the debt arose less than 45 days ago, then no reserve is created for it.

Step 3. Determine the maximum amount of deductions to the reserve using the formula:

PSO \u003d B × 10%,

where B - for the reserve at the end of the tax period - the amount of proceeds from the sale of goods (works, services, property rights) received at the end of the tax period; for the reserve, which is formed at the end of the reporting period, - the largest of the amounts: revenue for the last year or for the current reporting period;

10% - limitation of the amount of the created reserve (4 article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

The limitation may be less than 10% of the amount of proceeds (resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North Caucasian District of 25.10.2004 No. F08-5008 / 2004-1902A). The organization has the right to independently choose the regulatory percentage, and it must be fixed in the accounting policy. Usually, the decision to establish a lower ratio is made when deductions to the reserve at the general ratio of 10% can lead to a loss or zero financial result (for example, with high revenue, but small profit).

Step 4. Comparison of the estimated amount of deductions (PCO) and the maximum amount of deductions (PSO), ie results of actions (2) and (3):

• if RSO ≥ PSO, then the amount of deductions corresponding to PSO should be included in the reserve.
• if RSO< ПСО, то в резерв включается сумма отчислений, соответствующая РСО.

The calculated amount of deductions should be included in the non-operating expenses for the last day of the reporting (tax) period (clause 3 of article 266, subparagraph 7 of clause 1 of article 265, subparagraph 2 of clause 7 of article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

NOTE! Any uncollectible debt is written off at the expense of the reserve, regardless of whether it participated in the formation of the reserve or not.

Formation of a reserve for doubtful debts in accounting

It should be noted that all the actions above are applied when creating a provision for doubtful debts for tax purposes. When forming a reserve in accounting, different rules apply.

For example, in accounting there are no restrictions on the amount of the formed reserve, and the timing of the occurrence of doubtful debts does not matter (clause 70 of the Regulations on accounting and accounting statements in RF, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n). Due to the application of such restrictions in tax accounting (the presence of debts with a maturity of less than 90 calendar days, or the excess of the estimated amount of deductions to the reserve over 10% of the amount of revenue), deductible temporary differences may appear in accounting, leading to the formation of a deferred tax asset ( clauses 8, 11, 14 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for calculations of corporate income tax” PBU 18/02, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 19, 2002 No. 114n).

Accounting doubtful debts are unsecured “accounts receivable” that have not been repaid or are likely not to be repaid within the contractual period. If there is such a debt, the organization is obliged to create a reserve (clause 70 of the order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n).

In contrast to the clearly defined algorithm for determining doubtful debts and the amount of deductions to the reserve for them in tax accounting (percentage of the number of days of delay), the procedure for calculating accounting reserve the company must develop itself and approve in the accounting policy. The amount of the reserve will depend on the financial condition of the debtor and the assessment of the likelihood that the debt will be repaid in full or in part (clause 70 of the order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n).

Example

During the inventory of accounts receivable, conducted as of 03/31/2018, the organization identified doubtful debts:

• debt No. 1 - the customer's debt for the services rendered in the amount of 17,700 rubles (including VAT of 2,700 rubles), the term of payment under the contract is March 18;
• debt No. 2 - the buyer's debt for the delivered products in the amount of 70,800 rubles. (including VAT 10,800 rubles), due date - 12 January;

The proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) for the 1st quarter of 2018 amounted to 2,714,000 rubles, for 2017 - 500,000 rubles.

What should be done

1. Determine the estimated amount of deductions to the reserve (RSO).

2. The maximum amount of deductions to the reserve (PSO) is:

RUB 2,714,000 × 10% \u003d 271,400 rubles.

3. Comparing the estimated amount of deductions (RSO) with the maximum amount of deductions (PSO):

35 400 rub.< 271 400 руб.,

the accountant came to the conclusion that the estimated amount of deductions to the reserve in the amount of 35,400 rubles should be attributed to non-operating expenses for the 1st quarter.

In accounting, both debts were recognized as doubtful, and a reserve was created for them in full. In this regard, a deductible temporary difference was formed in the accounting, which led to the formation of a deferred tax asset in the amount of RUB 10,620. \u003d ((17 700 + 70 800) - 35 400) × 20% (clause 14 PBU 18/02). The deferred tax asset is reflected by the entry: Debit 09 "Deferred tax assets" Credit 68 "Calculations of taxes and duties".

Outcome

In tax accounting, the creation of a reserve for doubtful debts is the right of the organization. If a decision is made to create a reserve, then the RF Tax Code clearly defines the algorithm for its formation. Anyone who has outstanding debts that the company believes will not be paid must create an accounting reserve. The procedure for calculating deductions to the reserve must be developed independently and spelled out in the accounting policy for accounting purposes.

A debt to your organization is recognized as doubtful, which with a high probability will not be repaid in full or in part (clause 70 of the Accounting Regulations N 34n, Letters of the Ministry of Finance of 05/27/2016 N 03-03-06 / 1/30504, of 01/14/2015 N 07 -01-06 / 188, dated 27.01.2012 N 07-02-18 / 01). This can be either a violation by the debtor of the payment deadline, or you received information about the financial problems of your debtor.

Doubtful debt provisions are created at the time of recognition of the debt as doubtful.

It is not worth prescribing in the accounting policy that the organization creates or does not create a reserve for doubtful debts. But the organization needs approve the procedure for determining the amount of the reserve in its accounting policy, as in the regulatory documents on accounting the process of assessing the possibility of debt repayment is not spelled out.

It should also be taken into account that accounts receivable may include:

• debt of buyers,
• customers,
• suppliers,
• contractors,
• other debtors,
• debt of founders,
• pay workers,
• on accountable amounts.

In addition, the accrued proceeds not presented for payment under construction contracts are reflected, the duration of which is more than one reporting year or the start and end dates of which fall on different reporting years (in the amount calculated on the basis of the contractual value or from the amount of actually incurred expenses that are considered possible for reimbursement for the reporting period) (clauses 1, 2, 17, 23 of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for construction contracts" (PBU 2 / 2008), approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 24.10.2008 N 116n, Appendix to the Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 29.01.2014 N 07-04-18 / 01).

Doubtful debt reserves are created for any receivables recognized by the organization as doubtful (not only for the debt of buyers and customers for products, goods, works and services). At the same time, if in respect of overdue receivables for reporting date there is confidence in repayment, then a reserve for this debt is not created (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 27, 2012 N 07-02-18 / 01).

Bad debt reserve transactions

And regardless of the chosen method of calculating deductions to the reserve, its creation (additional accrual) is reflected by posting:

Debit 91-2 "Other expenses" Credit 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts" - At the date of creation (increase) of the reserve.

Debit 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts" Credit 91-1 "Other income" - As of the date of restoration of the provision for the part of the repaid debt.

Debit 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts" - Credit 62 (60, 76, 58-3) -At the date of writing off bad debt from the reserve.

Creating a provision for doubtful debts

Thus, it is necessary to determine in the accounting policy for accounting the procedure for creating a reserve. (clause 7 PBU 1/2008).

You can fix the following methods:

1. Interval method;

2. Expert way;

3. Statistical way.

1. Interval method. The amount of deductions to the reserve is calculated on a quarterly (monthly) basis as a percentage of the amount owed depending on the duration of the delay, for example, as in tax accounting. This method makes it possible to approximate accounting and tax accounting and determine the amount of deductions to the reserve for each doubtful debt in proportion to the period of delay.

Since the rules for creating a reserve are taken as a basis here, as in tax accounting, it is more convenient to use the following algorithm:

If reserves are not used during the year following the year of their reflection in the accounting, they must be written off on December 31 to account 91, subaccount "Other income".

Provisions for doubtful debts in accounting are added up according to the results of the inventory of accounts receivable at the end of the year (other reporting period).

for example .

According to the results of an inventory of buyers' debt as of December 31, 2016, Romashka LLC revealed the following:

As a result, reserves were created:

The reserve is charged in the total amount as of December 31, 2016:

Debit 91-2 - Credit 63 -RUB 349,119.00

2. An expert way. A provision is made for each doubtful debt in an amount that, in the organization's opinion, is highly unlikely to be repaid.

for example ... LLC "Romashka" November 13, 2016 shipped the goods of LLC "Buttercup" in the amount of 118,000 rubles, including VAT. According to the contract, payment for the goods must be made within 10 days from the date of shipment.

The accounting policy for the accounting purposes of Romashka LLC stipulates that a "doubtful" reserve is formed monthly based on the assessment of each debt.

Since the payment from LLC "Buttercup" had not been received by the end of November 2016, LLC "Romashka" recognized this debt in full as doubtful and decided to create a reserve. The calculation was reflected in the accounting statement.

December 13, 2016 LLC "Buttercup" paid off the debt in incomplete amount for the goods delivered to it, transferring 80,000 rubles to LLC "Romashka".

The following entries will be made in the accounting of Romashka LLC:

Debit 91-2 Credit 63 - 118,000 rubles. - a reserve for doubtful debts has been created.

Debit 63 Credit 91 - 80,000 rubles. - reserve for doubtful debts is reduced by the amount of accounts receivable repayment.

Note! If it was written in the accounting policy of Romashka LLC that the creation of the reserve is reflected on a quarterly basis, then at the end of the quarter there would be no overdue debt and produce data accounting records do not.

3. The statistical method.The most time consuming option is to determine the amount of deductions to the reserve according to the statistics of the organization's data for several tax periods as the share of debts that remain outstanding to the total amount of receivables. You need to calculate the amount of the reserve on a quarterly (monthly) basis.

For example, the share of goods, works, services not paid for by buyers in the total amount of buyers' debt.

For the last day of each quarter (month), the amount of the reserve is determined by the formula:

If, using the statistical method, the resulting reserve value is greater than the reserve value created on the last day of the previous quarter (month), then the difference between them must be included in other expenses (add additional reserve). If less - include the difference between them in other income (restore the reserve).

for example .

LLC "Romashka" conducted an inventory and determined that over the past 3 years, 2% of the shipped goods were not paid by buyers. In this connection, the organization creates a reserve for doubtful debts. The accounting policy accordingly spelled out the creation of a reserve in a statistical way.

As of 01.01 the balance of outstanding receivables is 0 rubles.

On March 31, the outstanding debt for the goods shipped is RUB 10 million, therefore, the balance of the reserve is RUB 200,000.00 (10 million * 2%)

At 31.03 Balance Credit 63 - 200 thousand rubles remaining reserve;

At 30.06 Debit 91-2 - Credit 63 - 300 thousand rubles additionally accrued a reserve;

At 30.09 Debit 63 - Credit 91-1 - 100 thousand rubles restored the reserve;

At 31.12 Debit 63 - Credit 62 - 400 thousand rubles the bad debt was written off at the expense of the reserve;

At 31.12 Debit 91-2 - Credit 62 - 200 thousand rubles part of bad debt not covered by the reserve was written off;

At 31.12 Debit 91-2 - Credit 63 - 388 thousand rubles a reserve for doubtful debts has been created.

When applying interval or expert method the following options are possible:

• if the debt for which the reserve was created is deemed uncollectible, then it is written off at the expense of the reserve. If it turns out that the amount of the reserve is not enough, then the part of the debt not covered by the reserve is written off to other expenses;
• if the debt for which the reserve was created is repaid, then the amount of the reserve is restored, i.e. included in other income.

• if a debt of the type for which the reserve was created is recognized as hopeless, the debt is written off at the expense of the reserve. If the amount of the reserve is insufficient, part of the debt not covered by the reserve is written off to other expenses;
• if a debt of the type for which a reserve was not created is recognized as hopeless, as well as when any debt is repaid, then the amount of the reserve is not adjusted.

Obviously, if a company needs a balance sheet in order, for example, to get a loan from a bank, then excessive creation of a reserve can make the balance sheet not quite "beautiful" in terms of economic and financial performance... Although one must always remember that accounting should always reflect the real picture at the enterprise and in no case embellish the reality, since accounting is formation of complete and reliable information about the activities of the organization (Clause 4 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 29, 1998 N 34n).

Reflection of a provision for doubtful debts in the financial statements

• in the form of the borrower's debt for the return of the loan you issued - on line 1240 of the balance sheet minus the reserve;
• in the form of other doubtful debts, incl. debts of the borrower for payment of interest on the loan - on line 1230 of the balance sheet minus the reserve.

Thus, accounting simultaneously reflects:

• and doubtful debts in full;
• and the amount of the provision created.

• receivables are reduced either by the entire amount of doubtful debt, or by part of it;
• retained earnings are reduced by the same amount.

Penalties

Based on Art. 15.11 of the Administrative Offenses Code of the Russian Federation established responsibility for gross violation of the rules of accounting and presentation of financial statements, for officials of the organization in the form of a fine in the amount of 5,000 to 10,000 rubles. (repeated violation from 10,000 to 20,000 rubles or disqualification for a period of one to two years.)

Gross violations are understood as in this case distortion of any article (line) of financial statements by at least 10%.

Also according to Art. 120 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, gross violation by the organization of the rules for accounting for income and (or) expenses and (or) objects of taxation, if these acts were committed within one tax period, in the absence of signs of a tax offense provided for in paragraph 2 of Art. 120 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, entails the recovery of a fine in the amount of 10,000 rubles. The same actions, if committed within more than one tax period, entail the recovery of a fine in the amount of RUB 30,000,

In this case, a gross violation is understood as a systematic (two or more times during a calendar year) untimely or incorrect reflection on the accounts and in the reporting of the taxpayer's business operations.

The period during which they can be fined for gross violations of accounting has been increased to two yearsThus, the fine for 2 years can be up to 60,000.00 rubles. only for violation of one article in accounting.

Provisions for doubtful debts in tax accounting

So, if in accounting in the accounting policy it is not necessary to prescribe that a reserve for doubtful debts is created, then in the accounting policy for tax accounting it is necessary to indicate whether you create reserves or not (Letter of the Federal Tax Service for Moscow dated 20.06.2011 N 16 -15 / 059211 @ .2).

Which organizations can create reserves for doubtful debts in tax accounting?

Organizations, payers of income tax, recognizing income and expenses on an accrual basis, have the right to create reserves for doubtful debts in the manner prescribed by Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Thus, when applying USN, as well as other special modes, doubtful debt reserves are not created.

It should be noted that in tax accounting, the definition of doubtful debt differs from the definition in accounting.

From January 1, 2017, amendments were made to clause 1 of Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Cm. the federal law from 30.11.2016 N 401-FZ.

Clause 1 of Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation states that doubtful debt is any debt that has arisen in connection with the sale of goods (performance of work, provision of services), if it is not repaid within the terms established by the contract and is not secured by a pledge, surety, bank guarantee. Those. it is not any receivable, as is the case for accounting.

Thus, you can recognize the existing receivables as doubtful debt if it simultaneously meets the following criteria.

1. The debt has arisen in connection with the sale of goods (performance of work, provision of services).

2. The debt was not repaid within the terms established by the contract.

3. Debt is not secured by pledge, surety, bank guarantee.

If all these conditions are met, the debt is considered doubtful. It does not matter whether measures were taken to collect it or not.

For example, it does not matter whether claims are sent to the counterparty, whether claims have been filed with the court, etc. The debt continues to be considered doubtful and in the case of initiation in relation to it enforcement proceedings (see, for example, Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 18.03.2011 N 03-03-06 / 1/148).

There are many explanations of the financial department on doubtful debts in tax accounting, and there is also judicial practice.

So, for example, according to the Ministry of Finance and some courts, the debt should not be deemed dubious:

1.on prepayment, when the supplier did not ship the goods, did not provide services in accordance with the contract (Letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 04.09.2015 N 03-03-06 / 2/51088, dated 08.12.2011 N 03-03-06 / 1 / 816, dated 30.06.2011 N 07-02-06 / 115, dated 17.06.2009 N 03-03-06 / 1/398). The same position is found in judicial practice.

2. on penalties for violation of the terms of the agreement (Letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 23, 2012 N 03-03-06 / 1/562 (clause 4), dated June 15, 2012 N 03-03-06 / 1/308, dated September 29 .2011 N 03-03-06 / 2/150 (p. 2), dated 23.09.2010 N 03-03-06 / 1/612, dated 19.03.2010 N 03-03-06 / 2/52);

3.for the amounts of interest collected by the arbitration court for the use of others in cash (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 24, 2013 N 03-03-06 / 1/29315);

4. under loan agreements (Letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 04.02.2011 N 03-03-06 / 1/70, dated 12.05.2009 N 03-03-06 / 1/318).

5. on the acquired rights of claim (Letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 23.10.2012 N 03-03-06 / 1/562 (clause 4), dated 12.05.2009 N 03-03-06 / 1/318). Courts adhere to a similar position;

6. in the form of unpaid amounts for the assigned right of claim for settlements for shipped goods (Definition of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 11/19/2015 N 2554-О). The arbitral tribunals come to the same conclusion.

Important! If the debt has arisen for reasons not related to the sale (under a loan agreement, assignment of a claim, an agreement on the provision of security, etc.), it cannot be considered doubtful and, therefore, participate in the formation of the reserve.

The interdependence of the buyer with the seller cannot be a reason for refusing to create a reserve. But given the totality of circumstances that indicate the manifestation of bad faith of the company, the court may support the decision of the tax inspectorate on the unjustified overstatement of expenses by the amount of the created reserve. (Determination of the RF Armed Forces dated April 29, 2016 No. 304-KG16-3795, Resolution of the CA of the West Siberian District of February 15, 2016 No. A03-1025 / 2015).

Creation of a provision for doubtful debts in tax accounting

• with a maturity of more than 90 calendar days, the amount of the created reserve includes the full amount of the debt identified on the basis of the inventory;
• with a maturity of 45 to 90 calendar days (inclusive), the amount of the reserve includes 50 percent of the amount owed;
• with a maturity of up to 45 days - does not increase the amount of the created reserve.

Before creating a reserve for doubtful debts, it is necessary to conduct an inventory of receivables and payables for the last day of each reporting (tax) period and issue its results with an act (INV-17) (clause 4 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated 05.23.2016 N 03 -03-06 / 2/29297).

1. For the last day of each reporting (tax) period, it is necessary to determine the amount of the reserve according to the formula (clause 4 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated 03.08.2010 N 03-03-06 / 1/517):

The debt that is taken into account when calculating the provision is reduced by accounts payable to the same counterparty (clause 1 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

for example , if the counterparty owes you 700,000 rubles, and you owe him 150,000 rubles, then when calculating the reserve, consider only the difference in the amount of 550,000 rubles. (700,000 rubles - 150,000 rubles).

2. On the last day of each reporting (tax) period, it is necessary to calculate the amount of deductions to the reserve according to the formula (clause 5 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

3. The following options are possible:

• If the amount of deductions to the reserve is zero, then nothing needs to be done.
• If the amount of deductions to the reserve is a positive number, then the amount of deductions to the reserve must be included in non-operating expenses for the last day of the current reporting (tax) period (clause 7, clause 1 of article 265, clause 3 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Letter of the Ministry of Finance from 23.05.2016 N 03-03-06 / 2/29297).
• If the amount of deductions to the reserve is a negative number, then this amount must be included in non-operating income for the last day of the current reporting (tax) period (clause 7 of article 250, clause 5 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Consequently, when doubtful debts become bad debts, they are accounted for in the reserve account, and are not recognized as losses on the basis of paragraphs. 2 p. 2 art. 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

4. As of December 31 current year it is necessary to calculate the amount of the reserve and deductions to the reserve in the usual manner (clause 5 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

5. The following options are possible:

• Continue to build up a reserve for doubtful debts next year. In this case, the balance of the reserve is carried over to the next year.
• If it is decided not to create a reserve for doubtful debts next year. Then it is necessary to make changes to the accounting policy and include the remainder of the reserve in the non-operating income of the current year.

Comparative table of provision for doubtful debts in accounting and tax accounting

Anastasia Perevalova, professional accountant (IPB member), financial director, tax consultant (member of the Chamber of Tax Consultants)