How to determine the actual production cost of finished goods. The procedure for determining the actual cost of inventories. Release of finished products

If account 40 "Release of products (works, services)" is not used, then when finished products arrive at the warehouse within a month, the following is posted:
DEBIT 43 "Finished products"
CREDIT 20 "Main production"

• finished products are accepted for accounting in planned and accounting prices.

• written off the cost of products sold in planning and accounting prices.

The amount of the variance attributable to the products sold: (3000 rubles / 75,000 rubles) x 50,000 rubles \u003d 2000 rubles. The amount of the variance attributable to the balance of finished products in the warehouse:
(3,000 rubles / 75,000 rubles) x 25,000 rubles \u003d 1,000 rubles. Actual cost of goods sold:
50,000 rubles - 2,000 rubles \u003d 48,000 rubles.
The balance of finished products in the warehouse (at the actual cost price): 72,000 - 48,000 \u003d 24,000 rubles.

The amount of variance attributable to products sold:
(3,000 rubles / 75,000 rubles) x 50,000 rubles \u003d 2,000 rubles. The amount of the variance attributable to the balance of finished products in the warehouse:
(3,000 rubles / 75,000 rubles) x 25,000 \u003d 1,000 rubles. Actual cost of goods sold:
50,000 rubles + 2,000 rubles \u003d 52,000 rubles.
The balance of finished products in the warehouse (at the actual cost): 78,000 rubles - 52,000 rubles \u003d 26,000 rubles.
In the accounting of the organization, these transactions are reflected as follows:

If finished goods are recorded at standard cost or at contractual prices, then the difference between the actual cost and the cost of finished goods at discount prices is recorded on the Finished Goods account under a separate subaccount "Deviations of the actual cost of finished goods from the book value". Deviations on this subaccount are taken into account in the context of the nomenclature, or individual groups of finished products, or for the organization as a whole. The excess of the actual cost over the book value is reflected on the debit of the specified sub-account and the credit of cost accounting accounts. If the actual cost is lower than the book value, the difference is reflected in a reversal entry.
Write-off of finished products (upon shipment, release, and so on) can be made at book value. At the same time, deviations related to the sold finished product (determined in proportion to its book value) are written off to sales accounts. Deviations related to balances of finished products remain on the “Finished products” account (on the “Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value” subaccount).
Regardless of the method used to determine the book prices, the total cost of the finished product (book value plus variance) must equal the actual production cost of that product.
Example
The balance of finished products in the warehouse of the organization, the beginning of the month is 240,000 rubles in planned prices, the amount of deviations is 5,000 rubles (overrun). Within a month, the warehouse received finished products at planned prices in the amount of 750,000 rubles. The amount of costs for the production of finished products, recorded on account 20 "Main production", amounted to 900,000 rubles, the remainder of the work in progress - 120,000 rubles. The planned cost of sales is 500,000 rubles.
Actual cost of finished products: 900,000 rubles -

• 120,000 rubles \u003d 780,000 rubles.

(5,000 rubles + 30,000 rubles) / (240,000 rubles + 750,000 rubles) х х 100% \u003d 3.54%
The amount of deviations attributable to the shipped products:
500,000 rubles x 3.54% \u003d 17,700 rubles.
Actual cost of shipped products:
500,000 + 17,700 \u003d 517,700 rubles.
The balance of finished products at the end of the month at the actual cost:
(240 000 + 5 000) + (750 000 + 30 000) - (500 000 + 17 700) =
\u003d 507 300 rubles, including: planned cost:
240,000 + 750,000 - 500,000 \u003d 490,000 rubles; sum of deviations:
5000 + 30,000 - 17,700 \u003d 17,300 rubles.
We examined the accounting of finished products at the standard (planned cost) without using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)".
However, for the convenience and clarity of identifying deviations of the actual cost from the planned cost, the organization can use account 40 "Output of products (works, services)".
In this case, the debit of account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" takes into account the actual production cost of products

in correspondence with accounts for accounting for production costs, the credit of account 40 "Output of goods (works, services)" reflects the planned cost of finished goods, which is written off to the debit of account 43 "Finished goods". At the end of the month, when the actual cost of production is fully formed, by comparing the debit and credit turnovers of account 40 "Output of products (works, services)", the amount of deviations of the actual cost from the planned one is determined. Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts accounting the following procedure for writing off the amounts of deviations is provided:
a) if the credit turnover on account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" is more than the debit one, that is, the actual cost is less than the planned one and savings are revealed, then an accounting entry is made for the amount of the deviation using the "red storno" method:
b) if the debit turnover on account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" is greater than the credit one, that is, the actual cost exceeds the planned (overrun), a regular accounting entry is made for the amount of the deviation:
Debit 90 "Sales" subaccount "Cost of sales" Credit 40 "Output of products (works, services)".
Thus, account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" is closed monthly and there is no balance on this account.
Please note that the amounts of deviations are written off to account 90 "Sales" in full, regardless of the volume of sales of products and thus increase or decrease the cost of products sold in reporting period.
In this case, the balance of finished goods in the warehouse is accounted for at the planned cost.
Example
The balance of finished products in the warehouse of the organization at the beginning of the month is 240,000 rubles in planned prices. Within a month, the warehouse received finished products at planned prices in the amount of 750,000 rubles. The amount of costs for the production of finished products recorded on account 20 "Main production" amounted to 900,000 rubles
lei, the remainder of the work in progress - 120,000 rubles. The planned cost of sales is 500,000 rubles.

Finished product output is accounted for in two ways:

1. On an active account 43;

2. On the account 40 and 43.

The option is indicated in the accounting policy of the organization. The most common option, which uses account 43 "Finished goods".

Account structure 43:

Opening balance 43 - the balance of finished goods in the warehouse at the beginning of the month.

Debit turnover - the receipt of finished goods at the warehouse at the actual production cost, or standard cost.

Credit turnover - shipment of finished products at the actual production cost (or standard).

Ending balance 43 - indicates the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the end of the period.

This account is used by organizations of the branches of material production. Finished products purchased for picking or as goods for sale are recorded on account 41 "Goods". The cost of work performed and services rendered on the side is also not reflected on account 43 "Finished products". The actual costs for them are written off from the accounts of production costs to the debit of account 90 "Sales". Products that are not subject to delivery on the spot and are not issued with an acceptance certificate remain in the work in progress and are not counted on account 43 “Finished products”. Kerimov V.E. Accounting: Textbook / V.E. Kerimov. - M.: Eksno, 2012. - S. 271.

Synthetic accounting of finished products can be carried out in two versions: without using account 40 "Release of products (works, services)" and using account 40.

In the first option, which is traditional for our accounting practice, finished products are recorded on synthetic account 43 “Finished products” at the actual production cost. However, analytical accounting of certain types of finished products is carried out, as a rule, at accounting prices (standard cost, contract prices, etc.) with the allocation of deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the cost at the accounting prices of individual products and recorded on a separate analytical account.

The posting of finished products at accounting prices is drawn up with an accounting entry on the debit of account 43 "Finished products" and credit of account 20 "Main production".

At the end of the month, the actual cost of the capitalized finished product is calculated, the deviation of the actual cost of the product from its cost at book prices is determined and this deviation is written off from the credit of account 20 "Main production" to the debit of account 43 "Finished product" by an additional method accounting entry or by the "red reversal" method.

If the finished product is fully used in the organization itself, then it can be received on the debit of account 10 "Materials" and other similar accounts from the credit of account 20 "Main production".

Agricultural organizations take into account the movement of agricultural products during the year at the planned cost, and at the end of the year it is brought to the actual cost.

The finished goods shipped or handed over on the spot, depending on the terms of delivery stipulated in the contract for the supply of products, are debited at discount prices from the credit of account 43 "Finished goods" to the debit of accounts 45 "Goods shipped" or 90 "Sales". At the end of the month, the deviation of the actual cost of the shipped (sold) product from its cost at discount prices is determined and debited from the credit of account 43 by additional posting or by the "red storno" method to the debit of accounts 45 or 90.

Finished products transferred to other organizations for sale on a commission basis are written off from the credit of account 43 to the debit of account 45 "Goods shipped".

Features of accounting for product output when using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)"

When using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" for accounting for production costs, synthetic accounting of finished products is carried out on account 43 at the standard or planned cost.

The debit of account 40 reflects the actual cost of products (work, services), on credit - the standard or planned cost.

The actual production cost of products (works, services) is written off from the credit of accounts 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 29 "Serving production and facilities" to the debit of account 40.

The standard or planned cost of products (works, services) is written off from the credit of account 40 to the debit of accounts 43 "Finished products", 90 "Sales" and other accounts (10, 11, 21, 28, 41, etc.).

By comparing debit and credit turnovers on account 40 on the 1st day of the month, the deviation of the actual cost of production from the standard or planned one is determined and is written off from the debit of account 40 to the debit of account 90 "Sales". At the same time, the excess of the actual cost of production over the standard or planned cost is written off by additional wiring, and the savings - by the "red line" method. Account 40 is closed monthly and the balance is reporting date he does not have.

When using account 40, there is no need to compile separate calculations of deviations of the actual cost of products from their cost at book prices for finished, shipped and sold products, since the identified deviation in finished products is immediately written off to account 90 "Sales".

IN balance sheet finished products are reflected by:

* actual production cost (if account 40 is not used);

* standard or planned cost (if account 40 is used);

* incomplete (reduced) actual production cost (by direct expense items), when indirect costs are debited from account 26 "General expenses" to the debit of account 90 "Sales";

* incomplete standard or planned cost (when using account 40 and writing off general business expenses from account 26 to account 90).

Accounting for finished products in storage locations (in the warehouse) and in the accounting department

Quantitative accounting of finished products by their types and storage locations is usually carried out in the same way as inventory accounting, i.e. in materials accounting cards.

Recently, many organizations have been using the cardless method of accounting for finished products. With this method, with the help of a computer, daily turnover statements are made for accounting for output from production and the movement of finished products relative to warehouses (other storage places). The remains of finished products are periodically inventoried.

In automated warehouses, instead of warehouse accounting cards, as a rule, operational machine and videograms of balances and movements of finished products for each name and type are used.

As well as for material stocks, for finished products they make up a nomenclature-price tag. In addition to the price tag, product directories are being developed, which contain information about products taxable and non-taxable by various types of taxes, about payers and consignees, average quarterly and average annual costs, etc.

The movement of finished products in accounting is also taken into account in the same way as for materials.

In addition, the data of payment requests for the shipped products are recorded daily in the statement of accounting and sales of products (works, services) (form No. 16 or 16a). The statement indicates the date and number of the payment request, the name of the supplier, the quantity of products shipped by type, the amounts presented on the invoices, and a mark on payment of invoices. The statement is a form of analytical accounting of goods shipped. Finished products in the statement are reflected at discount and selling prices. Statement f. No. 16 is used when determining the proceeds from shipment, and No. 16a - when determining the proceeds from payment. Bogataya I.N., Khakhonova N.N. Accounting. Series "Higher Education" - Rostov N / A. "Phoenix", 2011. - From 514.

Accounting and evaluation of shipped products

As already noted, finished products and goods shipped can be reflected in the accounting and balance sheet:

· At the full actual production cost (if account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" is not used in accounting and general business expenses are written off to account 20, 23.29);

· At an incomplete actual production cost (if account 40 is not used in accounting and from account 26 expenses are written off to account 90);

· At the full standard or planned cost (if account 40 is used in accounting and from account 26 expenses are written off to accounts 20,23,29);

· For incomplete standard or planned cost of production (for direct items of expenditure, when account 40 is used and expenses are written off from account 26 to account 90).

Finished goods shipped or presented to buyers at selling prices (including VAT and excise taxes) are reflected in the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" and the credit of account 90 "Sales".

At the same time, the cost of the products shipped or presented to the buyer is debited to the debit of account 90 “Sales” from the credit of account 43 “Finished products”.

If the proceeds from the sale of shipped products for a certain time cannot be recognized in accounting (for example, when exporting products), then account 45 "Goods shipped" is used to account for such shipped products. When the specified products are shipped, it is debited from the credit of account 43 “Finished products” to the debit of account 45 “Goods shipped”. Kerimov V.E. Accounting: Textbook / V.E. Kerimov. - M.: Eksno, 2012. - From 270.

After receiving a notice of recognition of revenue from the sale of products, the supplier debits it from the credit of account 45 “Goods shipped” to the debit of account 90 “Sales”. At the same time, the cost of products at the selling price (including VAT and excise taxes) is reflected in the credit of account 90 and the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers".

Account 45 "Goods shipped" also indicates finished products and goods transferred to other enterprises for sale on commission and other similar principles. When such products are released, they are debited from the credit of accounts 43 "Finished products" to the debit of account 45 "Goods shipped". Upon receipt of a notification from the commission agent about the sale of the products transferred to him, they are debited from the credit of account 45 "Goods shipped" to the debit of account 90 "Sales" with simultaneous reflection on the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" and the credit of account 90 "Sales".

The cost of the work handed over and services rendered is written off at the actual or standard (planned) cost from the credit of account 20 "Main production" or 40 "Release of products (works of services)" to the debit of account 90 "Sales" as invoices for the work and services performed are presented. At the same time, the amount of revenue is reflected on the credit of account 90 "Sales" and the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers." Kondrakov N.P. Accounting: Textbook. Benefit. - 5th ed. - M.: INFRA - M, 2011. - C 384.

Inventory of finished products

Inventory of finished products is an inventory of products made according to certain standards that have passed all stages of the production process and the necessary tests. During the inventory, the availability of finished products in the warehouse is checked (including damage, shortages, surpluses, leftovers or stale products), the reliability of data on shipped products, settlements with customers, etc. The main task of the inventory is to check the accuracy of accounting data and the actual availability of finished products.

The inventory is carried out at least once a year, and can be proactive, i.e. the order and timing is established by the head of the organization and is mandatory. Mandatory inventory is required in some cases provided for in accordance with Article 12 of Law No. 129-FZ. These are such cases as drawing up an annual accounting report, changing financially responsible persons, transferring property for rent, revealing the facts of theft or damage to finished products, emergencies (natural disasters, fires, accidents), liquidation or reorganization of a company, etc. Federal Law "On Accounting" dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ (as amended on November 28, 2011).

To carry out the inventory, by order or order of the director of the enterprise, a permanent commission is appointed, which includes the leading officials of the organization, accountants, engineers, economists, as well as representatives of independent audit companies.

The inventory commission must ensure the completeness and accuracy of all data on the finished product, the results of the check may be invalidated in the absence of at least one member of the commission. Before the start of the check, the last incoming and outgoing documents are submitted to the inventory commission. In the course of the inventory, all the information received is recorded in the inventory lists and acts; it is not allowed to leave blank lines in these documents (blank lines are crossed out). Each sheet of the document must be signed by all financially responsible persons and members of the commission. To confirm the inspection of the property by the commission, as well as the absence of any claims to the commission members, a receipt from the financially responsible persons is required at the end of each inventory.

When carrying out an inventory, the actual availability of finished products is checked by recalculating the quantity, weighing, checking the completeness of products, varieties, as well as other indicators characterizing the quality of products.

Discrepancies between the actual availability of products and accounting data revealed during the inventory are reflected in accordance with Article 12 of Law No. 129-FZ:

Surplus property is accounted for, their amount is credited to financial results organizations;

· Shortage and damage to property within the normal range is attributed to the costs of production or circulation, in excess of the norms of loss is attributed to the guilty persons.

Disclosure of information about finished products in accounting statements

Everything legal entitiesengaged in the production of goods and services for sale on the outside, their branches and representative offices are required to submit reports in the form № P-1 "Information on the production and shipment of goods and services." Reports are submitted monthly to statistics and economic regulation authorities.

Information about the production and shipment of goods and services is divided into four sections.

The first section - "General economic indicators" - for the reporting month, for the previous month and for the corresponding reporting month of the last year contains information about (about):

* the release of goods and services (excluding VAT and excise taxes), including for core activities;

* shipped (transferred) goods, including own production;

* balances of finished products of own production and goods for resale at the end of the month;

* the volume of paid services to the population;

* turnover of retail trade and catering;

* export of goods to the member states of the Customs Union;

* export and import services.

The second section - "Selected indicators of production activity" - provides information for the above dates on the consumption of certain resources (electricity, customer-supplied raw materials and materials, etc.) and work performed (under construction contracts, construction and installation work performed in an economic way , and etc.).

The third section - "Types of services rendered" - provides a list of services rendered for the above dates, and the fourth section - "Production and shipment by types of products and services" - produced and shipped types of products and services rendered.

Elements of accounting policies for finished and shipped products are:

* selection of a method for evaluating finished and shipped products;

* the choice of the method of accounting for the release of finished products (without using account 40 and using this account);

* recognition of the moment of sale for works of a long-term nature (without using account 46 and using this account).

Correspondence table of accounts for finished goods accounting transactions and their shipment. Kondrakov N.P. Accounting: Textbook. Benefit. - 5th ed. - M.: INFRA - M, 2011. - p. 389.

We have analyzed what constitutes the cost of production and found out that the total cost includes the cost of manufacturing finished products and their subsequent sale. In addition, we briefly got acquainted with the concept of calculating the cost of production. In this article, we will consider in detail how the calculation of the cost of production and accounting for production costs occurs.

At the initial stage of the formation of the cost of finished products, it is necessary to take into account all the associated costs that have arisen on the relevant accounting accounts.

Direct costs of the main production are reflected in the debit of account 20, auxiliary production - in the debit of account 23.

The actual costs that need to be considered at this stage include:

• (the posting for accounting for this type of costs is D20 (23) K02);
• (wiring - D20 (23) K05);
• workers (corresponding wiring D20 (23) K70);
• insurance contributions for employees (D20 (23) K69);
• raw materials and (posting D20 (23) K10);
• semi-finished products of our own production (D20 (23) K21);
• services of third-party organizations (D20 (23) K60).

Expenses of a similar type associated with the maintenance and management of production are reflected in similar entries, but instead of account 20 (23), account is used. 25 "General production costs".

Expenses of a similar type associated with the management of the organization are also reflected in similar entries, but instead of account 20, an account is used. 26 "General expenses".

Also, in the production process, it is necessary to take into account the costs arising from product defects. Defective products incur certain costs associated with its elimination. This can be additional materials or raw materials, remuneration of workers employed in correcting defects, services of third-party organizations, etc. That is, the costs of eliminating defects are reflected in the entries indicated above, but all these costs are collected not on the 20th account, but in debit account 28 "Marriage in production".

Thus, all production costs are taken into account. On the debit of accounts 20 and 23 all direct costs are collected, on the debit of accounts 25 and 26 - indirect.

Before proceeding with the calculation of the cost of production, the actual costs of auxiliary production must be distributed among the main production, general production and general economic needs. For this, postings D20 (25, 26) K23 are made.

Auxiliary Manufacturing Cost Allocation Transactions

Write-off of indirect general production and general expenses

At the end of the month, it is necessary to write off the indirect costs collected on the debit of accounts 25 and 26. Write-off of general production costs is carried out by posting D20 K25, and general business costs - D20 K26.

It should be noted that the distribution of indirect general production costs by types of products of the main production can be performed in one of the following ways:

• in proportion to the wages of employees of the main production;
• in proportion to material costs;
• in proportion to the amount of direct costs;
• in proportion to the proceeds from the sale of finished products.

The organization chooses one of these methods and reflects its choice in the Order on accounting policy.

The cost of products (works, services) is the cost estimate of natural resources, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, fixed assets, labor resources, as well as other costs for its production and sale, used in the production process of products (works, services).

How is the cost taken into account

The main accounting accounts, on which the costs associated with the formation of the cost of production are collected, are (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n):

• production cost accounting accounts (accounts 20-29);
• account 44 "Costs of sale".

So, for example, the credit of account 20 "Main production" reflects the amount of the actual cost of production completed, works and services performed. These amounts are debit to accounts 43 "Finished goods", 40 "Production", 90 "Sales", etc.

Cost: postings

The actual cost of transactions may vary. If the cost price is written off when selling finished goods, the transactions can be as follows:

Debit of account 90 "Sales" - Credit of account 43 "Finished goods" - for the actual production cost of sold finished goods

The debit of account 90 "Sales" - Credit of account 40 "Product release" - for the standard (planned) cost of finished goods sold, as well as the deviation of the standard cost from the actual production cost.

On accounts for accounting for expenses related to sales, as well as costs of auxiliary and service industries, postings at cost price can be as follows:

Account debit 90 - Account credit 44 - Written off the costs of selling finished products

Debit of account 20 - Credit of account 23 "Auxiliary production" - Reflected the amount of the actual cost of finished production of auxiliary production, released to the main production

Debit of account 20 - Credit of account 29 "Serving production" - Reflected the amount of the actual cost of the finished production of production of the service production when selling it to third-party organizations.

In accounting, "unfinished business" is determined according to different rules than in tax accounting. In addition, there are very few industry-specific regulations for calculating the cost of production. Let's try to understand this topic.

Finished goods are part of the inventory (MPZ) held for sale. This definition is given in clause 2 "Accounting for inventories". In clause 5 of the same PBU it is established that inventories are accepted for accounting at their actual cost.

Actual cost

The actual cost of inventories manufactured by the organization is calculated based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories (clause 7 of PBU 5/01). The organization carries out the accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories in the manner prescribed for determining the cost of the corresponding types of products.

Thus, the actual cost of products (works, services) is a cost estimate of the natural resources, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, fixed assets, labor resources, used in the production process, etc.

Book prices for finished and intermediate products

For accounting of inventories approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n (hereinafter referred to as the Methodological Instructions), it is allowed to use accounting prices in analytical accounting and storage locations for finished products: actual production cost, standard cost, contractual prices, other types of prices.

Accounting for finished products at the actual production cost

It is rare to use actual production costs as the book price. Namely: for single and small-scale production, mass production of a small range, provided that production costs are constant from month to month.

In other cases, it is rather problematic to use the actual production cost of a product as its book price. After all, the amount of most of the costs that form the actual cost becomes known only at the end of the month. These costs may include salaries, depreciation of fixed assets, the amount of electricity consumed. In turn, finished products can be taken into account before the production cost is formed.

Accounting for finished products at standard cost

The accounting price can also be the standard cost of production, which includes the costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, fuel, energy, labor resources, etc. in the production process. The standard cost can also be determined by direct cost items.

The considered accounting price is used mainly in industries with mass and batch production with a large range of finished products. The advantages of this price are convenience in the implementation of operational accounting of the movement of finished products, the stability of the accounting prices, as well as the uniformity of valuation in management and accounting.

Accounting for finished products at a negotiated price

If the prices for the products sold are stable, the negotiated price may be used as the book price. However, in this case, the accounting price will not fulfill its main function - to characterize the cost of goods sold.

The final choice of a specific variant of the accounting price remains with the organization.

The total cost of the finished product must equal the actual production cost of that product. Moreover, it does not matter what discount price is used. Therefore, when accounting prices that differ from the actual production cost are applied during the reporting period, deviations of the actual production cost from the accounting prices are estimated and reflected in accounting.

Work in progress valuation

The definition of work in progress (WIP) for accounting purposes is given in Accounting and Accounting in Russian Federation, approved by the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n.

It indicates that WIP includes products (works) that have not passed all stages (phases, redistributions) provided for by the technological process, as well as incomplete products that have not passed tests and technical acceptance. The presence and size of WIP residues depend on the nature and duration of the technological process, as well as on the characteristics of the products. The remnants of the WIP are established by taking an inventory.

WIP in mass and serial production can be reflected in the balance sheet:

• at the actual production cost. It is convenient to estimate the remnants of WIP at the actual costs incurred for a single (individual) production of products. Until the product is finished, all manufacturing costs are attributed to WIP;
• at the standard (planned) production cost. This method of assessing WIP is used in mass and batch production;
• on direct cost items. In this case, all indirect costs are attributed to the cost of products (works, services);
• at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products. This method of WIP assessment is advisable in case of material-intensive production.

An organization can choose an acceptable way to measure work in progress, including taking into account the valuation of finished goods. The organization fixes the chosen method in the accounting policy.

Cost accounting and actual costing methods

The main methods of accounting for costs and calculating the cost of production in accounting are standard, by-order, order-by-order and by-process.

When normative method cost accounting for each product, a calculation of the standard cost of the product is drawn up using the developed and approved cost standards. Production costs for the relevant items of expenditure are taken into account in the context of norms and deviations from them. The actual production cost of products is determined by adjusting the standard cost of the product for deviations from the norms for each cost item.

With the help of this method, it is convenient to carry out operational control over the production cost.

When transverse method cost accounting objects of accounting are redistributions, at each of which an intermediate product is produced. This product will be processed in subsequent redistributions or sold outside. The last redistribution in the technological chain produces finished products. In such industries, the cost of production of each redistribution is calculated. That is, not only the finished product, but also semi-finished products. The list of redistributions is determined taking into account the peculiarities of the technological process. If different types of products are produced in one redistribution, then the object of costing is the type of product.

The considered accounting method is more often used in mass-intensive production, involving the sequential processing of raw materials and materials.

When by order method of cost accounting and costing of products, production orders are accounting objects. Direct costs are taken into account in the context of costing items for individual production orders issued for a predetermined number of items (products). The remaining costs are accounted for by cost centers and included in the cost of individual orders in accordance with the established allocation base. The actual cost of each order is determined after completion. Until the order is completed, all related costs are recorded in the WIP.

This method is typical for individual and small-scale production, the performance of individual work, the provision of services. In individual production, the individual cost of each order is determined, which is the cost of the corresponding unit of production (work, service). In small-scale production, the actual unit cost is calculated by dividing the actual cost of completing an order by the number of products manufactured for that order.

When by process method accounting objects of cost accounting are individual processes in the manufacture (release) of products, in the performance of work, the provision of services as components of the entire production process. Costs are accounted for according to costing items for the entire production output. The average cost per unit of product (work, service) is determined by dividing the sum of all costs incurred per month by the amount of finished products.

The method is used, as a rule, in the manufacture of products of a small range, if due to the peculiarities of the technological process, there is no WIP.

Calculation of the actual cost

The actual cost of goods sold is calculated based on information on the value of production costs in the reporting period.

Here is a simplified algorithm for calculating the cost of production. It includes:

1. Allocation and write-off of general production costs.
2. Allocation and write-off of general business expenses.
3. Calculation of the cost of production of auxiliary industries.
4. Distribution of expenses for auxiliary production.
5. Determination of the total cost of the main production. It is equal to the sum of direct costs associated with the production of products (performance of work, provision of services), costs of auxiliary production and indirect costsrelated to the activities of the main production.
6. Determination of the amount of costs of the main production attributable to the remnants of WIP.
7. Determination of the actual production cost of finished products (works, services).
8. Distribution of expenses for the sale of manufactured products.
9. Determination of the actual cost of goods sold.

Let's consider a number of points of the algorithm in more detail.

Actual Cost Calculation: Allocating Overhead Costs

General production expenses are collected during the month on account 25 “General production expenses”. When distributed at the end of the month, these costs are written off:

• in the debit of account 20 "Main production" - in terms of expenses included in the cost of production of the main production units;
• and (or) in the debit of account 23 "Auxiliary production" - in terms of costs included in the cost of production of subsidiary production units.

The organization establishes the basis for the distribution of general production costs independently and fixes it in the accounting policy. The distribution base can be used:

• wages of workers engaged in the production of a certain type of product;
• the cost of materials used to manufacture a certain type of product;
• the total amount of direct costs associated with the production of each type of product;
• the total amount of proceeds from the sale of each type of product.

Example 1

The amount of general production costs incurred by LLC Mashtech in September 2014 amounted to 1,200,000 rubles. According to the accounting policy of the company, general production costs are distributed between types of activities in proportion wages workers employed in each of the activities. The wages of workers employed in the main production amounted to 600,000 rubles, and in the auxiliary production - 250,000 rubles.

At the end of September, the accountant has to distribute the general production costs among the activities. The share of the main production accounts for general production costs in the amount of 847,058.82 rubles. , and the share of auxiliary production - 352,941.18 rubles. (1,200,000 rubles - 847,058.82 rubles).

Dt 20 Kt 25 - 847,058.82 rubles. - written off general production costs in the part attributable to the main production;

Dt 23 Kt 25 - 352,941.18 rubles. - written off general production costs in the part attributable to auxiliary production.

Actual Cost Calculation: Allocation of General Business Expenses

The organization also establishes the rules for the distribution of general business expenses independently and fixes it in the accounting policy.

Depending on the method of writing off the specified costs, there are two options for the formation of the cost of products (works, services):

• the first option is at full cost. That is, the expenses collected on account 26 "General business expenses" are distributed between various types of products and are included in their cost by analogy with general production costs;
• the second option - at a reduced cost. In this case, general operating expenses at the end of each reporting period are written off in full to account 90 "Sales".

Example 2

Let's use the conditions of example 1. Let's assume that the general operating expenses of Mashtech LLC in September 2014 amounted to 900,000 rubles.

Suppose the organization generates the full cost of production. Then the organization establishes the procedure for the distribution of general business expenses between types of activities in the accounting policy. Let's agree that this procedure is similar to the distribution of general production costs between types of activities. In this case, the accountant distributes general expenses at the end of the month in proportion to the wages of workers employed in the main and auxiliary industries.

The share of the main production accounts for general expenses in the amount of 635,294.12 rubles. , and the share of the auxiliary - 264 705.88 rubles. (900,000 rubles - 635,294.12 rubles).

Dt 20 Kt 26 - 635 294.12 rubles. - written off general business expenses in the part attributable to the main production;

Dt 23 Kt 26 - 264 705.88 rubles. - written off general expenses in the part attributable to auxiliary production.

The organization can calculate the reduced cost. Then the accountant at the end of the month writes off the amount of general business expenses to the debit of account 90. In this case, the accountant must make the following posting:

Dt 90 Kt 26 - 900,000 rubles. - General business expenses were written off to the cost of production.

Calculation of the actual cost of production of auxiliary production

The cost of production of auxiliary industries is calculated based on the amount of direct costs of these industries and the amount of indirect costs in terms of the activities of such industries. In addition, the value of the residual WIP of the auxiliary production is calculated. Such calculations can be performed in the same way as they are done for the main production, or in a simplified manner. It all depends on what order is fixed in the accounting policy of the organization.

The costs of auxiliary production are distributed at the end of the month between industries - consumers of products of auxiliary production. The distribution procedure is fixed in the accounting policy.

Calculation of the actual production cost

The amount of actual costs incurred in the current period in connection with the production of products (performance of work, provision of services), minus costs attributed to WIP, is the actual production cost of finished products (works, services). The actual cost takes into account the part of the indirect costs and expenses of auxiliary production allocated to this type of product, the cost of losses from marriage that is not subject to recovery from the perpetrators, as well as the cost of losses from shortages and damage to values \u200b\u200bwithin the limits of natural loss.

Depending on the accounting policy adopted by the organization, the actual cost of finished products is written off from the credit of account 20 "Main production" to the debit of accounts 40 "Output of products (works, services)", 43 "Finished goods" or 90 "Sales". If the organization directs part of the finished product for its own needs, such material assets are credited at their actual production cost to the corresponding accounts for accounting for these material assets.

Accounting for deviations of the actual cost of finished goods from the book prices

The current regulatory documents provide for two options for accounting for finished products on accounting accounts. The first way is using the 40 count, and the second without this count. The organization fixes the choice of method in the accounting policy.

First way. If the organization uses account 40 in accounting, during the month the finished products actually released and delivered to the warehouse are valued at the standard (planned) cost and are reflected according to the credit of account 40 in correspondence with account 43. The sold products are reflected at the standard (planned) cost according to the debit of the account 90 and credit account 43.

At the end of the month, on account 40, information is generated about products released from production (work handed over, services rendered) in two estimates:

• on debit - the actual production cost;
• for a loan - standard (planned) cost.

By comparing the debit and credit turnovers for account 40, the deviation of the actual production cost from the standard (planned) one is revealed. The excess of the standard (planned) cost over the actual in terms of products sold (work accepted, services rendered) is reflected by a reversal entry on the debit of account 90 and credit of account 40. Excess of the actual cost over the standard (planned) in terms of products sold (accepted works, services rendered) is reflected in the debit of account 90 and credit of account 40 with an additional entry.

Example 3

OOO "Teapot" produces aluminum products. In September 2014, the actual cost of finished goods was RUB 1,500,000. Its standard cost is 1,300,000 rubles. This month, products were sold, the standard cost of which is 1,000,000 rubles. There were no product leftovers in the warehouse at the beginning of the month.

The accountant made the following entries:

during September 2014

Dt 43 Kt 40 - 1,300,000 rubles. - reflects the standard cost of finished products;

Dt 90 Kt 43 - 1,000,000 rubles. - the standard cost of goods sold was written off;

Dt 40 Kt 20 - 1,500,000 rubles. - reflected the actual cost of finished products;

Dt 90 Kt 40 - 153,846.15 rubles. [(1,500,000 rubles - 1,300,000 rubles): 1,300,000 rubles. x 1,000,000 rubles] - the deviation of the actual cost of goods sold from the standard has been written off.

Second way. If a accounting policies the organization does not provide for the use of account 40, the amount of the actual cost of production completed by production and transferred to the warehouse is debited from account 20 directly to the debit of account 43.

Posting to account 43 and writing off the released products from it is made at discount prices. The deviations of the actual cost from the book prices are calculated at the end of the month. The difference between the actual cost and the cost of finished goods at accounting prices is reflected in a separate subaccount "Deviations of the actual cost of finished goods from the book value" to account 43. At the same time, the amount of deviations related to the sold finished goods is written off to the sales accounts. The procedure for calculating this amount includes determining:

• the amount of deviations attributable to the balance of finished products at the beginning of the month;
• the amount of deviations for products received from production for the month;
• the cost at the discount prices of the balance of finished products at the beginning of the month
• the cost at the discount prices of products received from production for the month;
• the ratio of the total amount of deviations from the actual cost to accounting prices: (item a + item b): (item c + item d);
• the cost of products sold at discount prices;
• the amount of deviations attributable to the products sold: (item ex x p. e).

Example 4

Let's use the conditions of example 3. Suppose that the organization's accounting policy does not provide for the use of account 40. In this case, the accountant must make the following entries:

during September 2014

Дт 43 subaccount "Standard cost of finished products" Кт 20 - 1,300,000 rubles. - reflects the standard cost of finished products;

Dt 90 Kt 43 subaccount "Standard cost of finished products" - 1,000,000 rubles. - the standard cost of goods sold was written off;

Дт 43 subaccount "Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value" Кт 20 - 200,000 rubles. (1,500,000 rubles - 1,300,000 rubles) - the deviation of the actual cost of finished products from the standard is reflected;

Dt 90 Kt 43 subaccount "Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value" - 153 846.15 rubles. - written off the deviation of the actual cost of goods sold from the standard.

The amount of deviations attributable to products sold is taken into account when determining the actual cost of products sold. Deviations related to the balances of finished products in the warehouse continue to be recorded on the subaccount "Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value" of account 43.

Selling expenses

Expenses related to the sale of products (works, services) are recorded during the month on account 44 "Sales expenses". At the end of the month, these costs are written off in terms of products sold to account 90. Sales costs can be allocated between individual types of products on a monthly basis based on their weight, volume, production cost or other indicators.

In the event of a discrepancy between the moment of shipment and the moment of transfer of ownership of the product, the costs are allocated between the shipped and sold products. For this, it is determined:

• the amount of expenses on sale attributable to the balance of products shipped but not sold at the beginning of the month;
• the amount of sales expenses incurred in the current month;
• the cost at the discount prices of the remainder of the shipped but not sold products at the beginning of the month;
• the cost at the discount prices of the shipped products per month;
• average percentage of expenses for the sale: (item a + item b): (item c + item d);
• the cost at the discount prices of products sold in the current month;
• the amount of sales expenses to be debited to account 90: (pd x pf).

Example 5

Suppose that the cost of selling Mashtech LLC in September 2014 amounted to RUB 560,000. The balance of expenses for the sale of the previous month is 23,000 rubles. The cost at discount prices of the remainder of shipped but not sold products - 300,000 rubles. The cost at the discount prices of the products shipped in the current month is 950,000 rubles. The cost at the discount prices of products sold in September 2004 is 1,200,000 rubles.

The average percentage of selling expenses in September 2014 was 0.4664 [(560,000 rubles + 23,000 rubles): (950,000 rubles + 300,000 rubles)].

The amount of sales expenses to be written off in the current month is 559,680 rubles. (1,200,000 rubles x 0.4664).

Dt 90 Kt 44 - 559 680 rubles. - Written off sales costs to the cost of production.

The total cost of goods sold at book prices, the amount of variances attributable to goods sold, and the amount of sales costs attributable to goods sold represent the actual cost of goods sold.