Evaluation of deposit transactions. Evaluation of bank deposit operations. Analyzing statistical data on volumes and interest rates from passive operations of bank “X” for the period of four months of the current year, you should pay attention to the fact that when comparing each current

Today, banks offer a variety of types of deposits. The characteristics of different categories of depositors are taken into account: the bank determines the range of types of deposits offered, various social groups. The potential depositor is offered various types of deposits based on their priority for him, profitability or the possibility of withdrawal at any time, accumulation or convenience in making payments (bank plastic cards).

Banks strive to take into account as much as possible the needs of various categories of depositors:

children's deposits, pension deposits, demand deposits;

a creative approach to determining the name of the contribution (“Mobile”, “XXI Century”);

taking into account the psychological factor: offering contributions with an underlining in the name of the influencing stimulus (“ Guaranteed income", "Prestige");

linking certain types of deposits with the social and material needs of depositors (“Housing and savings”, “For vacation”);

along with new deposits, maintaining traditional names with a view to conservative investors ("Term", "Accumulative");

offer special type deposits in connection with the anniversary of the bank’s activities or timed to coincide with any significant event (“Yubileyar”, “Jubilee”).

Within one type of deposit, banks offer different conditions, as a rule, this concerns the minimum amount and term of the deposit: the higher the minimum deposit amount, the higher the interest.

An important trend is the development of flexible deposit account technologies, where the advantages of demand accounts and time accounts are combined in one account. For such accounts, it is usually established comparatively small amount down payment and provides the opportunity for unlimited additional contributions and withdrawals at any time in excess of the principal deposit amount.

Currently, each client has the right to independently choose a bank for settlement cash service, and the bank is forced to fight hard for the depositor, who is quite easy to lose. Therefore, there was a need for a scientifically based theory of organizing relations between banks and potential depositors regarding the attraction of their funds.

Firstly, to expand the circle of depositors, the bank needs a competent deposit policy, which is based on maintaining the required level of diversification, ensuring the possibility of attracting funds from other sources and maintaining a balance with assets in terms of terms, volumes and interest rates.

You can intensify your deposit policy by expanding the list of deposits and using the stimulating effect of the amount of income on the deposit. So, in the first case, it can be assumed that clients will benefit from targeted deposits, the payment of which will be timed to coincide with vacations, birthdays or other holidays. Their terms are shorter than traditional ones, and the percentage is higher. For clients with different income levels, the bank could offer fundamentally new financial services, for example, combining a traditional deposit with a whole range of non-banking services - insurance, travel or purchasing goods at a discount.

In the second case, it should be noted that the stimulating effect of interest on deposits depends mainly on the level and differentiation of interest rates depending on the type, term of the deposit, and the period of notice of withdrawal. If inflation rates are also taken into account when determining the interest rate, the value of the money itself will increase, and an increase in deposits will help reduce the rush demand in the consumer market. In addition, the responsibility of the state and commercial banks for the effective use of cash savings and savings, which will contribute to the development of not only commercial bank, but also the economy of the country as a whole.

Also, attracting depositors' funds to commercial banks is facilitated by a change in the procedure for paying interest. After all most of commercial banks pay interest on deposits once a year. Therefore, in conditions of an acute shortage of banking resources, commercial banks began to pay interest on deposits quarterly or even monthly, which allowed them to attract funds at lower interest rates.

The basic principles of the deposit insurance system should be: mandatory participation of banks in the system; reducing the risk of adverse consequences for depositors in the event of banks’ failure to fulfill their obligations; transparency of activities; cumulative nature of fund formation compulsory insurance deposits at the expense of insurance premiums of banks participating in the system.

Participants in the system can be: legal entities and individuals recognized as beneficiaries for the purposes of this law; banks entered in the prescribed manner in the register of banks, recognized for the purposes of this law as policyholders; agencies for compulsory deposit insurance, recognized for the purposes of this law as insurers.

Object of insurance - deposits of individuals and legal entities, foreign currency deposits of residents and non-residents, government and non-government organizations.

An insured event must be recognized as one of the following circumstances: revocation (cancellation) of a bank’s license to carry out banking operations or the introduction by the National Bank of a moratorium on satisfying the claims of the bank’s creditors. The insured event is considered to have occurred from the date of entry into force of the relevant act National Bank countries. The depositor's right to claim compensation for deposits arises from the date of insured event. A person who acquired the right to claim deposits from a depositor after the occurrence of an insured event does not have the right to compensation. From the moment the insured event occurs until the day the bankruptcy proceedings are completed or the moratorium ends, penalties for early withdrawal of deposits are canceled.

To carry out the functions of compulsory deposit insurance, agencies are created in the form of open joint-stock companies. Governing bodies: Board of Directors, Management Board and CEO agencies. The supreme body is the Board of Directors. The Chairman of the Agency's Board of Directors is elected by its members.

The proposed model of bank deposit insurance is aimed both at protecting the resources themselves attracted to deposits and at developing the country’s economy as a whole.

Thirdly, if it is necessary to attract funds to deposits, one should take into account the features and differences between legal and legal deposits. individuals.

When developing a new deposit, the bank must focus on the needs of customers. Usually occurrence new service follows the emergence of a completely new need or a significant change in an old one. A new need can be identified as a result of marketing research.

The deposit is characterized by several parameters:

size minimum contribution;

the magnitude and constancy of interest;

minimum period storage;

terms of additional contributions;

conditions for withdrawing money from the account.

By changing these characteristics, you can get completely the new kind services. But since such a banking service as a deposit is long-term (meaning that money is deposited for a certain period), the bank must predict changes in the external environment in order to make a profit.

By varying the minimum deposit, the bank can attract different customer segments on more favorable terms. Typically, the minimum payment is highly correlated with the interest rate. The higher the minimum amount, the higher the percentage. Thus, the bank saves on operating costs for servicing one deposit, increasing its profits and giving the client a bonus in the form of an increased percentage.

The bank can also offer special conditions deposits for various groups of clients: for students, pensioners, those who travel abroad.

In our opinion, the most promising direction for attracting funds from both legal entities and individuals at the moment is the widest use of bank payment cards, since the funds that “settle” in card accounts are a cheap resource base. The “advantages” of plastic cards also include:

facilitating the work of cash desks and accounting departments of the bank and any enterprise (in case of payment wages via bank plastic cards);

safe use of earned funds (unlike cash, a missing card does not mean loss of money).

Measures to improve the mechanism of transactions with plastic cards for legal entities are:

an increase in the number of issuers in the plastic card market, an increase in the number of ATMs and POS terminals;

popularization commercial bank among their own and potential clients operations using bank plastic cards, in particular, concluding agreements for the payment of wages to employees of enterprises using bank plastic cards;

establishing differentiated fees for card account balances (the larger the balance, the higher the percentage);

to improve the image of the enterprise, the possibility of applying its logo to a plastic card;

in case of sustainable economic situation enterprises have the opportunity to provide an overdraft on a card within a limit depending on the employee’s salary;

expanding the range of operations carried out using a bank plastic card: payment of utility and other types of payments by bank transfer, payment for goods and services in trade and service enterprises, transfer of pensions, subsidies, fees and other payments to card accounts, obtaining various types of information at information kiosks, the ability to conduct exchange and conversion transactions at ATMs and POS terminals);

provision preferential tariffs for services to legal entities that have entered into an agreement to pay wages to their employees through bank plastic cards;

providing “bonuses” in the form of gifts, cash payments, discounts in the store to holders of several bank plastic cards or cardholders with large balances.

When working with individuals, it would be interesting to have a fixed-term or transferable deposit of an individual in Belarusian rubles or currency, the accrued interest on which and the deposit amount at the end of the validity period would be credited to the card account. To interest investors, you can offer the following deposit:

more high percent;

a free plastic card issued at the time of making a deposit;

plastic card sold at a reduced price;

interest accrued at the time the deposit is made.

Currently analyzing bank interest is given Special attention, since interest is the main source of operating income (interest received) and the main source operating expenses bank (interest paid). On the one hand, the bank is interested in paying more low percentage, on the other hand, he must set a “competitive” percentage in order to attract clients for whom the main criterion is the profitability of the deposit.

Assessing customer motivation when choosing a bank is of great importance. Some banks, in order to determine the motives that motivate clients to open accounts, conduct surveys at the stage of opening and closing an account. Research shows that for corporate clients, the image of the bank, the provision of a full range of services, the bank’s openness to communicate with the client, high speed of payments, etc. are important. Recommendations from other clients play an important role. The main reason for closing an account is that competing banks offer more attractive terms of service.

Banks assign a special role to regulating their services in order to stimulate the inflow of funds. For the most part, advertising of banking services is based on instilling confidence in the bank, emphasizing its reliability, longevity, some competitive advantages, place in the ranking, and ease of service.

Undoubtedly, a competent advertising policy is necessary for banks today and is designed to help in finding new clients. For depositors, the main thing has traditionally been the image of a reliable bank. Today, when the state has taken care of ensuring the interests of depositors by creating a deposit guarantee system, the importance of bank reliability for depositors, and, consequently, the riskiness of the deposit, has somewhat receded into the background. Therefore, today it is more relevant for banks to create an image of high-tech and convenient bank, offering a wide range of services and high quality service. Office design and excellent service are today a necessary attribute of a bank's competitiveness. Current market conditions require the bank not only to provide high-quality services, but also force them to constantly improve service technology to achieve maximum customer convenience.

Currently, remote customer service is very popular in many countries. In particular, banking services for the population at home or in the workplace have become widespread abroad - the so-called home banking; it is the most promising form of providing banking services to individuals. Thanks to this form of relationship with the bank, the client gets the opportunity to manage the accounts opened for him, make payments, and control the movement of funds in the accounts without leaving home.

The formation of comprehensive services is also relevant today. In order to achieve greater customer interest in cooperation, banks began to seek opportunities for the implementation of complex services, offering some related or additional services to the main service, the so-called “service bundling”.

Thus, from all of the above we can conclude that banks are modern stage having already realized the importance deposit operations in their activities and the formation of the resource base, they have actively taken up the development of this area of ​​​​activity, but they still have a lot to do in order to survive in conditions of fierce competition.

To strengthen the deposit base and expand the resource potential of branch No. 503 of OJSC " ASB Belarusbank" offered:

constantly search for potential partners among the bank’s clients, as well as assist in establishing business connections between the bank’s clients and partner enterprises abroad;

promptly organize meetings between clients and bank specialists to resolve current issues banking services;

increase the number of employees servicing deposit transactions of individuals and legal entities, or simplify the procedure for processing deposit transactions by introducing more advanced software products;

providing depositor clients with a wide range of services, including non-banking services;

use of a high interest rate on investment deposits with payment of a premium at the end of the deposit term;

paying regular customers bonuses “for loyalty to the bank”;

use of mixed accounts;

studying the dynamics of the structure of household savings, identifying the elasticity of household deposits relative to various factors.

ANALYSIS OF DEPOSIT OPERATIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS

Nikitina Anastasia Vyacheslavovna

student of the Faculty of Economics of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Orel State Agrarian University, Russian Federation, Orel

E- mail: Nastena _93-09@ mail . ru

Tsvirko Alexander Alexandrovich

scientific supervisor, Ph.D. economy Sciences, Associate Professor Orel State Agrarian University, Russian Federation, Orel

Deposit relationships are formed in the deposit market as a result of the actions of depository institutions and the circulation of deposit instruments. The basis of deposit instruments is the deposit.

According to Lavrushin O.I. “Deposits mean all time and fixed-term deposits of bank clients, except savings deposits.”

The organization of deposit operations is carried out in compliance with the following principles (Figure 1).

Picture 1. Principles of deposit operations

The work of Russian credit institutions is one of the main conditions for the development of the country's economy. Of particular importance for achieving long-term goals and sustainable development of credit institutions are deposit operations, as a result of which the most stable part of the resource base is formed. The stability of deposit sources of funds is determined by knowledge of the period of attraction and the constancy of the bank’s relationship with depositors (the renewable nature of these relationships). With a significant portion of stable sources of funds available, banks have the opportunity to increase the volume of medium- and long-term lending operations real sector economy and meeting the economy's needs for investment resources.

In this regard, it seems relevant analysis of attracted credit organizations Russian Federation of deposits and other funds over the past three years in order to identify their structural features and potential use in the field of lending. Let's consider the structure of liabilities of credit institutions of the Russian Federation (Table 1).

Table 1.

Structure of liabilities of credit institutions, grouped by sources of funds (as of January 1, 2011-2013)

The structure of liabilities during the analyzed period did not undergo significant changes: the main specific gravity accounts for customer funds, which decreased from 62.4% (as of January 1, 2011) to 60.8% (as of January 1, 2013), as well as funds and profits of credit institutions, the share of which decreased from 12.8 % up to 11.9% for similar dates. The greatest growth is demonstrated by loans, deposits and other attracted funds received by credit institutions from the Bank of Russia. This situation indicates that credit institutions have been actively using loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation within the refinancing system over the past three years, experiencing the need for liquid funds.

The main sources of formation of resources of credit institutions of the Russian Federation are customer funds, the structure of which includes deposits of individuals, whose share has remained virtually unchanged, deposits of legal entities and funds of organizations in settlement and other accounts. Funds of legal entities in bank and deposit accounts together constitute a third of all bank liabilities, about a third are deposits of individuals.

The structure of deposits attracted by credit institutions (as of January 1, 2011-2013) is presented in Table 2.

Table 2.

Structure of deposits (deposits) attracted by credit institutions (as of January 1, 2011-2013)

Analyzing the data in Table 2, it should be noted that in the structure of deposits the main share falls on deposits of individuals. During the analyzed period, an ambiguous trend is observed: first, the share decreases from 50.0% to 47.9%, which is associated with higher growth rates of deposits of legal entities, then increases to 49.8% as of January 1, 2013, which is associated with a slowdown in the growth rate of deposits of legal entities and credit institutions. Deposits of legal entities had a growing trend, so as of January 1, 2011, their share was 30.8%, and as of January 1, 2013 - 33.6%.

It should be said that funds are attracted from credit institutions mostly in the form of loans. Since the official statistics published by the Bank of Russia do not show deposits of credit institutions separately, therefore, Table 2 on line 3 shows all types of funds attracted by credit institutions from other credit institutions: deposits, loans and other funds.

Table 3.

Structure of deposits of organizations (except credit institutions) by terms and currency of attraction (as of January 1, 2011-2013)

It is typical for legal entities to open deposits both in rubles and in foreign currency, with the former predominant. Thus, the share of deposits in rubles, in general, tends to grow: as of January 1, 2011 - 58.7%, as of January 1, 2012 - 65.6%, as of January 1, 2013 - 63.3% .

But still, the interest of legal entities in deposits in foreign currency remains very high at the level of 35-40%.

In conclusion, it should be noted that legal entities place their temporarily available funds in deposit accounts with a commercial bank in order to receive additional income. However, they do not have the right to transfer funds that are in deposits to other persons.

Bibliography:

1. Babichev M.Yu. Banking, in free access mode: [Electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://www.bibliotekar.ru/bank-6/, accessed November 20, 2013.

2. Zhukova E.F. Banks and banking operations M.: Unity 2010 - 632 p.

3. Lavrushin O.I. Banking M.: Finance and Statistics, 2012 - p. 768.

4.Latus E.B. Banking services market. Legal support for stability // Banking. - 2011. - No. 10 - p. 449.

5.Materials of the Bank of Russia, in free access mode: [Electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://www.cbr.ru accessed November 20, 2013

conducting
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for assessing the organization of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
1.1. Deposit policy of a commercial bank: concept, goals, objectives, principles and factors influencing its formation
1.2. The role of deposits in the formation of the resource base of commercial banks
Chapter 2. Assessment of the organization of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
2.1. Economic and organizational characteristics of the activities of JSC Bank "TKPB"
2.2. Assessment of the activities of JSC Bank TKPB in the deposit services market
2.3. Analysis of the deposit portfolio of JSC Bank "TKPB"
Chapter 3. Ways to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank
3.1. Measures to improve the deposit policy of JSC Bank TKPB
3.2. Development of the deposit product “Investment in the Future” for JSC Bank TKPB
Conclusion
List of sources used

Introduction

The most important component of all banking activities is the policy of forming a resource base. Currently the main part banking resources, as is known, is formed in the process of deposit operations of a commercial bank, the effective and correct organization of which determines the sustainability of the functioning of any credit organization as a whole. All types of deposit transactions can be considered part of the banking portfolio. When managing a deposit portfolio, you should continuously analyze its composition, volume, profitability, riskiness, make forecasts and give a quantitative assessment of cash flow. All this is a determining factor in the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.

The funds raised cover up to 90% of the commercial bank's total cash needs. In this regard, the issues of increasing the resource base and ensuring its stability through effective management of deposit policy become particularly acute.

The relevance of the chosen topic in modern conditions x is beyond doubt. From the degree of elaboration of the deposit policy of a commercial bank and the trust of depositors in to this bank The volume of funds raised by the bank, its ability to carry out active operations, and, ultimately, its profit completely depend.

Despite the fact that the importance of studying the fundamentals of a commercial bank’s deposit policy is emphasized in the works of many economists, these issues are not fully developed in the scientific literature. The basics of forming the deposit policy of a commercial bank are covered in the works of E.J. Dolan, P.S. Rose, O.I. Lavrushina, V.I. Kolesnikova, V.M. Usoskina, L.G. Batrakova and others.

The purpose of the thesis research is to examine theoretical issues assessing the organization of deposit operations and the deposit policy of a commercial bank, as well as developing proposals for its improvement.

In accordance with specified purpose The research in the thesis set the following main objectives:

– consider the theoretical basis for assessing the organization of the deposit policy of a commercial bank;

– identify the features of the formation and implementation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.

- define economic efficiency proposed activities.

Object of study thesis is the activity of a commercial bank.

The subject of the thesis is organizational- economic relations arising in the process of formation and implementation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.

The theoretical basis of the study was legislative acts Bank of Russia, including the federal law No. 177 of December 23, 2003 “On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks in the territory Russian Federation", educational literature, statistical collections, periodicals, reference and information systems.

The methodological basis of the work is: the method of synthesis, analysis, generalization method, dialectical method.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for assessing the organization of the deposit policy of a commercial bank

1.1. Deposit policy of a commercial bank: concept, goals, functions and factors influencing its formation

Currently, to ensure the normal functioning of commercial banks, deposit policy plays a huge role, since on its basis the bulk of banking resources are formed, which are the main source for conducting active operations. All commercial banks carry out deposit operations. Despite the existing competition between commercial banks for depositors, each bank independently develops and implements a deposit policy that is effective specifically for a given economic structure jar.

Deposit policy is a set of measures that are aimed at mobilizing funds from legal entities and individuals by banks in the form of deposits for the purpose of their subsequent mutually beneficial use.

When forming a deposit policy, the bank independently determines the types of deposits, the maximum periods for their storage, the basic rules for performing transactions and other conditions.

The bank's deposit policy should include:

– development of a strategy for the bank’s activities to attract funds on deposits, based on a comprehensive market research, that is, analysis of the surrounding financial environment, the place and role of the bank in the field of raising funds, diagnostics and forecasting;

– formation of tactics of a commercial bank to develop, offer and promote new banking deposit products for clients;

– implementation of the developed strategy and tactics;

– monitoring the implementation of the policy and its effectiveness;

– monitoring the activities of a commercial bank to raise funds.

The most important elements of deposit policy are: determining the optimal combination of different types of deposits and the maximum periods for their storage. Currently, each commercial bank has the right to independently determine which types of deposits are most profitable for it.

That is why the deposit policy, first of all, must meet the following basic requirements, such as:

– competitiveness – the system of deposit rates should be focused on market conditions, that is, the bank that keeps rates at a lower level than competitors close to it in terms of reliability risks losing part of its clientele;

– economic feasibility – the deposit policy is designed to provide benefits to creditors from the placement of temporarily free funds, while providing the opportunity for banks to profitably use the resources they hold;

– internal consistency – the structure of deposit rates, and their differentiation by amounts, types of deposits in comparison with other comparable instruments of the same bank, as well as by different categories of clientele.

Considering the essence of the deposit policy of commercial banks, it is necessary to touch upon such issues as: subjects and objects of deposit policy, as well as the principles of its formation.

The subjects of a commercial bank’s deposit policy include bank clients, commercial banks and government agencies. The objects of deposit policy include attracted funds from the bank and additional services of the bank (comprehensive services).

The formation of a commercial bank’s deposit policy is based on both general and specific principles.

Under general principles deposit policy refers to the principles that are the same as for the state monetary policy The Central Bank of the Russian Federation, pursued at the macroeconomic level, and for policies specific to a particular commercial bank. These include: the principle of an integrated approach, the principle of scientific validity, optimality and efficiency, as well as the unity of all elements of the bank’s deposit policy. An integrated approach is expressed both in the development of theoretical foundations, priority directions of the bank’s deposit policy from the point of view of its development strategy, and in determining the most effective and optimal tactics and methods for its implementation for a given stage of the bank’s development. The specific principles of deposit policy include the principles of ensuring the optimal level of bank costs, security of deposit operations, reliability, since the bank, accumulating temporarily free funds for the purpose of their subsequent placement, seeks to obtain income not at any cost, but taking into account the realities of the market, at in which he carries out his activities.

The main goal of a commercial bank's deposit policy is to attract as much cash resources as possible at the lowest price. In the process of achieving this goal, it is expected to solve such problems as:

– implementation of a flexible interest rate policy;

– improving the quality of banking services and improving the culture of customer service;

– carrying out deposit operations in order to obtain maximum profit in the future;

– maintaining consistency between deposit operations and credit investments;

– finding ways and means to reduce interest costs;

– minimization of banking risks.

In the process of forming deposit policy, economic relations are being established between commercial banks and legal entities, individuals and the state regarding the attraction of their temporarily free funds, as well as the implementation of practical measures in this area and ways of their implementation. When carrying out deposit policy, the principles of organizing deposit operations and their relationship with the total money turnover, the relationship between economic and organizational methods in managing deposit operations, the forms of deposit accounts and their scope of application, the procedure for opening and closing deposit accounts, the rules for crediting and withdrawing client funds, the procedure and conditions for transferring funds from one deposit account to another, storage deadlines funds in deposit accounts. Only a commercial bank that constantly focuses on expanding the range of services provided to clients, reduces costs, improves the quality of credit, settlement and cash services, provides various benefits, offers various types of advice to clients, and also constantly monitors the service can implement this set of measures. and service culture. It is this set of measures that plays an important role in establishing the relationship between the levels of interest rates on deposit and credit operations of a commercial bank.

It should also be noted that the process of forming a deposit policy is directly related to the interest rate policy pursued by the bank, since deposit interest is the most effective tool in the field of attracting resources. Currently, banks can independently set competitive interest rates on deposits, based on the discount rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the state money market and based on your own deposit policy - for certain types of deposits, the amount of income is determined by the term of the deposit, the amount, the specifics of the functioning of the account, the volume and nature of related services. Payment of interest on deposits by banks is the main part of operating expenses, which is why banks, on the one hand, are not interested in a high level of interest rates, and on the other hand, are forced to maintain a level of interest rates on deposits that would be attractive to customers. Trying to attract deposits, especially large deposits and long-term deposits, commercial banks offer clients high interest rates, despite rising interest costs. However, the attraction of funds from the population by banks is not unlimited.

The determining factor in setting the interest rate on deposits is the period for which the funds are placed: the longer the period, the higher the interest level. An important point is the frequency of income payments; the less frequent the payments, the higher the interest rate. Also used various ways calculation of interest payments.

The classic type of income calculation is simple interest - in this case, the actual balance of the deposit is used as the basis for calculation and the deposit is calculated and paid at an established frequency, based on the interest stipulated in the agreement.

Another type of income calculation is compound interest when interest is calculated on interest. At the end of the billing period, interest is accrued on the deposit amount, and the resulting amount is added to the deposit amount, and in the next billing period the interest rate is applied to the new base, increased by the amount of previously accrued income. Also, a progressively increasing interest rate is often applied, directly depending on the time the funds are actually spent on the deposit. This procedure for calculating income stimulates an increase in the storage period of funds and protects the deposit from inflation.

Currently, commercial banks are attracting huge volumes financial resources for a variety of periods, so even minimal losses can lead them to the point that they will not be able to pay off their debts on time. In this case, the reaction from the public will be an influx of customers to the bank demanding the return of deposits. This can deplete the bank's resources and force them to reduce the volume of transactions that generate income. Consequently, banks even suffer from occasional market instability, from panic-increasing excessive withdrawals of deposits, which can subsequently lead individual banks to bankruptcy.

To minimize such situations, a sufficient number of effective method combating outbreaks of mass withdrawal of deposits and preventing crisis situations in the economy. This mechanism is called state guarantee (insurance) of bank deposits of the population.

Law No. 177-FZ “On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks of the Russian Federation” was signed by the President on December 23, 2003 (current edition dated July 13, 2015). The goals of this Federal Law, first of all, are to protect the rights and legitimate interests of depositors of banks of the Russian Federation, strengthen confidence in the banking system of the Russian Federation and stimulate the attraction of savings from the population into the banking system of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with this Law, the Deposit Insurance Agency pays compensation to depositors upon the occurrence of an insured event. The main objective of the system of compulsory insurance of bank deposits is to protect the savings of the population placed in deposits and accounts in Russian banks on the territory of the Russian Federation.

The deposit insurance system works as follows: in the event of a bank's cessation of operations and the revocation of its banking license, fixed cash payments are immediately made to its depositors. Compensation for deposits in a bank in respect of which an insured event occurred is paid to the depositor in the amount of 100 percent of the amount of deposits in the bank, but not more than 1,400,000 rubles. In the event that a depositor has several deposits in one bank and the total amount of liabilities on these deposits exceeds 1,400,000 rubles, compensation is paid for each of the deposits in proportion to their size.

In accordance with the Federal Law, participation in the deposit insurance system in Russia is mandatory for all banks, which is why banks that do not participate in the deposit insurance system are not entitled to receive banking license to attract deposits from individuals

Interest rate policy is also an integral part of the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank. It is based on a number of principles, the observance of which, subsequently, involves the development of an optimal interest rate policy for the bank. Among them, first of all, the principle of differentiation of interest depending on the storage period and size of savings, the principle of “social” differentiation of interest on deposits, the principle of ensuring the profitability of banking activities and the principle of preserving and protecting depositors’ savings should be mentioned. The combination of all these principles is a necessary condition for the formation of an effective interest and deposit policy of the bank.

The main part of the bank's operating expenses is the payment of interest on deposits, which is why the bank is not interested in a high level of interest rates, but is forced to maintain a level of interest rates on deposits that would be attractive to customers. Despite the risk, commercial banks try to attract deposits, especially large ones and for long periods, by offering clients high interest rates. However, the attraction of funds from the population by banks is not unlimited.

Currently, the entire volume of existing deposit programs for individuals can be divided into two classes: time deposits and demand deposits.

Demand deposits guarantee the opportunity not only to store funds in an account, but also to withdraw part of the amount, receive the entire amount on demand, or replenish it at a convenient time. Despite the advantageous convenience of this class of deposits, due to existing opportunity To withdraw your funds any day, banks offer, in most cases, a small rate. Consequently, demand deposits are inconvenient for those who seek to protect their savings from inflation. They are appropriate only when sending (receiving) a transfer of funds, as well as for temporary storage of money that may come in handy completely unexpectedly.

Currently, time deposits are proving more profitable for bank depositors. From the name of this class it follows that they are opened for a strictly defined period. As a rule, the minimum period is three months, and the maximum is thirty-six months (3 years). Interest rates range from nine to thirteen percent in rubles and from five to eight percent in euros and dollars. However, if the deposit is withdrawn prematurely, one should not exclude the possibility of receiving the same interest as on demand deposits. This means that you need to invest free funds in time deposits, which can be entrusted to the bank for a given period without damage.

The ability to add additional funds to the deposit allows an individual to open a replenishable time deposit. The amount deposited in the bank one-time will be a non-replenishable time deposit.

In modern conditions, the most popular variations of time deposits are:

– standard;

– with capitalization;

– multicurrency.

The depositor receives interest on standard time deposits at the end of the contract. Deposits with capitalization require the investor to receive interest once every one or three months. In this case, interest is added to the base amount, and the next accrual is made on the amount resulting from such a merger. Multicurrency deposits represent the simultaneous investment of funds in different currencies, and the subsequent possibility of their redistribution at your own discretion.

Also, time deposits are divided into rollover and non-rollover.

Rolled over (renewed) deposit is a deposit that is considered automatically extended for the same period specified in the agreement, and in compliance with the same conditions that were specified in the primary agreement, in the event that the depositor does not appear within the specified period for his funds.

Non-renewable (non-renewable) deposit – a deposit with an increase in term, the validity of which is not automatically provided.

In modern conditions, the most traditional is the grouping of funds in customer accounts by maturity, since it allows for analysis by timing and amount, which is necessary to manage the profitability and liquidity of the bank:

• funds on demand accounts;
• funds in deposit accounts for up to 1 month;
• funds in deposit accounts for a period of 1 month to 3 months;
• funds in deposit accounts for a period of 3 months to 6 months;
• funds in deposit accounts for a period of 6 months to 1 year;
• funds in deposit accounts for a period exceeding 1 year.

This grouping is the most analytical, as it allows you to most clearly track the timing of the possible return of funds to clients and, therefore, predict and regulate the liquidity of the bank’s balance sheet.

Control over the deposit policy of a commercial bank and specific banking operations related to attracting resources is carried out within the framework of common system internal control, operating in the Bank. At the same time, the main regulatory bodies include both internal divisions of the Bank (Operations Registration Department, Management accounting and reporting Financial management, Internal Control Service), such external inspection bodies (Audit Commission, Audit Organization, Tax Authorities, branch of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation that supervises the Bank’s activities).

So, we can conclude that the increased competition between banks and other financial structures for deposits of individuals has now led to the emergence of a huge variety of deposits, their prices and service methods. According to experts, there are currently more than 30 types of bank deposits. Moreover, each of them has its own characteristics, which allows clients to choose the most appropriate and possible form of saving money and paying for goods and services that suits their interests.

1.2. The role of deposits in the formation of the resource base of commercial banks

Banks must have a certain amount of funds at their disposal to carry out their commercial activities. The specificity of the activities of banks is that, on the one hand, they attract temporarily free funds from various sources, and on the other, they place them, satisfying the needs of enterprises, organizations, and the population in need of financial resources.

The resource base in the activities of commercial banks determines the scale and direction of active operations and, consequently, the volume and structure of banking income. The composition and structure of a commercial bank’s resources have a significant impact on its liquidity and financial results activities in general.

Traditionally, the bulk of resources is generated by banks from borrowed funds. Most often, their share in the total amount of bank resources is 70–80%, and the bank’s attracted funds are formed mainly through deposit operations.

The nature of banks' deposit operations and the achievability of their goals largely depend on the quality of the developed deposit policy.

The bank's deposit policy in the field of attracting resources is one of the indicators of the reliability and stability of the bank's resource base.

This policy must meet two criteria:

1) the level of interest rates on deposits must be sufficiently attractive for existing and potential clients;

2) the level of the interest rate should not sharply increase the lower limit of the interest margin between active and passive operations.

The formation of a deposit base using various instruments and sources of raising funds allows us to maintain the bank’s potential in terms of conducting active operations at an adequate level, as well as flexibly respond to the financial needs of its clientele.

Currently, deposits of individuals are the most dynamically developing source of financing the resource base of commercial banks, which is why funds from the population should occupy a special place in the banking policy of generating funds. A significant characteristic of household deposits is their “dispersion” among many depositors, differing significantly in income levels, age, gender and territorial characteristics, social status and professional affiliation, which significantly increases the level of diversification of banking resources. Today, household deposits are quite manageable; by changing interest rates, the bank has the opportunity to attract resources with specified maturity characteristics.

The main feature of the deposit market of the population at present is the significant influence of interest rate levels on the formation of demand for deposits - that is, the interest rates on deposits set by banks largely determine the growth rate of their resource base. Moreover, for different groups of banks this influence manifests itself to varying degrees. The heterogeneity of the deposit services market can lead to a significant redistribution of market shares between banks, which may subsequently be accompanied by the emergence of new major players.

Analysis of the cost of banking resources, first of all, indicates that Russian credit institutions actively use the factor of interest rate manipulation in their deposit policy, thereby ensuring an influx of new depositors. Of course, the level of interest rates is not the only factor that determines fluctuations in the deposit base, but currently the task of determining the influence of the cost of deposits on fluctuations in the client base “all other things being equal” is very relevant.

Talking about Russian market deposits of citizens, it should be noted that it cannot be considered as homogeneous, which is why monitoring the dynamics of the banks’ share on it is often insufficient for a correct assessment of changes in the bank’s competitive position.

For example, the structure of the citizen deposit market in Russia allows us to identify three most significant market segments with clearly different stereotypes of depositor behavior, as well as different factors in the dynamics of deposit growth - pensioners, who account for almost half of the market of citizen deposits in Russian banks, the middle stratum, VIP and non-residents. The first and largest category of depositors is quite conservative; therefore, a noticeable increase in the income of pensioners leads to a rapid strengthening of the position of commercial banks. These deposits are usually denominated in rubles.

The second most important segment of the deposit market is the funds of VIP clients and non-resident citizens, who traditionally prefer to work with commercial, preferably foreign, banks.

However, the bulk of depositors does not belong to the above two categories, although it is they who have the most important influence on the comparative positions of individual commercial banks, since it accounts for almost half of citizens’ funds in banks.

Having analyzed the data for the last three years, we can conclude that in 2015 the volume of household funds in banks increased by 2,714.8 billion rubles. (in 2014 - by 2,371.3 billion rubles) - up to 16,957.5 billion rubles, which in relative terms is 19.1% (in 2014 - 20.0%).

In turn, the volume of insured funds of the population in banks participating in the Deposit Insurance System in 2015 increased by 2,591.3 billion rubles. (in 2014 – by 2,150.1 billion rubles). In relative terms, it increased by 18.5% – to RUB 16,591.0 billion. (in 2014 – by 18.1%).

An analysis of the dynamics of daily growth in deposits shows that in 2015 the savings activity of the population was higher than in 2014 - the growth of deposits in January–November 2015 averaged 6.0 billion rubles. per day, which significantly exceeds the same figure last year (in January–November 2014 - 4.7 billion rubles per day).

Traditional pre-New Year payments brought banks an additional 650 billion rubles. (at the end of 2014 - 750 billion rubles), this suggests that the influx of household funds at the end of 2015 differs slightly from last year’s figure.

In the course of analyzing the structure of deposits by size, we can conclude that during 2015. different groups deposits grew unevenly. In the first three quarters, deposits increased most actively - from 700 thousand to 1 million rubles. and over 1 million rubles. - by 25.3 and 22.2% in terms of amount and by 24 and 24.9% in terms of the number of accounts, respectively. Deposits from 400 thousand to 700 thousand rubles. over three quarters they grew by 10.6% and by 9.8%, however, in the fourth quarter the situation changed and deposits began to grow most actively within insurance compensation– up to 700 thousand rubles. (by an average of 11.6% per quarter), while the growth of large deposits has practically ceased. As a result, over the year the most high rates growth was shown by deposits from 400 thousand to 700 thousand rubles. and from 700 thousand to 1 million rubles. - by 25.6 and 28.1% in terms of amount and by 28.5 and 23.5% in terms of the number of accounts, respectively. Deposits over 1 million rubles. fell to third place - an increase of 23.4% in amount and 20% in the number of accounts.

At the end of 2015, the share of deposits was from 400 thousand to 700 thousand rubles. increased from 15.3 to 16.2%, from 700 thousand to 1 million rubles. – from 7.0 to 7.6%, and deposits over 1 million rubles. increased from 38.4 to 40.0% of total deposits.

As for the average size of account balances and deposits in the range of up to 700 thousand rubles, an increase of 1-1.7% can be observed here; in the range of 700 thousand rubles. up to 1 million rubles the indicator practically did not change compared to the previous year, and for deposits over 1 million rubles. there is an increase of 3.7%. Therefore, we can conclude that the average size deposits throughout the banking system without small and inactive accounts are estimated at about 155 thousand rubles. (Fig.2)

Figure 2. Structure of deposits depending on the size of deposits

Ongoing monitoring of interest rates offered by the 100 largest retail banks, showed that 86 out of 100 banks at the end of 2015 reduced deposit rates. In 3 banks the rates increased, in 11 they remained unchanged.

The average level of rates, weighted by the volume of deposits, as of January 1, 2015 for ruble annual deposits in the amount of 700 thousand rubles. amounted to 7.2%, while the average unweighted interest rates for deposits amounted to 700 thousand rubles. amounted to 8.8%.

The reduction in deposit rates occurred mainly in the 2nd and 3rd quarters, and in the 4th quarter there was a multidirectional movement of rates among banks - 39 banks reduced them, and 23, on the contrary, increased them, as a result average level rates in the fourth quarter decreased slightly.

Throughout 2015, positive real returns on ruble deposits remained. According to experts, the return on deposits in 2016 will also be at a level slightly higher than inflation.

Also noteworthy is the growth in reporting year the share of long-term deposits over 1 year - from 58.9 to 61.8%, however, simultaneously with the growth of long-term deposits, there was a reduction in short-term deposits - from 22 to 19.2%. The share of demand deposits decreased, but only slightly – from 19.1 to 18.9%. In general, the noted trends are caused by a preference for more profitable long-term investments, especially in conditions of relatively high interest rates.

Currently, due to the revocation of licenses from several banks at the end of the year, there has been some redistribution of the market positions of credit institutions, for example, the share of the 30 largest banks in terms of household deposits in the first three quarters of 2013 gradually decreased - from 77.1 to 76. 4%, but in the fourth quarter it increased to 78.6%. The market share of Sberbank of Russia behaved in a similar way: the first three quarters decreased from 45.8 to 44.7%, in the fourth quarter it increased to 46.7%.

At the end of the year, the highest growth rates of deposits were observed in network multi-branch banks - 18.1% and in banks in the Moscow region - 16.4%, regional banks grew by 12.8%, and deposits in Sberbank of Russia increased by 21.6%.

Based on statistics, we can conclude that Russians prefer to keep their savings in rubles - they occupy ⅔ of the market for individual deposits. Foreign currency deposits are growing at a slow pace.

Bank deposits today are an effective means of saving, which makes them not only reliable, but also a profitable investment instrument.

In general, the development of the situation in the deposit market in 2012-2015 was characterized by the following positive trends:

– continued growth of the deposit base in the majority of existing commercial banks;

– the growth trend in long-term lending continued;

– the share of deposits of individuals in total volume deposit base.

For commercial banks, household deposits are becoming more and more attractive every year, as a result of which competition in the banking services market is significantly increasing. This situation is primarily beneficial for investors, who can receive increased returns on their deposits. Statistics from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation indicate that preference is given to deposits for a period of either less than 31 days (19% of all deposits) or more than a year (63%), the share of which has been growing steadily over recent years. Long-term deposits (over 1 year) have for quite a long time provided the main share in the growth of the resource base of banks at the expense of household deposits.

The forecast for the retail deposit market for 2016 assumes an increase of 2,880–3,220 billion rubles. – up to 19,840–20,180 billion rubles, which corresponds to a relative increase in deposits of 17–19%.

Summing up, we can conclude that customer funds attracted into deposits form the basis of the resource potential of banks. Based on the above analysis, it is clear that every year the savings activity of the population is growing, and, consequently, the resource base of commercial banks is strengthening.

The volume and structure of the deposit base largely determine the nature of the active operations of a credit institution, its capabilities in the field of lending and its role in the economy. And only an adequate deposit policy, taking into account numerous factors that influence the nature of deposit operations, will ensure the mobilization of appropriate resources for subsequent lending to the economy and participation in the investment process.

Thus, for commercial banks, deposits are the main and at the same time the most profitable type of resource. Increasing the share of this element in the resource base makes it possible to place a larger volume of attracted funds, thereby increasing the liquidity of the bank. Deposits from the public among the bank's attracted funds are an important source of resources. Based on the needs of the population in receiving banking services, each bank independently develops its own deposit policy, determining the types of deposits, their terms and interest on them, the conditions for conducting deposit operations, while relying on the specifics of its activities and taking into account the factor of competition from other banks and inflationary factors. processes occurring in the economy.

Having a clear understanding of the main trends in the development of the deposit market and a clear understanding of the strengths and weaknesses competitors, mastering the basic price nuances of forming deposit products becomes a necessary guarantee of the bank’s successful operation in the private deposit market.

Chapter 2. Assessment of the deposit policy of a commercial bank

2.1. Economic and organizational characteristics of the activities of JSC Bank "TKPB"

JSC Bank TKPB Tambov is a universal regional credit organization that meets the requirements of the rapidly developing banking services market. JSC Bank "TCPB" was created on the basis of the Tambov regional department of Stroybank in 1990. The main task of the bank is to promote the development of the economy of the Tambov region and improve the quality of life of the population. Since 2005, Tambovkreditprombank has annually confirmed its status as a dynamically developing bank. May 30, 2012 JSC Bank "TKPB" became a laureate in the category " Best bank region" in the "Silver" category.

Complete official name Bank in Russian: Joint Stock Company Bank “Tambovcreditprombank” Abbreviated name in Russian: JSC Bank “TKPB”

Registration number and date state registration in the Bank of Russia: No. 1312 dated April 27, 1992.

Main state registration number: 1026800000017.

In connection with bringing the provisions of the Charter in accordance with the Federal Law, Federal Law No. 99-FZ of May 5, 2014 “On amendments to Chapter 4 of Part One of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and on the recognition as invalid of certain provisions of legislative acts of the Russian Federation”, in including the name of the Bank, the Main Directorate Central Bank Russian Federation in Central federal district Moscow city on December 14, 2015 issued:

– new edition of the Bank’s Charter;

– general license No. 1312 dated December 4, 2015 to carry out banking operations with a new name of the bank;

The Bank carries out activities to provide banking services in accordance with the Charter, approved by the decision general meeting shareholders (participants ) , and also in accordance with licenses:

– License for banking operations No. 1312 dated July 25, 2008, issued by the Bank of Russia for attracting deposits and placing precious metals;

– license for attraction of deposits and placement of precious metals No. 1312 dated December 4, 2015 with a new name of the bank

– Licenses professional participant securities market, issued by the Federal Commission for the Securities Market:

1. for carrying out brokerage activities No. 168-03481-100000 dated 07.12.2000 (without validity period);
2. for dealer activities No. 168-03584-010000 dated 12/07/2000 (without validity period);
3. for carrying out securities management activities No. 168-03679-001000 dated December 7, 2000 (without limitation of validity period);

– License of a professional participant in the securities market, issued by the Federal Service for Financial Markets, to carry out depository activities No. 068-12030-000100 dated February 13, 2009 (without validity period).

The Bank is a participant in the state deposit insurance program approved by Federal Law No. 117-FZ “On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks of the Russian Federation” dated December 23, 2003. JSCB TKPB (OJSC) was included in the register of banks participating in the deposit insurance system on January 27, 2005 under No. 507.

The authorized capital of JSC Bank TKPB was formed in the amount of 117,500,000 rubles, divided into 116,500 units. ordinary registered shares with a par value of 1000 rubles each, 847 pcs. preferred registered shares with an indefinite dividend amount with a par value of 1000 rubles each and 153 pcs. preferred registered shares with a dividend rate of 120 percent per annum with a par value of 1,000 rubles each. The bank's authorized capital can be increased or decreased. You can increase capital by increasing the par value of shares or placing additional shares, but reduced by reducing the par value of shares or reducing their total number, including through the acquisition and redemption by the bank of part of the outstanding shares in the manner prescribed by the Federal Law “On joint stock companies” The bank is part of the banking system of the Russian Federation.

Legal address of JSC Bank "TKPB": 392000, Tambov, st. Soviet 118.

The bank's network consists of a head office, 12 additional offices, 2 operational offices and two cash desks outside the cash center. The bank's head office and 7 branches operate in Tambov, 2 in Michurinsk, 2 in Rasskazov, one each in Kotovsk, Uvarovo, Kirsanov. There are operational offices in Moscow and Lipetsk.

The constituent document of the Bank is its Charter. The bank is a legal entity. Owns separate property, accounted for on an independent balance sheet, can exercise and acquire property and personal non-property rights in its own name, bear responsibilities, be a plaintiff and defendant in court, has a round seal, stamp and forms with its name.

According to the Charter, JSCB TKPB (JSC) provides the following Banking services:

– opening and closing accounts of legal entities, individual entrepreneurs without forming a legal entity and individuals in rubles and foreign currency. Settlement and cash services;

– acceptance of deposits from legal entities and individuals in Russian currency and foreign currency;

– lending to legal entities and individuals;

– currency – exchange transactions;

– implementation money transfers through the international system "Western Union", providing services for money transfers via the "Contact" network, the "Anelik" system, "Migom", " Gold Crown»;

– accepting payments through ATMs for services cellular communication from individuals;

– accepting utility payments from individuals;

– provision of bank cards of international and Russian payment systems to private clients for use, implementation of salary card projects. For the convenience of customers, the bank has installed eleven ATMs for servicing payment cards VISA systems and MasterCard in Tambov, Michurinsk, Kotovsk and Rasskazovo;

– operations with precious metals;

– provision of bank safes (safe deposit boxes) for use to ensure the safety of funds and valuables;

– issuance bank guarantee;

– provision of remote banking services: “Bank – Client”, “Internet banking”;

– making transfers without opening an account on behalf of individuals;

– transactions with securities.

The priority direction of the bank's activities is to attract funds from the population into deposits. Work on accepting funds from individuals as deposits is carried out on the basis general license Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 1312. The bank can accept funds from individuals on terms of repayment and payment for deposits: on demand, urgent, as well as deposits made on other terms of return.

A demand deposit in JSCB TKPB (OJSC) is a deposit with an unlimited shelf life. Acceptance of additional contributions, as well as issuance of deposits, is carried out during the entire storage period in amounts at the discretion of the depositor.

Time deposits are considered deposits made to the bank for a certain period. The issuance of deposits is carried out in accordance with the Regulations for certain types of deposits.

The calculation and payment of interest on deposits is carried out in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Article 839), Regulations of the Bank of the Russian Federation No. 39-P dated June 26, 1998 and the Regulations of JSCB TKPB (OJSC) for certain types of deposits. Interest is accrued from the day following the day the deposit funds are received by the Bank until the day preceding their return to the depositor.

A deposit account is opened for a client only if the bank has received all the required documents and the client has been identified in accordance with the Legislation of the Russian Federation.

Acceptance of deposits is carried out taking into account the requirements of the Federal Law “On Combating the Legalization (Laundering) of Proceeds from Crime and the Financing of Terrorism”.

Deposits are insured in accordance with the Federal Law “On Insurance of Deposits of Individuals in Banks of the Russian Federation”. Payment of compensation for deposits is made by the State Corporation “Deposit Insurance Agency”.

Any citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached 14 years of age and has a passport can be a depositor of JSC Bank TKPB. Foreign citizens and stateless persons. The amount of funds raised (deposit) is not limited.

To open a deposit account, individuals who are citizens of the Russian Federation provide the following documents to the bank:

• Identity document of an individual;
• Certificate of registration in tax authority(in the presence of).

Individuals - foreign citizens or stateless persons additionally provide migration card and (or) a document confirming the right to stay (reside) in the Russian Federation.

When visiting the Bank for the first time, the depositor must familiarize himself with the terms of the offered deposits, select the type of deposit, make an oral statement about this by presenting an identification document and fill out the following documents:

– bank deposit agreement in 2 copies;
– cash receipt order when making a deposit;

The accountant assigns an account serial number depending on the type of deposit, using a PC. The following data is entered into the database: last name, first name, patronymic of the investor, contract number, details of the investor’s identity document, date of opening the account, the amount of the current interest rate, then a personal account is opened with the amount of the down payment entered and a receipt order is printed, which is signed by the investor.

The agreement must be signed by the depositor and the bank manager, and the manager’s signature is certified by the bank’s seal.

The basis for closing a bank account for a deposit is the termination of the bank deposit agreement.

In its activities, the Bank is guided by the Charter, the legislation of the Russian Federation, and regulations of the Bank of Russia:

1. Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities” dated December 2, 1990 No. 395-1, regulating the procedure for registering credit organizations and licensing banking operations;
2. Federal Law “On Combating the Legalization (Laundering) of Proceeds from Crime and the Financing of Terrorism” dated August 7, 2001 N 115-FZ;
3. Federal Law “On currency regulation and currency control" dated December 10, 2003 N 173-FZ, regulating the procedure for conducting currency transactions;
4. Instruction of the Bank of Russia “On opening and closing bank accounts, deposit accounts” dated September 14, 2006 N 28-I, regulating the procedure for opening and closing bank accounts;
5. Regulation of the Bank of Russia “On the procedure for the formation by credit institutions of reserves for possible losses” dated March 20, 2006 N 283-P;
6. Regulation of the Bank of Russia “On the rules for transferring funds” dated June 19, 2012 N 383-P
7. Other provisions of the Bank of Russia.

As a result, we can say that JSC Bank TKPB operates in all segments of the financial market, is a universal regional credit organization and provides a wide range of financial services. However, one of the bank's priority activities is raising funds from individuals. Deposits from the population are the main source of expanding the resource base of JSC Bank TKPB.

2.2. Assessment of the activities of JSC Bank TKPB in the deposit services market

JSC Bank "TKPB" offers the population a competitive line of deposits with a variety of conditions in order to meet the needs of citizens in saving and increasing their funds. In order to increase the resource base, the bank is focused on attracting funds from various target groups: working citizens, pensioners, parents who care about the future of their children. Types of deposits of Tambovcreditprombank OJSC are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Deposits of JSC Bank TKPB for individuals

Deposits of individuals are placed for a period of 30 to 1800 days with monthly and quarterly payment of interest, as well as payment of interest upon expiration of the deposit period. The dynamics and changes in the structure of deposits of individuals depending on the storage period in the period from 01/01/2015 to 01/01/2016 are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Dynamics of deposits of individuals of JSC Bank TKPB depending on the storage period from 01/01/2016 to 01/01/2015

Deposits of individuals in general for this period grew by almost 8%. The most popular for the population are deposits for a period of 91 to 180 days, the change is 134,806 thousand rubles, or 93.7%. This indicates that the interest policy of JSC Bank TKPB on these deposits is the most attractive for individuals.

Currently, the bank is becoming increasingly popular among the population. This fact is confirmed by the dynamics of the number of clients in the branches of JSC Bank TKPB and the increase in the volume of attracted deposits from clients. The number of individual accounts is growing rapidly. Data on the dynamics of deposits for 2015 are presented in Appendix 1.

As of 01/01/2016 The bank's client base is 27,365 accounts of individual depositors. Compared to last year, the number of clients increased by 3.3%. Compared to 2014 the total amount of deposits increased by 551 thousand rubles. (19.86%). In the structure of attracted resources, funds from individuals occupy 46.8%. Considering the dynamics of deposits of JSC Bank TKPB, one can note a trend of increasing the resource potential of the bank. A wide range of deposits, additional payment options and convenient operating modes could not but cause a rapid increase in the number of clients.

Thus, we can conclude that deposits of individuals are one of the main sources of the resource base. The bank annually increases the volume of household deposits. For these purposes, the bank carries out advertising campaigns, offers favorable conditions for depositors, and introduces new interest rates.

2.3. Analysis of the deposit portfolio of JSCB TKPB (OJSC)

Expanding the resource base by attracting funds from individuals is one of the bank’s priorities.

As of January 1, 2016, insured deposits of individuals in the bank as a whole increased by 160.2 million rubles, in relative terms - by 14.3%, and amounted to 1280.1 million rubles (for 2014 - 1119, 9 million rubles). The share of this source in the bank’s total liabilities decreased slightly (from 33.8% as of January 1, 2014 to 33.3% as of January 1, 2016).

The comparative growth rates of individual deposits for 2015 in general for credit institutions of the Tambov region and JSC Bank TKPB are presented in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Deposits of individuals by credit institutions of the Tambov region and JSC Bank TKPB. for 2015, %

From the above data it is clear that for the 4th quarter of 2015, the growth rate for Tambovkreditprombank exceeded the growth rate for the region by 4.8%. The bank's growth rate is 116.2%; in the Tambov region it is 111.4%. The Bank constantly monitors individual deposits and interest rates on them. Based on the monitoring results, it was established that for the 4th quarter of 2015, the growth rate for JSC Bank TKPB of the proposed interest rates by divisions of banks in other regions located in the Tambov region. Thus, Express-Volga Bank offered rates from 8.5 to 11%, Home Credit Bank from 10 to 11%, “ Eastern Express Bank", Bank "TRUST" up to 11%.

The rates of Sberbank, Rosselkhozbank, Promsvyazbank, VTB-24 did not exceed the rates offered by JSC Bank TKPB.

In 2014, the weighted average rates of JSC Bank TKPB did not exceed the average interest rate on deposits in rubles of ten large credit institutions that attract the largest volume of deposits. From the dynamics of changes in the interest rate it is clear that this indicator tends to increase.

Volume of household deposits and their share by breakdown structural divisions characterized by the data given in Table 3.

Table 3. Volume and share of deposits of individuals by divisions of JSC Bank TKPB

As can be seen from the data presented, the share of deposits by bank divisions changed slightly. The main share of deposits of individuals falls on the Head Office - 38.2%.

The balances of household deposits by terms of attraction are characterized by the following data (Table 4)

In the structure of deposits attracted from individuals, the greatest growth is in funds for a period from 181 days to 1 year. Their volume over the year increased 1.2 times or 105.9 million rubles. The share for the specified period in the total amount raised also increased from 43.6 to 46.6%.

Table 4. Balances of deposits of individuals by terms of attraction

Deposits attracted for a period of 1 to 3 years increased by 15.4%, and their share remained virtually unchanged in the total volume of deposits of individuals – 33.5%.

The share of household deposits with a maturity of 91 to 180 days decreased and amounted to 11.3%. There is a decrease in the share by 2.2 and the amount of deposits by 21.9 million rubles. for a period from 31 days to 90 days.

The balance of funds of individuals (account 40817) as of January 1, 2016 increased relative to January 1, 2015 by 14.9 million rubles. The December influx of household funds on bank cards exceeded last year’s figure by 29.8%.

Salary projects were not opened in 2015.

Offering a wide selection of deposits for individuals, JSC Bank TKPB pursues a policy of reliability and security of funds entrusted to the bank.

JSC Bank TKPB accepts deposits on terms as close as possible to the needs of clients:

– deposit on demand with the condition of annual capitalization of interest;

– 27 types of time deposits, including:

2 types with the condition of quarterly payment of accrued interest;

6 types with condition monthly capitalization accrued interest;

2 types with condition quarterly capitalization accrued interest;

16 types with the condition of accrual of interest upon expiration of the bank deposit agreement;

– current accounts of individuals in rubles;

– accounts for settlements using bank cards of international payment systems, including within the framework of salary projects.

IN reporting period the bank had a sufficient amount of credit resources to fulfill the requirements of the Bank of Russia to assess the economic situation, ensure stability in order to recognize it as sufficient for participation in the deposit insurance system, and further lending to individuals.

However, in order to avoid the outflow of deposits, the Board of the Bank made decisions to change interest rates upward from 02/28/2015, 05/22/2015, 06/04/2015, 08/13/2015, 09/07/201. new types of deposits with higher interest rates for the population.

At the end of the year, the deposit size ranges from 100 to 400 thousand rubles. increased by 6.5% (up to 400.9 thousand rubles), from 400 to 700 thousand rubles. – by 21.5% (up to 293.9 thousand rubles), from 700 to 1 million rubles. – by 14.5% (up to 151.6 thousand rubles), over 1 million rubles. – by 14.9% (up to 301.3 thousand rubles).

Growth of deposits close to maximum amount insurance compensation, indicates the active impact of the insurance system on the savings behavior of the population. As a result, by the end of the year the share of deposits over 400 thousand rubles. up to 700 thousand rubles. increased from 21.6 to 23.0% of the total volume of deposits, over 700 thousand rubles. increased from 35.2% to 35.4%.

Funds of individuals attracted on the basis of bank deposit agreements are defined as deposits subject to insurance and are included in the calculation base of insurance premiums.

As of 01/01/2016, 6,349 contracts on time deposits and 21,016 contracts on demand were concluded, and as of 01/01/2015 - 5,761 contracts on time deposits and 20,788 contracts on demand.

From the moment of entry into the deposit insurance system, the amount transferred insurance premium to the Agency amounted to 23,090.6 thousand rubles, including 1,171.6 thousand rubles transferred. for the 4th quarter of 2015

The business plan of JSC Bank "TKPB" provides for an increase in the loan portfolio; accordingly, this will require additional resources, the growth of which is also provided for.

As a result, we can say that main task The bank's goal in the area of ​​attracting resources is to maintain and increase the volume of services provided by the bank in the market of banking services to clients, the formation of long-term preferences among clients when determining the terms of placement of funds.

In order to create a resource base for expanding active operations, investments in the real sector of the economy and reducing its own interest rate risks, the bank identifies as main priorities when forming a resource base: extending the terms of raising funds, reducing total cost resources, optimization of the structure of attracting resources.

The bank's tariff policy is aimed at a wide range of clients and provides for flexibility in setting fees for attracted funds, a wide choice of interest rates on deposits and placed funds.

Chapter 3.Ways to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank

3.1. Measures to improve the deposit policy of JSC Bank TKPB

One of the problems that commercial banks are currently facing is the problem of forming an optimal resource base that will meet the needs of the bank.

The resource base has a direct impact on the liquidity and solvency of a commercial bank. The amount of income that a commercial bank receives strictly depends on the size of the resources that the bank acquires on the market for various resources and, in particular, deposits. This gives rise to competition between banks to attract resources.

The formation of a resource base, which includes attracting new clients, is an integral part of the flexible management of assets and liabilities of a commercial bank. Effective liability management presupposes the implementation of a competent deposit policy. The specificity of this area of ​​​​activity is that in terms of passive operations, the bank’s choice is usually limited to a certain group of clientele, to which it is attached much more strongly than to borrowers.

Currently, the development of banking competition leads to close ties to certain clients. If the circle of these clients is narrow, then the bank’s dependence on them is very high. Therefore, to strengthen the resource base, commercial banks need a balanced deposit policy, balanced in terms of terms, volumes and interest rates.

In order to expand the resource potential and client JSC Bank TKPB, it is necessary to improve the deposit policy as much as possible. First of all, deposit policy should be aimed at expanding the list of deposits available to various groups of clients, as well as introducing new types of services for their convenience.

The deposit policy of JSC Bank TKPB should take into account the needs of all social and age groups of citizens - working and pensioners, youth and middle-aged people, and should also be designed for both low-income segments of the population and people with middle and high income levels.

In order to increase the interest of individuals in receiving deposit services at JSC Bank TKPB, the following tools can be used:

• expanding the list of deposits aimed at various social groups of the population;
• possibility of receiving interest in advance;
• introduction of salary projects;
• receiving benefits, bonuses and discounts with constant cooperation with the Bank;
• improvement of the advertising policy of JSC Bank TKPB;
• implementation of the “Online Deposit” program.

In order to increase the deposits of individuals, JSC Bank TKPB could offer the opening of a new type of deposit “Hit of the Season” under the following conditions: storage period 370 days, interest rate 11% per annum, with the right to replenish, minimum down payment amount of 10 thousand rubles.

In order to attract the younger generation to the number of depositors, JSC Bank TKPB should develop a deposit “Youth”, aimed specifically at this social group of the population.

It is proposed to introduce the following conditions for this contribution:

– minimum amount 2000 rubles;

– deposit storage period is 5 years;

– annual interest – 11%;

– age limit from 18 to 23 years.

In order to ensure an influx of depositors for this type of deposit, it is advisable to introduce incentives that will be attractive among the young population. This could be a discount when buying a train ticket, or when purchasing scientific literature in bookstores. These benefits will be valid only if the services are paid for with funds on this deposit that have been in use for at least one year. full term storage

Focusing on young population, you can enter the “Student” contribution, the target audience of which will be students of the city of Tambov. For this deposit, the minimum amount is 1,000 rubles, the deposit period is from 181 to 1,095 days. The interest rate will be 7.5 – 8.5% per annum. The attractiveness of this deposit may be that the accrued interest can be transferred towards tuition fees at the university.

As part of improving deposit policy JSC Bank TKPB could offer a number of deposits aimed at clients with high incomes. For example, a “Premium” deposit, the feature of which would be personal service, services personal manager, who solves his client’s financial problems around the clock, this is the opportunity to come to the bank “on call” without having to wait in line at branches, this is access to various customer support services . For the Premium deposit, it is possible to replenish the deposit within 60 days from the date of its opening. “Premium” is a deposit with the highest interest rates among bank deposits, with monthly interest payments and the possibility of their capitalization.

JSCB "TKPB" (OJSC) must also offer deposit products aimed at meeting the needs of depositors for housing, large purchases, payment for education, tourism and recreation. It is advisable to develop a “Professor” deposit - a deposit product designed for teachers of Tambov universities. The interest rate is 6–10%, and also provides partial withdrawal– 20% of the amount of additional contributions.

When developing the “Family +” deposit, a group of people who have children under the age of 18 at the time of applying to the bank will be involved. Interest rate on this species the deposit can vary from 7 to 10% per annum.

Another measure to improve the deposit policy of JSC Bank “TKPB” and increase customer interest in deposit services can be the payment of interest on deposits placed in advance in order to compensate for inflationary losses. IN in this case When investing funds for a certain period, the investor immediately receives the income due to him. However, if the bank deposit agreement is terminated early, the bank will recalculate the interest on the deposit and excess amounts paid will be withheld from the deposit amount.

In order to speed up and make it easier for clients to obtain the necessary information about deposits at JSC Bank TKPB, it is advisable to create a customer service service, with the help of which a potential depositor can receive all information on available deposit products free of charge over the phone. The presence of this service will reduce the time spent servicing depositors directly at the bank’s office, and, as a result, attract new depositors from various social groups.

At the same time, the bank should constantly focus on its advertising policy, which will make it an effective tool for forming a client base. Each competitive advantage of the bank and each new deposit product must be known and understandable to customers, easily comparable, and also compare favorably with competitors’ offers.

Currently, banks are actively offering online deposits. In this they are supported by clients who, saving time on visiting the office, take advantage of the opportunity to become investors remotely.

Another mechanism to improve deposit policy JSC Bank "TKPB" may serve implementation of the “Online Deposit” program. To do this, it is enough for a future investor to have an open account and access to Internet banking at JSC Bank TKPB. Using this program, you can open any deposit from the current line of deposits. The advantages of this program for clients are obvious - saving time on visiting the office and making opening deposits as comfortable as possible - at work, at home or even while on vacation. Despite the remote nature of this service, the agreement on opening a deposit is stored at the bank branch, and the client can pick it up on his first visit to the office. The only condition for opening a deposit online will be that this service can only be used by clients who have already had a positive experience of opening a deposit with JSC Bank TKPB.

Thus, when developing measures to improve the deposit policy of JSC Bank TKPB, one should be guided by certain criteria for its optimization, among which the following can be highlighted:

• segmentation of the deposit portfolio (by clients);
• differentiated approach to different groups of clients;
• competitiveness of banking products and services.

In conclusion, we can say that each bank develops its own deposit policy, determining the types of deposits, their terms and interest on them, the conditions for conducting deposit operations, while relying on the specifics of its activities and taking into account the factor of competition from other banks and inflationary processes occurring in economy.

3.2. Development of the deposit product “Investment in the Future” for JSC Bank TKPB

Currently, in the banking sector there is a huge number of deposits aimed at meeting the needs of the population of absolutely all social groups. However, in Russia today only some credit organizations issue targeted deposits for children. They can be opened, for example, at Zenit Bank, Alfa-Bank, PJSC SDM - Bank. The conditions offered by credit institutions for children's deposits vary greatly. Thus, some banks open such deposits only in the name of children under 14 years of age, while others open such deposits until the child reaches 18 years of age. The deposit period can be either one year or five years. Minimum amount The deposit in some banks is set at 1,000 rubles, and in others - 100 thousand. The interest rate policy of banks in the market is also ambiguous, the rate on children's deposits varies from 5% to 9% per annum. Deposits of this type are replenished. The ability to make debit transactions on a deposit is offered by a minimum number of banks. As a rule, the deposit is automatically extended until the child reaches adulthood or reaches 14 years of age.

A child's deposit is opened by a parent (guardian) or close relative in favor of the child. The client who opened such a deposit is called the depositor. He has all the rights of a depositor until the child presents them to the deposit. A minor can become a depositor upon reaching the age of 14.

Since JSC Bank TKPB periodically reviews its deposit policy and, keeping up with competitors, seeks to improve the product line for deposits, thereby changing interest rates, one should consider such a way to attract clients as the introduction of a new, non-standard deposit product “Deposit in the Future” .

The main advantages of a deposit for a child will be:

• This product will ensure the beginning of the child’s adult life upon reaching adulthood;
• Both one of the parents and a guardian can open a deposit;
• Possibility to replenish the deposit;
• The number of replenishments to the children's deposit account is not limited;
• Good interest rate;
• Upon reaching adulthood, the child has the opportunity to manage the accumulated money independently.

There are also disadvantages to children's deposits, namely that the interest rate on them is usually 0.5-1% lower than on time deposits. However, this is definitely better than keeping your savings without the possibility of increasing them. By using the child deposit, the child will already have a fairly large capital, thanks to which he can get an education or open his own business. In addition, he will learn to manage his money wisely, which will help him manage his funds correctly in the future.

Advantages of the deposit:

– Interest capitalization;

– Possibility of replenishment.

To develop the most attractive deposit product “Investment in the Future” at JSC Bank TKPB, we will calculate what the final amount will be if the client deposits 10,000 rubles for 2 years at a maximum rate of 9% at JSC Rosselkhozbank and at 9.5% per annum at PJSC Sovcombank.

These calculations should be carried out using the formula for calculating compound interest:

SUM=X*(1+%) n (1)

Where is SUM – final amount;

X – initial amount;

% – interest rate per annum / 100;

n – number of periods, years (months, quarters).

Comparative characteristics The return on the deposit is shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Comparative characteristics of deposit profitability

The offer of these banks is initially aimed at a fairly limited segment of consumers. The yield on the offered deposits remains at 20%. Thus, at JSC Bank TKPB it is necessary to develop a deposit “Investment in the Future”, which will bring target consumers the greatest income than that of the competitors presented above.

The terms of the proposed time deposit “Investment in the Future” of JSC Bank “TKPB” are presented in Table 6.

Table 6. Deposit “Investment in the future” of JSC Bank “TKPB”

Advantages of the deposit:

• Interest capitalization;
• Possibility of replenishment;
• Fixed interest rate;
• Automatic renewal.

Let's calculate the profitability of the deposit product “Deposit in the Future” using similar conditions.

The profit will be equal to:

10000*(1+14.5/100) 2= 13110.25 rub.

13110.25-10000=3110.25 rub.

The profitability of the calculated product will be:

3110,25/10000=31,1 %

Doing comparative analysis of these types of deposits, we can conclude that JSC Bank TKPB can offer a more effective and attractive banking product for clients who have minor children.

A distinctive feature of the proposed deposit product will be the possibility of opening a deposit for the “smallest”. The deposit period is from 1 to 18 years, this will allow the depositor to open a long-term deposit from the first days of a child’s life until he comes of age. Initially, the amount invested by parents on the child’s deposit will increase 5-10 times after 18 years.

Calculations show how profitable the “Investment in the Future” for a period of 18 years at JSC Bank TKPB will be:

Option 1. Parents open a deposit for a period of 18 years and immediately deposit 20 thousand rubles into the account. If you never replenish it, then at an average annual rate of 10% at the end of the term the child will be able to withdraw 111,198 rubles.

Option 2. Under the same starting conditions, parents top up the deposit with a symbolic 500 rubles. every month. In this case, the adult child will already have 420,346 rubles at his disposal.

From the calculations carried out, it is clear that “Investment in the Future” will allow the child to receive funds by the age of majority that are several times greater than the initial contribution.

Currently, few banks have such products in their deposit line and often the term of such deposits is up to 3-5 years, which does not meet the expectations of parents who, by opening a children's deposit, expect to accumulate a significant amount by the time their child comes of age.

The attractiveness of “Deposit in the Future” can also be the fact that not only parents, but also relatives - grandparents, brothers, sisters, etc. can open deposits for children in JSC Bank TKPB. To do this, it will be enough to present your passport and the original birth certificate of the child. “Investment in the future” provides for the accumulation of the required amount of funds by a certain date. The uniqueness of this product will be that funds can be placed by clients for a long period of time.

A bonus for opening this deposit will be a free issue bank card VisaElectron. In this case, the bank card will serve as a tool for using the service for replenishing deposits through ATMs of JSC Bank TKPB.

Another positive thing is that you can open “Investment in the Future” in the name of a child of any age. Until the age of 14, the depositors manage the funds, and after receiving a passport, the child can independently manage the savings on the deposit.

“Deposit in the future” in JSC Bank “TKPB” could also be attractive for individuals with a second child, if it is possible to invest maternity capital in this deposit. In 2016, the amount of maternity capital that is due at the birth of a second child is 453.026 thousand rubles. Families who use the “Investment in the Future” deposit product can receive a decent increase in the family budget. If you put this money on the “Investment in the Future” deposit at JSCB TKPB (OJSC) at 10%, the increase over the year will be about 45,000 rubles. An undoubted advantage will be that account holders will be able to receive monthly dividends according to the existing deposit. This means that families who transfer maternity capital to a deposit account in Tambovkreditprombank will have the opportunity to receive cash, which, according to today’s law on maternity capital, it will be possible to spend not only on paying for kindergarten, school and subsequent education of the child at the university, improving living conditions and formation of the savings part labor pension parents, but also used for everyday expenses for food, rest, treatment and attendance of the child.

Maternity capital, currently, is issued immediately after the birth of the baby, but this amount can only be used after three years, during which you will “just look” at the certificate issued Pension Fund. That is why transferring maternity capital to a deposit in JSCB TKPB (OJSC) immediately after the birth of a child and subsequent withdrawal of interest on the deposit will significantly help families with more than one child to solve everyday worries that require additional expenses from the first days of the baby’s life .

Despite the fact that interest in children's deposits has recently become more and more obvious, experts are cautious in predicting the future of this seemingly promising area of ​​banking. The main reason for this is the high riskiness of children's deposits, since in most cases they are long-term. Despite the risk Such contributions have many advantages.

Firstly, the interest rate will be proportional to the period for which the agreement is concluded. When concluding such a long-term contract, the rate is approved for the entire period. In addition, there are various bonus programs available to investors who choose this type of agreement. Thanks to them, you can increase your income on deposits, and also take advantage of various services, discounts, and advantageous offers. JSCB "TKPB" (OJSC) offers a "Contribution to the Future", which the investor can replenish an unlimited number of times.

Secondly, long-term deposits can be developed, including interest capitalization. That is, in this way you can significantly increase your deposit income.

Thirdly, clients are provided with discounts on other banking services.

When developing a long-term deposit product “Deposit in the Future”, potential clients may be interested in the question of how JSC Bank TKPB will provide such a high interest rate on the deposit. There is a simple explanation for this - “Deposit for the Future” will be the only product in the entire line of deposits presented that offers the highest interest rate. Currently, in Russian banks there is often a discrepancy between deposit rates relative to the level of inflation, that is, inflation “eats up” all savings on deposits in the long term. However, according to the Central Bank of Russia, an inflation forecast was planned until 2026. Inflation in Russia in 2016 is 6.4%, and during the calculated period this index will fluctuate between 5.3 – 7.3%. Consequently, the interest rate of 10 – 14.5% per annum on the “Deposit in the Future” compensates the investor for inflation by almost 2 times.

As a result, we can conclude that after analyzing the situation in the bank deposit market, JSC Bank TKPB has every opportunity to offer individuals with children a highly profitable deposit product “Investment in the Future”, which will be able to attract a large number of depositors interested in increasing your own funds.

Conclusion

As a result of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn.

Firstly, during the writing of the thesis, it was found that to ensure the stable and reliable functioning of commercial banks, the formation of a deposit policy plays an important role.

The study of the theoretical foundations of the deposit policy of a commercial bank made it possible to reveal that for commercial banks deposits are the main and at the same time the most profitable type of resource. Increasing the share of this element in the resource base makes it possible to place a larger volume of attracted funds, thereby increasing the liquidity of the bank.

Secondly, during the writing of the work, the current situation in the country’s deposit market was analyzed, and the activities of a specific entity were studied banking system in the field of deposit operations of JSC Bank "TKPB".

Based on the results of the research carried out in the thesis, we can conclude that the deposit market of the Russian Federation is experiencing a stable situation with the attraction of funds from individuals into deposits.

As for the activities of JSCB TKPB (OJSC) in the field of attracting deposits from the population, both positive and negative trends can be noted here. Positive aspects of the bank's work include an ever-expanding client base, growth of equity capital and raised funds.

The thesis identified a number of problems faced by commercial banks. These include the problem of forming the resource base of a commercial bank, as well as the insecurity of citizens’ deposits in Russian banks.

Thirdly, the study of deposit policy and assessment of the current situation in the field of attracting funds from individuals for deposits made it possible to develop a number of proposals for improving the deposit policy of JSC Bank TKPB.

Thus, to strengthen the deposit base and expand the resource potential, the bank is offered:

• expand the list of deposits, focusing on various social groups of the population;
• make interest payments in advance;
• introduce a system of benefits, bonuses and discounts with constant cooperation with the Bank;
• improve the advertising policy of JSC Bank TKPB;
• implement the “Online Deposit” program.

JSC Bank "TCPB" periodically reviews its deposit policy and, keeping up with its competitors, strives to improve its product line for deposits, thereby changing interest rates. In the thesis, a way to attract a client was developed, such as the introduction of a new, non-standard deposit product “Investment in the Future”. The return on the calculated deposit will be 31.1%, which is significantly higher than that of competing banks. "Investment in the future" also has a number of benefits that may be of interest to individuals with children. These include: long-term deposit, working with maternity capital, free issuance of a VisaElectron bank card.

Thus, the purpose and objectives of the study received their logical conclusion in the consideration of theoretical and development practical recommendations to improve the process of formation and implementation of an effective deposit policy of a commercial bank.

List of sources used

Regulations
1. Federal Law of December 2, 1990 N 395-1 (as amended on April 5, 2016) “On Banks and Banking Activities” // Legal reference system “Consultant Plus”: [Electronic resource] / Company “Consultant Plus”.
2. On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia): Federal Law of July 10, 2002 N 86-FZ (as amended and supplemented) // Legal reference system “Consultant Plus”: [Electronic resource ] / Company "Consultant Plus".
3. Charter of the joint-stock commercial bank “Tambovkreditprombank”. Approved by Minutes of the General Meeting of Shareholders No. 1 dated April 22, 2008.

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Thesis on the topic “Assessment of the organization of deposit operations and the deposit policy of a commercial bank” updated: May 25, 2018 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

Analysis of the efficiency of deposit operations of a commercial bank

Analysis of the effectiveness of deposits takes place in four stages.

At the first stage, it is necessary to consider the composition, structure and dynamics of funds in the balance of deposits, as well as their crediting and withdrawal.

There are two types of analysis - horizontal and vertical, they can be carried out according to the following criteria:

1. by the term of the deposit;
2. by type of deposit currency;
3. by type of depositor;
4. according to the deposit form.

The second stage involves assessing the cash flow in the deposit. The purpose of the analysis is to substantiate management decisions, which are aimed at increasing the efficiency of using customer deposit funds.

The third stage of the analysis is necessary to study the influence of factors on the dynamics of changes in the amount of interest expenses on deposit transactions. This is necessary because the attraction of funds to the deposit is carried out in conjunction with the payment of interest to the depositor.

To make such calculations, the formula is used:

$P = (O · St) / 100$, where:

• P - interest expenses, million rubles;
• O – average balance of funds in deposits, million rubles;
• St – deposit interest rate, interest.

The efficiency of using deposit funds is assessed at the fourth stage.

Note 1

The goal of the deposit policy is to attract as much money as possible into deposits for their further issuance in the form of loans. Therefore, to evaluate efficiency, it is necessary to compare the indicators of funds invested in the bank (deposits) with the indicators of funds issued by the bank (loans).

The formula for calculating the efficiency of using deposit funds is as follows:

$Kef = VC / KR$, where:

• VC - total amount of deposits, million rubles;
• KR – total amount of loans issued, million rubles.

This indicator characterizes the entire amount of deposits per ruble of funds in the form of a loan.

Note 2

The main goal of analyzing the deposit operations of a commercial bank is to substantiate strategic and tactical management decisions, the task of which is to increase the level of efficiency in the use of funds in deposits.

Evaluation of deposit transactions

An assessment of deposit policy and deposit operations allows a commercial bank to:

1. Establish monitoring of the implementation of goals, objectives, as well as the basic principles of the deposit policy of a commercial bank;
2. Assess the need to use a variety of ways to attract funds into deposits;
3. Carry out a check based on an analysis of the deposit portfolio, as well as evaluate the deposit portfolio for the presence of an expanded line of products, and subsequently assess the level of stability and efficiency of the portfolio;
4. Assess the bank’s need to attract deposits and establish their volume;
5. Rate level effective use deposit resources;
6. Assess the need to maintain the existing or form a new deposit policy.

As with the analysis of deposit policy, the assessment of deposit policy is also carried out in stages. Let's consider the main stages of assessing deposit operations:

The first stage is an assessment of methods for organizing deposit policy. At this stage it is necessary to identify the presence of:

1. deposit policy document;
2. internal bank regulations on customer deposits;
3. specialized units focused on participation in the analysis of deposit policy;
4. an information database that allows you to evaluate the effectiveness of depository activities;
5. the results of this stage are in documentary form, reflecting the main shortcomings of deposit activities and methods for eliminating them.

The second stage is the analysis of the deposit portfolio. The purpose of this stage is to collect and summarize data relating to the bank’s depository activities, determine compliance with declared and implemented plans, etc.

This analysis covers the following areas of the bank’s activities:

1. Resource base;
2. Funds in bank liabilities;
3. Analysis of clients by their segments;
4. Deposit portfolio stability analysis,
5. And so on.

The third stage is assessing the sufficient level of attracted resources. Here we evaluate how sufficient the level of funds raised is. The assessment involves monitoring the implementation of the plan regarding the indicators of attracted resources.

The fourth stage is assessing the effectiveness of the bank’s use of deposit funds. Efficiency assessment is carried out based on the requirements that deposit resources must have:

1. dependence of factors that influence the profitability of the bank;
2. interdependence of deposit funds and areas of active operations of the bank;
3. the need to use most of the deposit resources in active operations that generate income.

The fifth stage is adjusting the deposit policy. At this stage, a commercial bank needs to decide whether to keep the existing deposit policy, adjust it, or completely replace it with a new one.

Note 3

The deposit policy assessment process allows the bank to assess the consistency of plans with the actual results of its depository activities.

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

Educational institution

"Gomel State University named after Francysk Skaryna"

Faculty of Economics

Department of Finance and Credit

Graduate work

Ways to increase the efficiency of bank deposit operations (using the example of the branch of OJSC "Belagroprombank" - Gomel Regional Department)

Performer: student of the FC group - 41

M.S. Senkevich

Scientific supervisor: assistant

T.A. Sherdakova

Reviewer: O.N. Budnikova

Gomel 2012

Introduction

1. Theoretical aspects of bank deposit operations

1.1 Essence and significance of deposit operations

1.2 Classification of deposit operations and their content

1.3 Methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of bank deposit operations

1.4 Foreign and domestic experience in guaranteeing the return of deposit funds

2. Organization of deposit operations and assessment of their effectiveness at OJSC "Belagroprombank"

2.1 Financial and economic characteristics of OJSC "Belagroprombank"

2.2 Formation of deposit policy in the bank

2.3 Analysis of deposit operations of the branch of OJSC "Belagroprombank" - Gomel regional department

2.4 Assessing the effectiveness of the branch’s deposit operations

3.1 Modeling of deposit operations as an element of managing the resource potential of a banking institution

3.2 Structured deposits as tools for attracting additional resources

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

The banking system is a set of different types of credit and financial institutions in their production and economic relationships; component credit system.

Attracting monetary resources and their subsequent placement are the main forms of bank activity. In modern conditions, the problem of generating resources is of paramount importance for banks. This is due to the fact that with the transition to a market model of the economy, the elimination of the state monopoly on banking, and the construction of a two-tier banking system, the nature of banking resources undergoes significant changes. This situation occurs because, firstly, the national fund of banking resources has significantly narrowed, and the scope of its functioning is concentrated in the first link of the banking system - the National Bank. Secondly, the formation of enterprises and organizations with different forms of ownership means the emergence of new owners of temporarily free funds, who independently determine the place and method of their storage, this contributes to the creation of a market for credit resources that is organically included in the system of monetary relations.

In addition, the scale of activity of banks, determined by the object of its active operations, depends on the total amount of resources they have, and especially on the amount of attracted resources.

Attracted resources are one of the components of the basis on which banks develop and achieve success. Deposit operations are a special item on the bank's balance sheet. The ability to attract a significant amount of resources indicates the professionalism of management and the trust of clients in the bank.

Note that the bulk of banking resources (from 80 to 90 percent) are attracted funds, and the bulk of the attracted resources of most banks are deposits.

It is on the basis of deposit operations of banks that the overwhelming majority of their resources are formed, used for the purpose of short-term and long-term lending to business entities and the population. The formation of a deposit base on a broad structural basis using various instruments and sources of raising funds allows us to maintain the bank’s potential in terms of conducting active operations at an adequate level, as well as flexibly respond to the financial needs of its clients.

Long-term deposits play a special role. Due to the fact that enterprises keep the bulk of their funds in banks on a short-term basis, long-term household deposits are a valuable investment resource that allows the bank to issue long-term loans without compromising your liquidity.

The relevance of choosing this topic is due to the enormous importance of deposits in national economy, since they constitute a significant share of the resources of banks, which then allocate them, satisfying the needs of enterprises, organizations, and the population in need of monetary resources.

The purpose of the thesis is to generalize and systematize the experience accumulated by researchers in the field of studying the theoretical aspects of deposit operations of banks at the present stage, to identify their attitude to the problem under study, to study the organization of deposit operations in the bank under study, and also to consider directions for improving the efficiency of deposit operations.

In accordance with this goal, the following tasks were set and solved in the work, which determine internal structure research:

Justify the concept and essence of a deposit, as well as the classification of deposit operations;

Study methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of bank deposit operations;

Consider foreign and domestic experience in guaranteeing the return of deposit funds;

Review and analyze the financial and economic characteristics of Belagroprombank OJSC;

Consider the composition, structure and dynamics of deposit operations in the branch of OJSC Belagroprombank;

Analyze the effectiveness of deposit operations in the bank;

Identify and justify the main directions for increasing the efficiency of the bank's deposit operations.

Consider and analyze the financial and economic characteristics of Belagroprombank OJSC, as well as the composition, structure and dynamics of deposit operations in the branch of the bank under study, including analyzing the efficiency of deposit operations in the bank;

A significant amount of research has been devoted to the chosen topic of research. scientific works domestic, Russian and foreign economists such as G.I. Kravtsova, V.I. Tarasov, K.O. Guzov, O.I. Lavrushin, Shestak O.N. whose works are the theoretical basis of the research.

When writing the thesis, regulations, monographic and educational literature, magazine and newspaper articles devoted to this problem, as well as practical material provided by the branch of Belagroprombank OJSC in Gomel were studied.

The thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, and a bibliography of used literature. The introduction reflects the relevance and importance of the topic being studied; the first chapter discusses the theoretical aspects of deposit operations; in the second chapter - deposit operations of the branch of OJSC Belagroprombank in Gomel; the third chapter pays attention to areas of increasing the efficiency of the bank's deposit operations; in conclusion, general conclusions and proposals are made for the further development and improvement of deposit operations in the bank under study.

1. Theoretical aspects of bank deposit operations

1.1 Essence and significance of deposit operations

Critical role in effective functioning National economy and sustainable economic growth plays a role in a full-fledged market for loan capital, the key element of which is the banking system. Banks are commercial institutions operating in the loan capital market and attracting and placing funds on their own behalf, on the terms of repayment, payment and urgency, as well as providing clients with other financial services in accordance with the law, in order to make a profit.

The definition under consideration contains the general essence of banking activities and the specifics of a banking institution as a subject entrepreneurial activity, and also reflects two most important aspects of the bank’s functioning - attracting and placing financial resources. At the same time, the bank, in the course of its activities, attracts and places funds in an inextricable combination with each other.

The key place in the scheme described above belongs to the so-called bank deposits and deposits, which in the narrow sense are funds placed by individuals and legal entities for a period of time and on demand, for the purpose of storing and generating income.

In reality, a deposit is not only and not so much money deposited into a specific deposit account, but rather a set of complex economic relations associated with the movement of these funds. Therefore, in a broad sense, a bank deposit (deposit) is a set of economic relations that arise in connection with the deposit of funds by economic entities into the bank on the terms of repayment and payment.

Deposit literally translated from Latin (depositum) is a thing given for storage.

According to Article 179 of the Banking Code of the Republic of Belarus Bank deposit(deposit) is money in Belarusian rubles or foreign currency placed by individuals and legal entities in a bank or non-bank financial institutions for the purpose of storing and receiving income for a period, either on demand, or until the occurrence (non-occurrence) specified in the concluded agreement circumstances (events).

It should be noted that in the economic literature, Belarusian and Russian authors offer slightly different interpretations of this term. For example, Alexandrova N.G. interprets a deposit as “any amount of client’s funds transferred by him to the bank, regardless of the period and features of the legal registration of such transfer.” However, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and established banking practice classify as deposits only deposits for which settlement transactions of legal entities are not allowed.

Kozlova E.P. emphasizes that a bank deposit is cash or securities, transferred to the bank for storage, but subject to certain return conditions upon maturity. The deposit amount is subject to return with the payment established in the deposit agreement of the interest rate.

Kravtsova G.I. writes that a deposit expresses the economic relationship of transferring funds for storage and temporary use by credit institutions.

It should be noted that traditionally the term “deposit” is used in the literature in relation to the funds placed by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, and the term “deposit” is used in relation to the funds placed by individuals.

So Zolotova E.A. defines that "bank deposit - these are funds or securities deposited in a bank for a certain period on behalf of an individual or legal entity, to whom a certain percentage is charged for this; deposit is money deposited by the depositor in a bank or other financial institution.

In foreign practice, a deposit is usually understood as entries in bank books indicating the existence of certain customer requirements for the bank, or customer funds in banks in the form of deposits under agreements and contracts.

Exploring the essence of a bank deposit, Russian scientist Z.S. Katsenelenbaum noted the peculiarity of the deposit, which lies in its dual nature: “Deposits are potential money for depositors. The depositor can write a check and put the corresponding amount into circulation. But at the same time, “bank money” brings interest. They play a dual role for the depositor: in the role of money, on the one hand, and in the role of capital, bearing interest, on the other. The advantage of a deposit over cash is that the deposit brings interest and the disadvantage is that the deposit brings a reduced interest compared to the interest that usually brings capital. This reduced interest is not an accidental phenomenon, but an essential element of the nature of the bank. For the whole essence of the nature of the bank lies in the fact that the interest paid on deposits is lower than the interest that banks receive for the capital they place in various enterprises. This difference as a percentage is about one-fourth of the interest charged on active operations."

Based on the above, the deposit is beneficial not only to the depositor, but also to the bank. Many deposits can create loan capital for the bank, which it then places on favorable conditions in any sector of the economy. The difference in interest on deposits and interest received from borrowers of capital is a reward to the bank for the work it has done to attract free funds and place loan capital.

The deposit is one of the most important resources of the bank, since, in essence, it represents a loan from the population, enterprises and organizations to other bank clients through the banking system. This eliminates the need to resort to budget financing. The deposit partly helps to curb inflation, diverts funds from the economy and the population from commodity circulation, which reduces the pressure of the money supply on the market for goods and services.

The global financial crisis that began in mid-2008 forced many to reassess values ​​and change priorities. If previously Western society was dominated by the cult of consumption, now people are again remembering the importance of savings. In the Republic of Belarus, over the past few years, the volume of funds placed in deposits has also increased. This increase is clearly visible in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 - Dynamics of funds attracted into deposits per capita in banks of the Republic of Belarus (in ruble equivalent)

In 2011, the amount of deposits placed per resident of the republic in the equivalent of Belarusian rubles increased by 80 thousand rubles.

The observed dynamics of deposit growth indicates an increase in the population's confidence in the interest rate policy pursued by the National Bank. Interest rates on ruble deposits continue to remain attractive and significantly exceed both the inflation rate and the return on savings in foreign currency. The National Bank will continue to pursue a balanced interest rate policy aimed at ensuring the profitability of savings in the national currency and expanding the availability of credit resources.

In addition, banks open new types of deposits on conditions attractive to the population, and also modify existing ones by introducing additional conditions (automatic extension of the agreement, free issuance of a plastic card, capitalization of interest monthly with crediting to a plastic card, etc.).

It should be noted that in 2011, investors began to prefer to place funds in deposits in Belarusian rubles rather than in foreign currency, as shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2 - Dynamics of attracted funds from the population in Belarusian rubles and foreign currency

Figure 1.2 shows that in January - June 2011, the volume of attracted funds from the population (including funds of non-residents, savings certificates and bonds, deposits of precious metals) increased by 2990.8 billion rubles or by 15.9 percent, and as of 07/01/2011 amounted to 21,749.6 billion rubles.

The most active investors are individuals. Their share of the total amount of deposits in banks accounts for approximately 55 percent. They are followed by the private sector, with a share of approximately 30 percent of the total. Not a significant portion falls on government commercial organizations- 13 percent and for non-bank commercial organizations - 2 percent.

In a territorial context, the volume of household deposits is distributed depending on the number of people living in the region, their level of income, the concentration of industry enterprises with the highest wages and other factors. The bulk of the funds raised from the population are traditionally concentrated in the capital region. The city of Minsk and the Minsk region account for 52.7 percent of the total volume of deposits of individuals; the share of Gomel region is 11 percent, Brest region is 10.3 percent; Vitebsk - 9.9 percent, Grodno and Mogilev - 8.4 and 7.7 percent, respectively.

Note that the role of banking institutions as financial intermediaries is, first of all, to effectively mobilize and redistribute capital in order to facilitate the process of accumulation and investment, thereby ensuring sustainable the economic growth. In this sense, the main means of measuring the level of development of the banking system is the scale of activity of banks. Consequently, the volumes and growth rates of attracted deposits are indicators of the depth and quality of banking development, since deposits largely embody the essence of intermediary services provided by banks.

The share of banks in the total volume of deposits of the economy (legal entities and individuals) is presented in Figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3 - Share of banks in the total volume of deposits of the economy (legal entities and individuals)

Figure 1.3 shows that at the end of 2011, about 40 percent of all deposits of legal entities and individuals are in the accounts of JSC JSB Belarusbank. The share of the 10 largest banks in terms of deposits accounts for 92.9 percent of the attracted resources of the economy.

It should be recalled that deposit relationships arise insofar as their subjects find economic feasibility in such relationships. Thus, bank lenders find economic benefit and convenience in the ability to place available funds on a wide variety of conditions, combining different levels of profitability and risk.

Such opportunities can only be offered to them by institutions whose specific activity is the accumulation of temporarily free funds and their subsequent placement in active operations, mainly lending with a profitability higher than the interest rates at which resources are attracted. This is the essence of banking, and how more bank attracts cash capital, the wider its capabilities in terms of conducting active operations and increasing its own profitability.

The bank has the right to attract funds from legal entities into deposits from the moment it receives a general or internal license (they are issued to the bank at the time of or after the bank’s registration).

According to Article 186 of the Banking Code of the Republic of Belarus, a legal entity or individual entrepreneur - depositors are free to choose a bank to place their funds on deposit and may have deposits in one or more banks, in one or more currencies.

Thus, we can highlight the main functions of the deposit. The first of these should include the accumulative function. At the microeconomic level, the accumulation function manifests itself as follows. An economic entity places temporarily available funds in a bank for the purpose of their capitalization. The bank, in turn, directs the raised funds into active operations with a higher profitability compared to the cost of raising funds. Subsequently, as the borrower completes the production cycle, returns the issued loan to the bank and receives interest income on it, the funds are returned to the lender with the payment of income accumulated during the storage period.

The implementation of the accumulation function of the deposit at the macroeconomic level is determined by the positioning of banks in the market space. Their main role is to transform cash savings into investments and capital investments. Thus, the more funds are attracted to deposit accounts in the banking system, the more gross domestic product will be allocated to savings and the more resources can be made available through credit for investment.

Second most important function deposit - redistribution. Indeed, the deposit, along with the loan, creates a mechanism for the redistribution of temporarily free funds from economic entities those who have a surplus of them, to those who need them to replenish working capital and investments.

It is obvious that the mass of funds placed on deposit accounts in banks creates opportunities for banks to form a portfolio of assets in the form of loans to interested business entities, that is, the redistribution of free resources of the economic system.

So, on the basis of deposit operations of commercial banks, the overwhelming majority of their resources are formed, used for short-term and long-term lending to business entities and the population. In this sense, the quantitative and qualitative capabilities of a bank in the field of lending depend on the main characteristics of its deposit base. The formation of the latter on a broad structural basis using various tools and sources of raising funds makes it possible to maintain the bank’s potential in terms of conducting active operations at an adequate level, as well as to respond flexibly to the financial needs of the clientele.

The main reasons for banks to attract funds from the population into deposits are the following:

1) household deposits are a relatively cheap resource for a bank compared to interbank loans, bank bills and other financial instruments;

2) based on the realities of the modern market, it should be noted that commercial banks can attract quite a lot of resources, as evidenced by the analysis of the potential market for household deposits;

3) household funds are a relatively stable resource for the bank;

The nature of deposits determines the types of credit operations, and, accordingly, the amount of bank income. Savings of the population constitute a separate group of bank resources. The general basis for the deposit of money among the population as savings is that, by managing their income, citizens can postpone spending money for any period of time according to their needs. The mass of value belonging to the population, until it has been converted from monetary form into items of personal consumption, remains temporarily at the disposal of the bank. The return of these funds, provided by the population as a loan to the state or bank, occurs as citizens use their funds to purchase goods and pay for services.

In parallel with the use of monetary savings by some citizens, new savings are formed by others. Therefore, the total amount of household funds that banks can use as a credit resource not only does not decrease, but, as a rule, systematically increases. It is also necessary to take into account the form in which savings are formed: cash or non-cash (in the form of deposits, government bonds, insurance policies, etc.). Savings in non-cash form have a relatively longer-term nature, which increases their overall stability. Therefore, on a national scale they are of great interest.

The period for accumulating and storing part of the savings is long. In this case, the funds of the population, within the average period of their accumulation, are removed from the inactive state and are involved in the turnover of industrial and trade organizations through credit. The question of what proportions of the population’s savings as a credit resource can be used for lending, and in what objects they should be invested, should take into account the possible increase in the use of the population’s funds.

4) private deposits are beneficial for banks, since even on current deposits of the population there is significantly less activity in the movement of funds than on the accounts of enterprises and organizations. As for time deposits, their placement in a bank creates almost ideal conditions for its activities;

5) it is also important to keep in mind that private deposits remain the main source of banking income for foreign banks.

In the coming years, competition among consumer banks is expected to intensify in global markets, especially as home banking and other innovations emerge. Serving the public is a unique source of cash for many large banks. Managing the deposits of wealthy clients provides, for example, the Swiss Bank Corporation with a third of its income.

Thus, it can be noted that deposit operations are the main item of banking income of banks. Deposits from the population are a significant and promising source of generating resources for Belarusian banks, combining a number of advantages and making it possible to dynamically increase the resource potential of the domestic banking system. In conditions of low growth rates of deposits of legal entities, deposits of the population already create a good basis for expanding the volume of bank loans and thus contribute to the activation and increase in the efficiency of the activities of enterprises in our country, which will further lead to an acceleration of the growth rate of the resource base at the expense of their funds.

1.2 Classification of deposit operations and their content

bank deposit money management

Modern banking practice is characterized by a wide variety of deposits, deposits and deposit accounts. This is due to the desire of banks in a segmented, highly competitive market to most fully satisfy the demand of various groups of clients for banking services and attract their savings and free money capital to bank accounts.

The classification may be based on various criteria, such as sources of contributions, special purpose deposit, degree of profitability, type of currency, etc. The classification of types of deposits is presented in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 - Classification of types of deposits (deposits)

The accounting classification of deposits in the Republic of Belarus divides them into:

Non-bank deposits financial organizations(an umbrella term for organizations that carry out financial transactions, such as stock and currency exchanges, investment funds, insurance organizations, leasing companies, etc.);

Deposits of commercial (non-profit) organizations;

Deposits of individual entrepreneurs;

Deposits of individuals.

The main criteria most often are the form of withdrawal of the deposit and, accordingly, the possibility of using them as credit resources of the bank, according to which deposits are divided into:

a) time deposits;

b) demand deposits.

Time deposits are deposits attracted by banks for a specified period. Time deposits imply the transfer of funds to the full disposal of the bank for the terms and conditions of the agreement, and after this period the time deposit can be withdrawn by the owner at any time. The amount of remuneration paid to the client on a time deposit depends on the term, the amount of the deposit and the depositor’s compliance with the terms of the agreement. The longer the terms and (or) the larger the deposit amount, the greater the remuneration.

Such deposits are beneficial to the bank, since, using deposits of depositors as a resource, it can maneuver more freely than funds in demand deposits. Time deposit accounts have a clearly established term, the owners are paid a fixed percentage and, as a rule, there are restrictions on early withdrawal of deposits.

The advantage of time deposit accounts for the client is to receive a high interest rate, and for the bank - the ability to maintain liquidity for a specific period. The disadvantage of time deposit accounts for clients is low liquidity and the inability to use funds in time deposit accounts for settlements and current payments, as well as for receiving cash. For the bank, the disadvantage is the need to pay increased interest on deposits and thus reducing the margin.

Time deposits are not used to make current payments. If the depositor wishes to change the deposit amount - decrease or increase, then he can terminate the current agreement, withdraw and reissue his deposit on new terms. However, if the depositor withdraws funds from the deposit early, he may lose the interest stipulated by the agreement, partially or completely. Typically, in these cases, interest is reduced to the amount of interest paid on demand deposits.

In turn, time deposits are classified depending on their term:

Deposits with a maturity of up to 3 months;

Deposits with a maturity of 3 to 6 months;

Deposits with a maturity of 6 to 9 months;

Deposits with a maturity of 9 to 12 months;

Deposits with a maturity of over 12 months.

It is possible to raise funds for a period of more than one year. Sometimes banks resort to establishing other terms for deposit agreements, for example, 10, 35, 45 days, etc.

The bank’s choice of timing for attracting deposits may be due to a number of reasons. To a large extent, these terms depend on the requirements of banking legislation for the formation required reserves: if there is differentiation in the norms of required reserves depending on the timing of attracting resources, then the bank opts for such timing that allows it to make contributions at the minimum norms.

In addition, the timing of active operations carried out by the bank has a great influence on the choice of timing for raising funds. And, of course, the timing of banks’ attraction of resources depends on prevailing trends and current market fluctuations (demand and supply) in the money market.

A type of time deposits (deposits) are deposits issued in certificates of deposit and savings certificates.

Savings certificate is a security certifying the amount of the contribution (deposit) made to the depositor and the rights of the depositor (individual - certificate holder, with the exception of individual entrepreneur- certificate holder) to receive upon expiration deadline the amount of the deposit (deposit) and interest on it from the depositor who issued the certificate, or in any branch (office) of this depositor.

Certificate of deposit - a security certifying the amount of the deposit (deposit) made to the depositor, and the right of the depositor (legal entity, individual entrepreneur - certificate holders) to receive, upon expiration of the established period, the amount of the deposit (deposit) and interest on it from the depositor who issued the certificate, or in any branch (office) of this depositor.

Certificates of deposit and savings certificates can be registered or bearer securities. They can only be issued in documentary form and must be urgent.

Certificates are issued in Belarusian rubles, since their issuance in foreign currency is not allowed.

Settlements for the issue, circulation and redemption of certificates of deposit are carried out only by non-cash payment using current (settlement) accounts of certificate holders.

Payments for the issue, circulation and redemption of savings certificates are carried out both by non-cash payment and in cash in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus.

Savings deposits are a type of time deposits. Foreign practice considers savings transactions separately from deposit transactions, focusing on the fact that distinctive feature savings deposit is that its owner is issued a certificate of existence of the deposit, most often a savings book. Savings deposits are used to accumulate or invest money savings. Wherein sums of money deposits placed in accounts that are intended for making payments, or invested from the very beginning for a certain period of time, do not qualify as savings deposits.

Based on the above, it follows that savings deposits include deposits formed for the purpose of accumulating or preserving monetary savings. They are characterized by a specific motivation for the emergence of promotion of frugality, accumulation of funds of a targeted nature and high level profitability, although lower than on time deposits. In domestic practice, under savings deposits imply, first of all, transactions with the population, and savings include both time deposits of the population and demand accounts of citizens.

The registration of a deposit may be similar to a time deposit or have its own specifics depending on the conditions of a particular type of deposit. Thus, a demand savings account can be issued with a savings book, which reflects all transactions on the deposit, or the client is regularly presented with separate statements from the personal account in accordance with the agreement. The deposit amount can be deposited at the bank's cash desk in cash or transferred from a demand account opened for the depositor in the same bank or in another credit institution.

Savings deposits are profitable banks in that they are usually long-term in nature and, therefore, can serve as a source of long-term investments.

The disadvantages of attracting deposits in the form of savings deposits for a bank are as follows:

the need to pay increased interest on deposits and thus reduce the margin (the difference between interest on active and passive credit transactions);

exposure of these deposits to a variety of factors (political, economic, psychological), which increases the threat of a rapid outflow of funds from these deposits and loss of bank liquidity;

the bank's inability to renew on an ongoing basis.

Savings deposits are of interest to investors because they:

a) are the most reliable form of storing savings (for example, compared to corporate securities), since their return is guaranteed by the state. In addition, in accordance with the current procedure, banks form reserve funds, which serve as a guarantee of timely and full return of funds to the population;

b) they represent one of the most profitable forms of investing cash savings, since they usually pay a higher interest rate than other deposits, which is a kind of protection in conditions of instability money circulation and inflation.

Along with operations with time and savings deposits, another important type of passive operations of banks are operations with demand deposits. Demand deposits can be withdrawn by the depositor or transferred to another person at any time without prior notice to the bank. The source of demand deposits is usually the temporarily free funds of citizens and enterprises, which they keep in the bank in liquid form and use to organize their payment turnover, both in cash and non-cash form.

Thus, the economic purpose of these types of deposits is, first of all, to help clients organize their payment turnover in the most rational way, including both cash and non-cash payments. This determines the regime for disposal of deposits and the period of stay of attracted funds from clients in the bank’s circulation.

The most important requirement for demand deposits is that citizens can dispose of them as freely as cash. Demand deposits are usually made for a relatively short period and are highly mobile. This is due, first of all, to the fact that the wages of workers and employees, pensions and other incomes and receipts of citizens are transferred to demand deposits. At the same time, funds are debited from these deposits to make certain regular payments (for example, for an apartment, public utilities), as well as unforeseen expenses.

The development of operations with demand deposits is increasingly determined by the prospects for the development of non-cash payment circulation of the population and its automation. In addition to service non-cash payments Citizens' demand deposits can also perform other functions.

As world experience shows, on the basis of demand deposits, it is possible to successfully develop operations for lending to the population from a single active-passive account (contract account). The same sums of money that depositors generate at the end of each month due to the excess of current income over current expenses are considered as savings and transferred to savings accounts.

The importance of demand deposits for the population is determined by the fact that they contribute to the rationalization of payment turnover and family budgets depositors, and also allow you to securely store money and widely use the possibilities of non-cash payments and transfers.

Operations on demand deposits are also of great importance for banks, since these deposits are an additional source of credit resources. Although demand deposits can be withdrawn by depositors at any time, the offsetting fluctuations in the inflows and outflows of funds into these accounts result in the formation of large stable balances of funds. This cash balance can be considered as a resource for short-term and partly long-term lending.

In addition to participating in the formation of credit resources, operations with demand deposits in a normal economic situation increase the flow of funds into the bank and thereby increase its current liquidity. It should be noted that funds deposited in demand accounts represent a relatively cheap type of credit resources, especially considering the lower interest rate paid on these deposits. At the same time, maintaining accounts for demand deposits is more labor-intensive than when carrying out transactions with savings deposits, and objectively involves ensuring the full automation of many procedures, which in turn requires large capital investments.

Demand deposits of legal entities are classified depending on the nature and ownership of funds stored in accounts for the following types:

funds in settlement, current, budget accounts of enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership;

funds in special accounts for storing various purposes economic purpose funds;

own funds of enterprises intended for capital investments;

funds of enterprises and organizations in settlements;

funds in correspondent accounts for settlements with other banks;

funds from local budgets.

A type of demand deposits are bearer deposits. A depositor for such a deposit is considered to be everyone who has presented deposit documents “to bearer” ( savings book bearer and a control sheet to it). Acceptance and withdrawal of deposit funds is carried out upon presentation of a passport or other document identifying the depositor or recipient of funds. Interest is calculated in the manner established for demand deposits.

A promising type of deposit is the registration of a joint deposit (a deposit for several people) of the depositor and his authorized representative. When using the deposit, they have equal rights, and it is not at all necessary that they be related in any way. There are many situations in which you can evaluate the benefits of this type of contribution, since it is both a form of inheritance and a way to save start-up capital, and finally, the opportunity to give a gift to loved ones.

Thus, we can conclude that at present the classification of deposits has acquired particular relevance due to the need to apply banking practice various types of deposit.

1.3 Methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of bank deposit operations

Formation of sources of financial resources, that is, liabilities, is one of the basic goals of the bank. To solve it successfully, a commercial bank must have sufficient own resources, as well as raise funds from various sources. The main tasks of a commercial bank in this area are: attracting as much as possible large sums cheap and reliable resources and maintaining an optimal ratio between the amounts of own and borrowed funds.

The purpose of analyzing a bank's deposit (deposit) operations is to substantiate optimal strategic and tactical management decisions aimed at increasing the efficiency of using funds in deposits.

The following are the main stages of the methodology for analyzing bank deposit (deposit) operations.

At the first stage of the analysis, it is necessary to study the composition, structure and dynamics of deposit balances, their inflow and outflow. Horizontal and vertical analysis of funds in deposits can be carried out:

By terms of placement of deposits (term, on demand);

By type of currency ( National currency, currencies of other foreign countries);

By type of depositor (individuals, legal entities);

By type of deposit (cash, securities).

At the second stage of the analysis, the movement of funds in deposits is assessed. For this purpose, it is proposed to calculate the following indicators presented in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 - Methodology for calculating indicators of the movement of funds in deposits

These indicators are calculated both for the bank (branch, branch) as a whole, and by types of deposits, by terms of their placement, by types of currencies and types of depositors.

The study of the considered indicators in dynamics should be supplemented by factor analysis, which makes it possible to assess the reasons for their changes and determine the reserves for their optimization.

At the third stage of the analysis of the bank's deposit operations, it is necessary to study the influence of factors on the change in the amount of interest expenses on the bank's deposit operations, since attracting funds to deposits is associated with the payment of interest to depositors.

The efficiency of banks and the problems of its assessment constantly attract close attention of both scientists and practitioners. This interest is caused, first of all, by the need to attract investments that will ensure the growth of banks’ equity capital, their lending potential, that is, they will increase the possibilities for banks to lend to the real sector of the country’s economy and preserve enterprises in this sector in the sphere of national interests in order to avoid control by foreign capital .

The profitability of a bank deposit is its most significant characteristic, which attracts the bulk of depositors. A bank deposit is considered as the most accessible and effective way not only to reliably preserve, but also to increase savings.

Particular attention in the research process should be paid to determining the level of profitability of various types of deposit products and the level of their risk, which as a result constitutes a qualitative assessment of the bank’s deposit activities.

Profitability is characterized by absolute (the amount of income in monetary terms) and relative indicators (the average level of profitability of deposit resources). In general, the profitability of a bank's deposit portfolio over a fixed period depends on the volume of the portfolio and the level of interest rates on deposits. The level of interest rates is a general indicator, since the level of interest rates indirectly takes into account such factors as the duration of use of the deposit (a longer period - highest rate), method of calculation and method of payment of interest.

The profitability of the deposit portfolio is calculated by attributing the bank's total income on deposits (items of Form No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement") on a certain date to the value of the total deposit portfolio in the same period.

The level of profitability should be analyzed over time to be able to determine trends in the development of deposit activity in a given bank. For a more detailed assessment, you should calculate the profitability of each type of deposit placed.

The analysis process identifies the most and least profitable types of deposits. It is mandatory to study the profitability of various items of deposit attractions over time. Objective conclusions in this study can only be obtained by comparing the calculated profitability with the average deposit rate prevailing on regional market, and also taking into account the refinancing rate of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus.

At the fourth stage of analyzing the bank's deposit operations, the efficiency of using funds in deposits should be assessed. Since the main purpose of attracting funds to deposits is their further use by the bank as credit resources, therefore, to assess the effectiveness of deposit operations, it is necessary to compare the amount of attracted deposits and the amount of funds issued in the form of a loan to legal entities and individuals.

In this regard, it should be noted that in the economic literature the main indicator of the efficiency of a bank’s deposit operations is the efficiency ratio of the use of raised funds, which is defined as the ratio of the amount of funds received in deposits to the amount of loans issued by the bank and is calculated using formula (1.1):

where VC is the amount of funds raised into bank deposit accounts;

KR - the amount of loans issued by the bank.

This indicator characterizes the amount of funds in deposits per one ruble of funds issued in the form of a loan in the total amount of loans issued by the bank.

Assessment of the effectiveness of a bank's deposit operations should be based on a comparison of interest income on credit operations and interest expenses on deposit operations. The indicators of the group of profitability of deposit operations are presented in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3 - Indicators of profitability of deposit operations

These indicators of the efficiency of deposit operations are studied in dynamics both for the bank as a whole and for its branches and affiliates.

The formation of a resource base is inextricably linked with risk, but it can be controlled, i.e. use measures that allow, to a certain extent, to predict the occurrence of a risk event and take measures to reduce the degree of risk.

When forming a resource base, the bank must take into account the likelihood of an increase in costs for attracting resources in the event of a change in the situation on the financial market. The bank's deposit policy has the goal of providing the bank with resources for a certain time at a certain price to carry out certain active operations. Its implementation means solving two opposing problems: stability of the resource base and minimizing the costs of its formation. The ideal option is for long-term investments to be balanced by long-term deposits. Otherwise, at the end of the deposit period, the bank may face the problem of rising costs of resources and suffer losses from long-term investment of funds.

Another form of manifestation of the risk of forming a deposit base is losses in the form of lost income due to the need to keep a certain percentage of the volume of the resource base in the form of cash to carry out settlement and cash services(payment of advance for business trips, salaries, withdrawal of deposit in cash, etc.). For the bank, these are assets that do not generate income. Their size depends on external circumstances (the degree of trust in the bank, the state) and on the structure of the bank’s clientele (for example: a high percentage of trading organizations means a large volume of cash collection, therefore, there is no need for special cash reserves to ensure obligations to return cash deposits from the population).

It is also important to take into account seasonal and monthly fluctuations in cash flows. For example, savings bank, working, as a rule, with deposits from the population, making utility payments and paying wages, can enter into contracts for a period so that payments fall during the period of mass utility payments, but do not coincide with wage payments. Attention should also be paid to the factor of resource base placement. It is believed that when investing 85 percent or more of the amount of deposits in credit operations, the bank pursues a risky deposit policy. This is explained by the fact that credit operations have much less elasticity for timely and, especially, early withdrawal than the resource base. This is partially compensated by a higher interest rate, part of which is the risk of loss, partly by placement in more liquid, although less profitable, assets. The National Bank reduces the impact of this risk by introducing mandatory reservation of a portion of the funds raised, depending on the type of deposits.

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