Development and reconstruction of the urban environment. Reconstruction of urban development general principles of the reconstruction of buildings taking into account urban planning and architectural requirements. Terms and Definitions
Renovation of the urban environment
A lot of objects for various purposes that create an intracity space and provide favorable conditions for human living, recreation and contribute to the economic and social development of the territory are called the urban environment.
To breathe in the old form the outdated general municipal plan without destroying the integral system is the fundamental task of renovating the city-wide space. The structure of the urban environment The municipal environment was formed historically - it is a complex “living organism” that affects the quality of life of citizens, which has 2 interrelated and interdependent components:
- natural;
- artificial.
After a certain historical period, the residential and industrial zones become obsolete, the conditions of both natural and artificial components of the city-wide space deteriorate. Renovation of the urban environment is not only the elimination of obsolete housing, but also the restoration of historical buildings and structures to their original form, as well as the development of utilities, the improvement of the industrial zone, the reconstruction of green facilities. The complex of such measures should provide comfortable and safe living conditions, the territory of the settlement should be used with high efficiency. Residential buildings, administrative and shopping centers should create comfortable conditions for residents; industrial enterprises - environmentally friendly, technologically harmless to the environment.
Renovation of residential buildings This process provides for the implementation of a whole range of construction and repair work to provide residents with social facilities: schools and kindergartens, hospitals and clubs, sports facilities and trade enterprises with the introduction of innovative technologies for both service and. At the same time, the residential area is not left without appropriate attention: removal of dilapidated buildings, reconstruction (renovation) of the existing one, construction of new residential buildings that meet modern requirements. The process under consideration should contribute to the greatest comfort for living, recreation of residents, rational use of the city-wide space, taking into account the natural landscape, and compliance with environmental measures.
Adaptation of the existing buildings to modern requirements, harmonious integration of residential, social and industrial buildings, increasing the level of living comfort while preserving historical values \u200b\u200bis the main goal of the renovation of residential buildings in the settlement. This complex of linking urban planning, architectural and engineering measures is the whole complexity of the renovation of individual objects of the urban environment. Preservation of the stylistic peculiarity of a separate object or a complex of objects located on the same street is the goal of the renovation, which concerns this problem. Facade solutions of such objects, and most often these are objects of historical and cultural heritage, must be coordinated with the appropriate City Department based on the use of preserved plans, drawings, or photographs in the project. Such work is painstaking, but it rewards those that the urban environment acquires the necessary historical facades and their colors. A color passport of an object (as well as one that does not have a historical or cultural value) is created and its materials are transferred for its production to the City Architecture Department (in Moscow - to the Moskomarkhitektura). The site has two objects related to the renovation:
- Administrative building at Azovskaya st. (formerly a typical utility block);
- The building on Lyshchikov Lane (attached to the existing complex of historical buildings).
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The reorganization and reconstruction of the entire industrial infrastructure must not only promote the development of new technologies based on environmentally friendly production, but also harmoniously fit into the environment, striving for its harmonization.
Breathing fresh air into the industry is not an easy task, requiring significant financial costs. The systematic implementation of architectural and planning tasks within the framework of the renovation of the urban industrial environment will allow reorganizing production on a new basis, creating conditions for the preservation of the natural environment. An important issue is the development of transport infrastructure. Modern requirements provide for a significant increase in throughput, a decrease in the transit flow of cars through the citywide road network. To do this, it is necessary to expand the existing urban transport highways, taking into account the rapid growth of vehicles, increase the number of comfortable parking lots and carry out the construction of bypass highways of increased comfort. Renovation of urban recreation areas The citywide recreation area includes parks, squares, playgrounds and sports grounds, attractions, a network of entertainment institutions - clubs, cinemas, sports facilities of various types. All these objects must be included in the comprehensive plans for the city's renovation. Their implementation will create favorable conditions for living and recreation of citizens that meet modern standards. They should be distinguished by high livability, high manufacturability, ease of use. The historical originality of any polis should be preserved in any direction of reconstruction or renovation. Preservation of historical sites combined with modern style of housing and infrastructure does not have to be a problem for the cultural development of an urban settlement. The existing historical reality must be supplemented with modern architectural solutions while preserving aesthetic, coloristic, stylistic and natural indicators.
The resulting dwelling is provided to small families, populated by the creative intelligentsia, who combines dwelling with a professional workshop. We meet similar proposals during the regeneration of the old quarters of Tbilisi. The techniques are different, they reflect national characteristics, but the principles are the same and the results are similar. Much here is determined by the extremely high density of historical buildings characteristic of the ancient city.
The tasks of reconstruction of the living environment in historical cities of Russia are solved in a different way. Here the type of building is completely different, often manor-based. During the reconstruction of the residential quarters of Vladimir, Suzdal, Gorokhovets, Pskov, it is possible to find quarters among the valuable buildings that can be replaced with public buildings: schools, child care facilities, other elements of service, green spaces and sports equipment. Such techniques make it possible to bring residential quarters undergoing reconstruction closer to modern requirements. Moreover, the residential buildings themselves are often of no value here; the unity of the urban fabric and the scale of the environment are valuable. Therefore, there are proposals to replace low-value buildings with new ones, but on a scale of the reconstructed area.
Great interest is aroused by the work carried out by the staff of the Vladimir restoration workshop to study the historical core of the city and to develop proposals for its reconstruction and restoration, including design studies for the gradual putting in order of residential quarters, with the replacement of low-value dilapidated buildings with modern buildings in one or two - three floors, made according to a specially developed series of standard projects. Public services in such districts are also proposed to be solved in traditional architectural forms, creating internal streets with service establishments built in the form of typical Vladimir shops and workshops.
But in the center of Leningrad, during the reconstruction of residential buildings, strict, forming regular equal-sized rectangles of small quarters, the task of preserving this characteristic technique is being solved. Leaving the perimeter residential buildings, the authors of the reconstruction projects remove all buildings within the quarters, close part of the passages for traffic, thereby bringing the living conditions of the population closer to modern requirements.
In all cases, the goal is the same - to return the historical buildings to the city, at the same time to obtain the maximum social urban planning effect, but at the same time to find completely different methods of reconstruction that meet the specific conditions of a particular city.
No less complex contradictions arise when using unique historical buildings and structures. Even with the preservation of the old functions (hospitals, theaters, shopping malls), modern operating conditions require technology improvement and modernization. And this process does not always end without losses for the perception of monuments. Let's remember how inorganic the new building of the hospital named after. Sklifosovsky in Moscow.
A great tact is needed here, such as was shown during the reconstruction of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, the theater in Lvov, where the modernization of technology, the addition of the functions necessary today do not violate the harmony of the building.
With a change in function (religious buildings, former palaces, estates), the problem of finding new content that meets the image of the building, its planning and volumetric-spatial features becomes especially acute. Therefore, when deciding on the functional zoning of the city, it is necessary to take into account the presence of monuments and the expediency of their use. Provision should be made for a gradual decrease in functional loads on historical valuable territories, where the possibilities for new construction are limited and there are great difficulties in transport services.
The variety of existing buildings in Russian cities, its planning, architectural and design features affect the nature of the reconstruction measures. No less important is the influence of natural and ecological conditions (taking into account the relief, the possibility of subsidence, landslides, floods, snow and mudflows, environmental pollution, the appearance of water in basements, etc.).
The current development is characterized by its location in the urban area, features of planning solutions, number of storeys, building density, and the proportion of old buildings. In old cities, the historical and architectural value of buildings is of particular importance, i.e. territory of monuments and historically significant urban landscape.
Urban development and its surroundings are created for the life of people (work, sleep, rest). Therefore, when designing reconstruction measures, all modern urban planning, architectural, sanitary and hygienic requirements must be taken into account (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Design proposals for the reconstruction of a quarter built in the 1960s (according to V.P. Kovalevsky):
The most difficult task of transforming the planning structure and subordinating it to modern requirements is solved for building in the historical centers of old cities and areas that are directly adjacent to them. When reconstructing the former outskirts of large cities, workers' settlements near large enterprises and buildings in the second half of the 20th century, as a rule, we are talking about streamlining the planning structure and developing environmental measures. The problems of reconstruction of the road network in historical city centers are practically impossible to solve by traditional methods. This is due to the fact that transport arteries are a very stable structure of the general plan, which forms the skeleton of the city.
The continuous process of preserving, renovating and adapting buildings to changing requirements is an integral part of the development of a modern city. There are two aspects of understanding the term "urban environment": firstly, as a set of living conditions (i.e., the state of the atmosphere, noise level, electromagnetic pollution, light-color environment, perception of architecture, etc.), and secondly, as taking into account the impact of the immediate environment when designing a building reconstruction. For example, three categories of historical value of a building or structure can be distinguished:
1) a monument of architecture, history, culture, etc .;
2) buildings from the immediate environment of an architectural monument, etc., constituting a background for its perception;
3) buildings and structures from the composition of ordinary development in areas and on highways of historical value. The main factors of the urban environment influencing the nature of the design solution for the reconstruction of a building or structure are presented in Table 1. The impact of these factors, due to their complex nature, may be such that carrying out reconstruction measures becomes impractical, namely:
1) when using a building located in the area of \u200b\u200bsanitary hazard or gas pollution by vehicles;
2) in case of insufficient illumination, insolation or non-conforming sanitary breaks to the nearest buildings;
3) in the absence of fire passages and the impossibility of organizing them;
4) in the absence of a courtyard territory near the building (when its area is less than 0.5 m per person or less than 0.02 per 1 m of the total area of \u200b\u200ba residential building);
5) at a noise level of more than 30 dBA;
6) if it is impossible to organize a normal system of recreation and consumer services for residents due to the considerable remoteness of the building from service establishments, public transport stops, etc.
The problem of reconstruction of the existing environment is becoming more and more important in the general complex of tasks of the city development. This is happening not only because the modernization of the old housing stock is becoming a noticeable phenomenon of urban construction in its scale, and not only because the main functions of urban centers are traditionally concentrated within the historically formed districts. The main reason is that the problem of reconstruction of the existing environment is closely related to the solution of the question of the ratio of "old" and "new" in the city.
The main provisions of such a "positive" reconstructive intervention can be formulated as follows:
1. The concentration of the main volumes of new mass standard construction should be envisaged outside the central historical core of the city. At the same time, the sites for the placement of such objects should be chosen close enough to the historical core so that these complexes actively shape the landscape of the central part of the city without disturbing its historically established compositional structure.
2. Within the central historical core, a zone of active functional use is distinguished, in which business and service facilities of city-wide significance are concentrated. Here, the greatest integration of urban functions is carried out, which requires the renovation of the old buildings, their adaptation to current functions.
3. Allocation of the cultural and recreational zone of the city-wide center, which serves as a place of concentration of cultural and entertainment institutions and recreational facilities of urban importance. This part of the central core also includes the main routes for visiting the historical and cultural sights of the city and, therefore, is actively restored and equipped with tourism-related functions.
4. The return of prestige to the residential quarters of the center, their historical appearance is the only effective means of combating the degradation of the existing environment as a result of the invasion of the center of offices, small enterprises, warehouses and other similar objects.
There is a need for a policy of consistent renovation and restoration of old buildings, preservation and maintenance of residential functions in the center.
In this case, the main object of positive reconstructive intervention is not a separate structure or an ensemble of structures, but a section of the urban environment, which is considered as an integral and continuous urban environment, which has a unique historical and cultural background. Not the exterior of the building, but the interior of the city is the focus of the architect. The architect does not design a monument, but a sequence of life situations and spatial impressions deployed in time. Proceeding from this, the reconstruction contains three main, closely related aspects: 1) ordering the urban area; 2) modernization of buildings; 3) protection and restoration of ancient monuments.
The formation of a city is a long historical process, as a result of which its architectural and planning structure is being formed. It is very different in different cities. There are old cities with the most valuable architectural heritage and cities in which there are no outstanding architectural monuments, but have preserved the integrity of the planning and flavor of the era. There are relatively new cities with their own individual appearance. There are cities large and small, cities located in different natural conditions. All this requires individual decisions and methods of reconstruction, which would proceed primarily from the peculiarities of the very structure of the city, which presupposes knowledge of the typology of urban structures.
The types of structures in the old city can generally be divided into four groups.
The first group includes territories located in the historical center of the city. They are distinguished by an increased intensity of development, where residential formations and public buildings are combined, many of which are often architectural and historical monuments.
The second group of territories is typical for districts adjacent to the city center. These areas have a lower development intensity. In many cases, residential quarters in them are adjacent to small trading and manufacturing enterprises.
16.1. Tasks and methods of city reconstruction. An evolutionary approach to city reconstruction. The tasks of preserving and renewing the historically established environment of the urban center
The main tasks of reconstruction .
1. Concentration mass standard construction should be provided outside the central historical core of the city, but close enough so that these complexes actively form the landscape of the central part, without violating the historical compositional balance.
2. Within the central historical core, there is a zone active functional use, in which business and service objects of general city purpose are concentrated. This is where the integration of urban functions takes place, which requires the renovation of old buildings, their adaptation and actual functions.
3.Selection cultural and recreational zone the city-wide center, which serves as a place of concentration of cultural and entertainment institutions. This part of the historical core includes routes for exploring the city's historical and cultural attractions and is equipped with tourist functions.
4. Return prestige residential areas of the center, consistent renovation, restoration of old residential buildings on the territory of the center as the only effective means of combating environmental degradation as a result of the invasion of small enterprises, warehouses, etc.
The main object of reconstructive intervention is not a separate structure, not an ensemble, but a section of the urban environment. An architect does not design a monument, but an unfolded in time and space sequence of life situationsand spatial impressions.
The reconstruction has three aspects:
1) Streamlining the urban area,
2) Modernization of buildings,
3) Protection and restoration of monuments.
The reconstruction strategy in different cities is not the same and depends on the structure of the city itself.
The types of urban structures in the old city are divided into 4 groups.
1. Territories located in the historical center. They are characterized by the intensity of development, which combines residential and public functions, many of which are monuments.
2. Territories typical for areas adjacent to the center from less intensive development, when residential areas are adjacent to small trade and manufacturing enterprises.
3. Former outskirts. In small towns - the territory of one-story manor buildings, in large towns - factories, warehouses, between them - uncomfortable residential quarters.
4. Relatively new buildings in need of reconstruction. In large cities, these are peripheral buildings of recent years.
Reconstruction of the city is not only the reconstruction of its historical core, but also of all existing buildings.
Reconstruction includes:
Streamlining the planning structure,
Development of additional territories,
Development of engineering networks,
Interaction of the city with its surroundings,
Formation of a service network and community centers,
Organization of open spaces,
Improvement of residential areas and creation of modern amenities in them.
The reconstruction is preceded by:
1) collection and study of data on the historical structure of the city and the formation of a set of historical and architectural monuments. On this basis, conclusions are drawn about the possibility of preserving the existing one, the need to restore the lost structure of the city, the buildings subject to restoration, reconstruction or demolition are determined.
As a result of pre-design studies, historical reference plan and scheme of restricted areas... At the design stage, a general plan is drawn up, which includes: prioritization of restoration historical buildings and ensembles, scheme of possible use monuments, study priority chart archaeological sites and, if necessary, the cultural layer of the city, the scheme of the sequence of new construction.
2) After the pre-project period, a project is drawn up. The reconstruction project should be a holistic concept, as a result of which the city, while retaining its individual appearance, will receive modern technical equipment, and the population will receive a modern level of comfort.
