What can you create a reserve for. Doubtful debt reserve. Exclusive tax reserves

In the practice of entrepreneurship, one has to be in the role of both a lender and a borrower. In the first case, there are situations when partners, for one reason or another, do not pay off the debt on time or do not fulfill their financial obligations at all. However, such financial situations should still be accurately reflected in the accounting and financial records of the organization. For this purpose, a special reserve is created.

Consider the principles of forming this type of reserve, methods of accounting for it, accounting entries accompanying this process, as well as the nuances of write-off.

Doubtful debts and reserves for them

For reliable financial reflection of the organization's receivables in accounting documents a so-called reserve for doubtful debts.
To define this concept, you first need to understand what doubtful debt is.

Questionable accounts receivable to the company are recognized, which are unlikely to be repaid in full, as evidenced by the following factors:

• violation by the partner of the terms of depositing money on the debt;
• obtaining data on serious financial difficulties from the debtor partner;
• absence of any additional guarantees (pledge, deposit, surety, bank guarantee, retention of any property of the counterparty, etc.)

NOTE! Debt reflected on the debit of any accounting accounts, including 60, 62, 72, and also issued as a loan on subaccount 58-3, may become doubtful.

Doubtful debt is revealed based on the results of the inventory of settlement accounts:

• on loans;
• for goods and / or services sold;
• on payment for work performed;
• in some cases - for an advance issued to suppliers.

In order to correctly reflect this type of debt in the balance sheet, a special type of reserve is created, which is designed to serve as an estimated value for accounting. This means that the amount of debt in the balance sheet must be reflected, deducting from it the funds assigned to the reserve. In the content of expenses or income, it is imperative to display:

• creating such a reserve;
• its increase;
• decrease in funds.

NOTE! The reserve created for doubtful debts is included in the expenses for which are deducted in taxation, therefore, organizations are financially beneficial from the point of view of tax accounting form and take into account the reserve.

Legislative documents

State regulation of issues related to the reserve for doubtful debts is regulated by the following legislative acts:

• Tax Code of the Russian Federation (part 2) dated August 05, 2000 No. 117-FZ, as amended, entered into force on March 01, 2015;
• Accounting Regulations and accounting statements in the Russian Federation, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 29, 1998 No. 34n;
• Accounting Regulations PBU 4/99 "Financial Statements of an Organization", approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 6, 1999 No. 43n;
• Order of the Ministry of Finance dated June 13, 1995 No. 49 (as amended on November 8, 2010) "On Approval of the Methodological Instructions for the Inventory of Property and Financial Liabilities";
• Accounting Regulation 21/2008 "Changes in Estimated Values", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance Russian Federation dated October 06, 2008 No. 106n.

How to create a reserve for doubtful debts

The specifics of creating and disposing of a reserve for doubtful debts are not clearly regulated by law. Organizations should independently develop the relevant provisions and enshrine them in internal regulations. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the generally accepted features of regulation. financial reserves firms.

1. Foundation of creation - for this type of reserve, it will be the results of the inventory of accounts receivable held on the last reporting day.
2. The amount of provisions- for each defaulter is determined separately (analytical accounting doubtful debts). This takes into account the consistency of each partner (real financial prospects and opportunities for full or partial return of the debt).
3. Reserve creation methodcan be chosen by the organization independently based on the specifics of the activity and the nuances of the debt itself. There are three possible ways to create a reserve fund for doubtful debts:
   • interval- the amount of provisions is calculated each settlement period (month, quarter) by calculating the percentage of the amount owed, which may vary depending on the degree of delay in payment;
   • expert- the amount of the debt, which will not be paid in due time, is estimated separately for each debtor, this will be the amount of provisions;
   • statistical- data on bad debts are taken into account at once for several reporting periods for different types debts.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION! The organization must record the chosen method and features of the calculation in its accounting policy... For each type, you need to prescribe the appropriate conditions. For example, for the interval method, the accounting period and the percentage of deductions should be indicated (not necessarily the same as that used in tax accounting); for the expert - the criteria for the consistency of the debtor, etc.

Accounting for the provision - accounting or tax?

The specifics of creating a reserve for doubtful debts in accounting and tax accounting differ significantly, since these types of accounting have different purposes. Let's compare the rules specific to accounting and tax accounting regarding the provision.

1. Mandatory creation. In accounting, such a reserve is required, since this is required by para. 1 clause 7 of the Accounting Regulations. If an organization uses the accrual method for tax accounting, then the accountant decides for himself whether to create such a reserve for tax accounting or not (this right is reflected in clause 3 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
2. Description of deductions. Accounting defines provisions as "other expenses", and for tax accounting they must be taken into account among non-operating expenses.
3. Interpreting doubtful debt. For accounting, any indebtedness that has not been paid off in time or in full is suitable for compensation with a reserve, and for tax purposes, only a delay in payment for goods, services, works can be recognized as such.
4. Determination of the amount of deductions... For accounting, the priority of establishing the size remains with the accountant (taking into account the characteristics of the debt), and in tax accounting, the sizes are clearly defined by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
5. Total size of the reserve fund... In accounting, it is not limited, and in tax accounting it cannot be more than one tenth of the proceeds.

Conditions for the formation of the reserve

The orders, orders and letters of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation have determined a number of conditions necessary for compliance with the creation of a reserve fund for doubtful debts.

1. This fund can be created as a result of settlements with legal and individuals - buyers for purchased goods, services or paid work. Advances paid to suppliers are not included in the reserve amounts.
2. After creating a reserve, the management and / or accounting department of the organization must constantly monitor the dynamics of arrears, since their state may change, and the reserve fund should reflect the actual state of affairs (analytical approach).
3. In accounting, a debt can be recognized as hopeless according to the regulations of Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (as for tax accounting). Otherwise, there is no limit on the timing and size of the reserve fund for debts.
4. If the question arose about which accounting treatment for reserve assets to apply, accounting or tax, one should be guided by the following factors:
   • if the discrepancies relate to the temporary difference in the correlation of the maturity of the debt (for accounting, this is a complete non-repayment within 45 days after the expiration of the time limits), then the difference will lead to deposits of tax assets, that is, deductible time intervals for certain amounts of funds (clause 8, 11, 14 PBU 18/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2002, No. 114n)
   • if the amount of deductions to the reserve fund for accounting exceeds the 10% threshold established by tax accounting, then the company will operate with permanent financial differences (clauses 4, 7 of PBU 18/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2002, No. 114n).

Reflection of a provision for doubtful debts in accounting

Since deductions to this reserve are the dynamics of the estimated value, they need to be reflected on the balance sheet at regular intervals. They are included in the expenses of the period in which there were changes in the movement of assets in this reserve. Therefore, data on the state of the reserve must be contained in each financial statement (Article 15 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402).

We carry out accounting

The reflection of reserves for doubtful debts should occur on debit 91 "Other income and expenses" and credit 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts".

We carry out bad debts

If a debt that was previously listed as doubtful is recognized as uncollectible, its reserve will be written off on debit 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts", which corresponds to account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" or 76 "settlements with various debtors and creditors". If the amount bad debt more than the reserve for it, it will have to be written off on debit 91 "Other expenses and income". If you wrote off a debt for which the terms have expired limitation period, it must be kept for 5 years on the off-balance sheet account 007 "Debt of insolvent creditors written off at a loss", in case the debtor's solvency returns and the possibility of its repayment appears.

We carry out partial payment

If, on account of doubtful debts with a formed reserve, payment is received from the debtor, at least partially, this affects the dynamics of funds in the reserve in a positive direction, which must be reflected as recovery on debit 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts", correspondence with account 91 "Other income and expenses ".

We spend unused reserves

If the reserve could not be used before the end of the accounting year that follows the one in which the reserve was created, then this amount on the balance sheet must be added to financial results at the end of this year on debit 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts", credit 91 "Other income and expenses".

We carry out as tax liabilities

If only mandatory accounting of reserves is kept, and tax accounting is not carried out, then permanent taxable differences must be recognized as tax liabilities, reflecting them in debit 99 "Profits and losses" and credit 68 "Calculations of taxes and duties".

Examples of

EXAMPLE 1... According to the results of the quarterly inventory, the organization revealed doubtful debt in the amount of 12 thousand rubles. by settlements for goods sold. A reserve of 100% was formed for this debt. At the date of creation of the provision, accounting will contain the following transaction:

• debit 91-2, credit 63 - 12,000 rubles. - a reserve for doubtful debt has been created.

After a while, the debtor company paid off part of this receivable in the amount of 7 thousand rubles. The transaction at the date of deposit will be as follows:

• debit 63, credit 91-1 - 7,000 rubles. - the reserve has been restored in the part of the repaid receivables.

EXAMPLE 2... The organization previously recognized doubtful debt in the amount of RUB 10,000. A reserve of 7 thousand rubles was created for it, which was later replenished to 100% of the debt. After the expiration of the limitation period, this debt was recognized as hopeless and written off at a loss. Consider the postings (each on its own date of a particular operation):

• debit 91-2, credit 63 - 7,000 rubles. - a reserve for doubtful debt has been created;
• debit 91-2, credit 63 - 3,000 rubles. - additionally accrued reserve for doubtful debt;
• debit 63, credit 76 - 10,000 rubles. - the bad debt was written off at the expense of the reserve.

We reflect in the balance

To reflect doubtful debts in the balance sheet, line 1230 is intended. It reflects the amount of debts less the reserve created for them.

Creation or additional accruals to the reserve are passed on line 2350 of the financial statement ("Other expenses").

Separately, the balance on account 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts" is not displayed in the balance sheet, the total amount of accounts receivable simply decreases accordingly.

The right to tax accounting of reserves for doubtful debts

In tax accounting, it is not necessary to reflect doubtful debts and provisions for them. But if the accounting department deems it necessary to do this, this right is ensured and regulated by Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

In taxation, the definition of doubtful and bad debt is no different from accounting purposes. We discussed the detailed difference above. The very procedure for creating and changing the reserve for such debts is different:

• if the debt term exceeds 3 months, then the amount of the reserve will be fully equivalent to the amount of the debt;
• if the time of payment of the debt is overdue for a period of 45 to 90 days, only half of the amount can be added to the reserve;
• before the 45-day debt arrears, changes to the reserve are not allowed.

For each doubtful debt, analytical records must be constantly kept for a prompt response in the event of a change in the debtor's financial situation.

NOTE! In tax accounting, it is legitimate to apply the reserve for doubtful debts solely to cover losses on written off bad debts.

A one-time write-off of large expenses can lead to a sharp increase in costs and even cause a loss. In order to evenly include future costs in the production costs of the reporting period, the organization may create reserves to cover any estimated costs.

The regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation are allowed to create reserves for:

• upcoming payment employee vacations;
• payment of annual remuneration for seniority;
• payment of remuneration based on the results of work for the year;
• repair of fixed assets (partly discussed in clause 4.2);
• production costs for preparatory work due to the seasonal nature of production;
• forthcoming costs for land reclamation and other environmental protection measures;
• future costs of repairing items intended for rent under a rental agreement;
• warranty repair and warranty service;
• covering other foreseen costs and other purposes provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

Criteria for the formation of reserves (common for all):

1. creation of reserves is optional;
2. accrual of reserves for future expenses is the subject of consideration of the accounting policy of the organization;
3. future costs are evenly included in the production costs of the reporting period;
4. reserves for future expenses are created for a period of one reporting year.

   These reserves have no balances at the end of the reporting year, with the exception of the following reserves:

   • for the forthcoming payment of vacations to employees;
   • for the payment of annual remuneration for seniority;
   • for the payment of remuneration based on the results of work for the year;
   • for the repair of fixed assets (repair fund).
5. at the end of the reporting year, an inventory of reserves is carried out - the validity, correctness of the formation and use of amounts in accordance with the data of estimates, calculations, etc. are checked. For reserves that do not have carry-over balances, excessively reserved amounts are included in other income, the lack of a reserve is additionally charged.

To reflect the creation of reserves for future expenses in the chart of accounts, the account is designed 96 "Provisions for future expenses" - passive.

Opening balance (on credit) - the amount of the created reserve at the beginning of the reporting period.

Credit turnover - creating a reserve.

Debit turnover is the use of reserve amounts.

Ending balance (on credit) - the amount of the created reserve at the end of the reporting period.

Provisions for the forthcoming payment of vacations to employees, for the payment of annual remuneration for length of service, for the payment of benefits based on the results of work for the year. A reserve to cover future expenses for vacation payments is created in case of significant seasonality of these expenses. The organization itself decides whether to create this or that reserve, determines the way to reserve certain amounts, reflecting this in its accounting policies.

To form a reserve for the forthcoming payment of employee vacations, the calculation of the amount of monthly deductions to the reserve can be made based on the estimated annual amount of expenses for the payment of vacations together with the amount of insurance premiums and the amount of contributions for compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases.

Example

The estimated annual amount of expenses for paying vacations is 100,000 rubles, the amount of insurance contributions is 26,000 rubles, the amount of contributions for compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases - 200 rubles.

The total amount of the reserve will be 100,000 rubles. + 26,000 rubles. + 200 rub. \u003d 126 200 rubles.

The amount of monthly deductions will be 126,200 rubles / 12 months \u003d 10,517 rubles.

To create a reserve for the payment of an annual lump sum remuneration for seniority, the amount of monthly deductions to the reserve can be calculated based on the established amount of payments for seniority to the relevant categories of employees.

Dt 08, 20, 23, 25, 26 ... Kt 96 - reserve created;

Dt 96 Kt 70, 69 - the amount of the reserve was used.

Provision for the repair of fixed assets. When reserving the forthcoming expenses for carrying out all types of repairs of fixed assets, organizations can create:

• repair fund;
• reserve for the repair of fixed assets.

Contributions are determined based on book value fixed assets and norms of deductions, approved in the accounting policy by the organizations themselves. The main criteria for determining the standard are:

• repair terms based on concluded contracts;
• defective statements indicating the need for repair work;
• volume in value terms based on the price established in the contract, and when performing work in an economic way - based on the actual costs of the work;
• deductions to reserves based on estimated cost object repair and turnaround times.

When creating a repair fund, the norms are approved for at least 5 years. Contributions to the fund should be made for large objects with a long period of repair.

When creating a reserve for the repair of fixed assets, the following conditions must be met:

1. in case of inventory counting, overly reserved amounts at the end of the year are reversed;
2. it is allowed to leave carry-overs on next yearif in the current period the repair work was started but not completed;
3. reserves cannot be created for more than 5 years.

Dt 20,23,25,26 ... Kt 96 - a reserve has been created for the repair of fixed assets (repair fund);

Дт 96 Кт 23, 70,69,76, 23,10 - the reserve for the repair of fixed assets produced by the economic method was used;

Дт 96 Кт 60, 76 - the reserve for the repair of fixed assets made by third parties was used.

Provision for production costs for preparatory work due to the seasonal nature of production. The creation of this reserve is directly related to the seasonal nature of production.

In accordance with clause 3.53 of the Methodological Guidelines for the Inventory of Property and Financial Liabilities, if in an organization with a seasonal nature of production, the amount of expenses for maintaining production and managing it included in actual cost of manufactured products according to the standards established in the organization exceeds the actual costs, the resulting difference is reserved as future costs.

There should be no balance at the end of the year for this reserve.

Dt 20, 23,25,26 ... Kt 96 - creation of a reserve for production costs associated with preparatory work due to the seasonal nature of production.

Dt 96 Kt 02,10,51, 60, 76, 70, 69 - use of the reserve;

Д 96 Кт 91-1 - the excessively reserved amounts are included in other income.

Reserve for warranty repairs and warranty service. If an organization bears the costs of warranty repairs and warranty service for products for which the warranty period is established, then it can create a reserve for warranty repairs and warranty services.

The reserve is formed not as a lump sum at the beginning of the quarter (year), but gradually, as the goods are sold.

The Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes strict norms by which the size of the reserve for warranty repairs and warranty service should be calculated. It should not exceed a certain percentage of the cost of warranty work that the organization has performed in the previous 3 years. To calculate this share, you must divide the amount of the indicated expenses by the proceeds for the same period.

If the organization has not previously dealt with warranty repairs, then, when calculating the reserve, they should proceed from the expected costs.

Synthetic accounting register - order journal No. 12.

Analytical accounting is kept for each created reserve.

When an organization uses an automated accounting form using the 1C: Enterprise software product, registers synthetic accounting are the turnovers of account 96 ( main book), analysis of account 96, balance sheet, etc. analytical accounting the balance sheet for account 96, analysis of account 96 for sub-account, turnovers between sub-accounts, account card 96, account card 96 for sub-account, etc. act.

Photo by Evgeny Smirnov, IA "Clerk.Ru"

Unfortunately, in practice, organizations often face overdue accounts receivable from their buyers (customers), and possibly other debtors. The doubtful debt reserve is created so that the data on its accounts receivable in the accounting statements of the organization are reliable. Therefore, if there is a doubtful debt, it is necessary to create a reserve, even if the organization is a small business entity.

In order for the data in the financial statements to be reliable, the assets and liabilities of the organization are subject to adjustment based on the estimated values. In relation to receivables, the estimated value is the allowance for doubtful debts, that is, the amount of receivables is reflected in the balance sheet less the created allowance.

Note! The reserve is included in tax expenses, therefore, it is beneficial for organizations to use this right and create a reserve for doubtful debts for tax accounting purposes.

The main regulatory documents on the formation of reserves for doubtful debts:

1. Tax Code of the Russian Federation (part two) of 08/05/2000 N 117-FZ (as amended on 12/29/2014) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 03/01/2015).
2. Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 29, 1998 No. 34n
3. Accounting Regulations ", approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.07.1999 No. 43n
4. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1995 N 49 (as amended on 08.11.2010) "On Approval of the Methodological Instructions for the Inventory of Property and Financial Liabilities"
5. Accounting Regulations, approved by by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 No. 106n.

Let's define the concepts

Overdue debt is a receivable that has not been repaid within the time frame established by contracts and (or) judicial acts or other documents that establish or change the maturity date of the debt.

Bad debt - a receivable that has expired set time limitation period, as well as the debt for which, in accordance with civil law, the obligation is terminated due to the impossibility of its execution on the basis of an act of a state body or the liquidation of the organization.

Restructured debt is a debt for which the debtor has been granted an installment plan or deferral of debt repayment, including within the framework of an agreement on debt restructuring, a settlement agreement approved by a court and entered into legal force.

Accounting and tax accounting. There are differences!

• By right of creation.In accounting, the creation of a reserve for doubtful debts is an obligation (paragraph 1, clause 70 of the Regulation on accounting and reporting). In tax accounting, the creation of such a reserve is a right, taking into account that the organization applies the accrual method (clause 3 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
• On the subject of debt. In accounting, reserves are created for any receivables recognized by the organization as doubtful (clause 70 of the Regulations on accounting and reporting). In tax accounting, reserves are created only for the arrears of buyers and customers for products, goods, works and services (paragraph 1 of clause 1 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
• By the date of the debt.In accounting, not only indebtedness with the maturity date, but also indebtedness, the maturity date of which has not yet come, can be considered doubtful (paragraph 2, clause 70 of the Regulations on accounting and reporting). In tax accounting, doubtful debts include debts that have not been repaid within the terms stipulated by the agreement (clause 1 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Accounting

Methods for calculating the allowance for doubtful debts:

The chosen method and methodology for calculating the allowance for doubtful debts must be consolidated in the accounting policy for accounting purposes. For example, if the selected method expert judgment each doubtful debt, then in the accounting policy it is necessary to prescribe specific criteria (for example, indicators of the solvency and financial condition of the debtor) on which such an assessment is based. If the method of calculating the reserve is chosen depending on the period of delay of each doubtful debt, then in the accounting policy you need to set the appropriate percentage values \u200b\u200bfor deductions to the reserve (they may coincide with those used in tax accounting, or may not be the same).

When forming a reserve for doubtful debts, the following conditions must be met:

1. The reserve is created for settlements with other organizations and citizens for products, goods, works and services. The reserve does not include the amounts of advances transferred to suppliers (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 15.10.2003 N 16-00-14 / 316 “On the doubtful debt of the organization). Thus, the reserve is created only for the debt of buyers (customers).
2. The reserve is created based on the results of the inventory of the organization's accounts receivable.
3. The amount of the provision is determined separately for each doubtful debt, depending on the financial condition (solvency) of the debtor and the assessment of the likelihood of repayment of the debt in full or in part.

It should be noted that the accounting legislation does not provide for restrictions either on the amount of the created reserve, or on the timing of the doubtful debt. At the same time, the current accounting legislation does not prevent the use of the method of recognizing receivables as hopeless, established by Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, and for accounting purposes.

Therefore, if the procedure for the formation of reserves in tax and accounting is different, then:

• on discrepancies arising from different definition terms for reservation (i.e. in accounting the amount of the reserve is created, for example, in the amount of 100% on outstanding debt after 45 days), deductible temporary differences will arise in accounting, which lead to the formation of a deferred tax asset (p. 8, 11, 14 PBU 18/02, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2002, No. 114n).
• for discrepancies arising when the estimated amount of deductions to the reserve in accounting exceeds 10% of the amount of proceeds from sales, the organization forms permanent differences (clauses 4, 7 of PBU 18/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2002, No. 114n).

The amounts of created reserves for doubtful debts are included in the financial results and are reflected in the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" and credit of account 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts".

The write-off of bad debt, previously recognized as doubtful in the accounting, for which a reserve was formed, is reflected accounting entry on the debit of account 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts" in correspondence with account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" or account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors".

Bad debt in the amount exceeding the reserve created for this debt is written off to the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses".

Debt written off after the expiration of the limitation period is reflected on off-balance sheet account 007 "Debt of insolvent debtors written off at a loss" within 5 years from the date of write-off to monitor the possibility of its recovery in the event of a change in the debtor's property status.

In case of receipt of payment on receivables, for which reserves were previously formed (or changes in the counterparty's reliability data in a positive direction), the amounts of reserves are subject to recovery. In accounting, the amounts of recovered reserves are reflected in the debit of account 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts" in correspondence with account 91 "Other income and expenses".

Doubtful debt reserve inventory

The basic requirements for the inventory of the reserve for doubtful debts in accounting are defined in clause 3.54 of the Methodological Instructions on the inventory of property and financial liabilities.

The monitoring of receivables for each debt for the creation or use of a reserve for doubtful debts should be carried out continuously. It must be carried out on the date of the financial statements.

Within five years after writing off bad receivables, it is necessary to monitor the possibility of collecting it when the debtor's property status changes.

Reflection of the reserve in the financial statements

Show accounts receivable in the financial statements minus the formed reserve. Disclose information about the created reserve in the notes to the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Financial Performance. This procedure is established by PBU 4/99, clause 35.

In the future, the created reserve can be:

• restored upon repayment of debt (in this case, the amount of the restored reserve is included in other income with a reflection on account 91 “Other income and expenses”);
• restored due to the lack of payment by the buyer for the year following the year of creation of the reserve (paragraph 4, clause 70 of the Regulations on accounting and reporting), while the amount of the restored reserve is included in other income on account 91 "Other income and expenses";
• used, that is, bad accounts receivable will be written off at the expense of the reserve (clause 77 of the Regulations on accounting and reporting).

In accordance with the Regulation on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation No. 34n, clause 70, if by the end of the year following the year of creation of the reserve, its value is not fully consumed, then the balance of the reserve must be included in the financial results of the reporting year. It follows from this that if the debt remains doubtful at the end of 2015, then the unused balance of the reserve should be referred to account 91 of the “Other income” subaccount. The requirements of PBU No. 34n determine that the amount of doubtful debts must be re-accounted for before the preparation of the annual statements when forming the reserve at the end of 2015.

We propose to make only an adjustment to the reserve at the end of the year, i.e. increase or decrease the amount of the provision, rather than write off the full amount of the unused provision with subsequent restoration. Such a scheme will avoid additional entries on account 91 and not overstate the indicators that are also reflected in the statement of financial results.

Example

The organization LLC "Doubtful" entered into a supply agreement with LLC "Phantom" No. 451 dated June 16, 2014 for a total amount of 525,750 rubles. (including VAT 18% - RUB 80 199). The buyer violated the terms of the contract by missing the payment deadline. At the time of payment, LLC Doubtful paid the amount of 229,800 rubles. (including VAT 18% - RUB 35,054).

LLC Phantom recognized doubtful accounts receivable for the rest of the debt (after paying part of the accounts payable (525,750 - 229,800 \u003d 295,950 rubles)) and accrues a reserve for doubtful accounts: as of August 31, 2014, in the amount of 50% of the debt amount ( the term of occurrence is from 45 to 90 calendar days). The amount of the reserve amounted to 147,975 rubles.

Upon receipt of partial payment from the buyer on account of the debt in the amount of 200,000.00 rubles. (including VAT 18% - 30,508.47 rubles) the reserve for the paid part of the debt is being restored.

Sold goods of LLC "Doubtful"

Debit 62.01 Credit 90.01 - 525750

VAT charged on sales

Debit 90.03 Credit 68.02 - 80199

Reflected the cost of goods sold

Debit 90.02 Credit 41.01 - 375000

Part of the debt was paid by the buyer of Doubtful LLC

Debit 51 Credit 62.01 - 229800

Accrued provision for recognized debt of LLC Doubtful (maturity from 45 to 90 days)

Debit 91.02 Credit 63 - 147,975

Received payment from the buyer LLC "Doubtful"

Debit 51 Credit 62.01 - 200,000

Restoration of the provision for the paid part of the debt

Debit 63 Credit 91.01 - 200,000

Help-calculation of reserves for doubtful debts

Consider another example that characterizes the write-off of bad accounts receivable (at the expense of a reserve).

LLC Bars completed and handed over the design work to LLC Hopeless, which did not make payment under the contract. LLC Bars, based on the results of an inventory of calculations, recognized doubtful accounts receivable, which was not repaid in due time. According to the accounting policy, LLC Bars applies the accrual method and creates a reserve for doubtful debts in accounting and tax accounting. After the expiration of the limitation period, the identified debt was rightfully recognized as hopeless (unrecoverable) and written off.

A year after the debt has been written off, Hopeless LLC repays its debt.

December 31, 2014 Bad debt was written off at the expense of the created reserve for doubtful debts

Debit 63 Credit 62.01 - 1250407 rubles.

The written off bad debt of Hopeless LLC is recorded off the balance sheet.

Debit 007 - 1250407 rubles.

LLC "Hopeless" paid the debt

Debit 51 Credit 62.01 - 1250407 rubles.

Debt previously written off is included in other income

Debit 62.01 Credit 91.01 - 1250407 rubles.

The amount of the repaid debt was written off from the off-balance sheet account

Credit 007

Tax accounting

The amounts of reserves for doubtful debts are determined based on the results of an inventory of receivables carried out as of the last day of the reporting (tax) period. Taxpayers who pay advance payments based on actual profits calculate reserves at the end of each month, other taxpayers - at the end of 1, 2, 3 quarters and at the end of the year. The amounts of deductions to reserves are included in non-operating expenses

The amount of deductions to the reserve is determined for each doubtful debt, depending on the period of delay:

When writing off debt due to the expiration of the limitation period, the write-off for tax accounting purposes should be made in the following way: reporting periodwhen the specified period has expired, and not when the organization carried out an inventory and issued an order (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 28, 2013 No. 03-03-06 / 1/38).

Thus, it is in the interests of the organization itself to make a timely inventory of debt (at least as often as on the last day of each reporting period for income tax), so as not to make adjustments to the tax returnsand also so that the data on debt write-off in tax and accounting are the same.

As you remember, you form a reserve based on the amount of the debt that the Tax Code of the Russian Federation allows to be classified as doubtful.

Therefore, you need to identify debts that simultaneously meet the following conditions:

• associated with the sale of goods, works, services;
• are not repaid within the period established by the contract;
• not secured by a pledge, surety or bank guarantee.

Then it is necessary to determine the maximum amount of deductions to the reserve (PSO).

Let's use the formula: PSO \u003d B x 10%,

where B is the amount of proceeds from the sale of goods (works, services, property rights) received at the end of the reporting (tax) period.

You can create a reserve for less than 10% of the proceeds of the reporting (tax) period. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation does not prohibit this, but the courts confirm it (see Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North Caucasus District of 10.25.2004 N F08-5008 / 2004-1902A). Such a solution may be advisable in situations where deductions to the reserve according to the general standard of 10% will lead to a loss or zero financial result (for example, with high revenue, but small profit). Your standard should be specified in the accounting policy for tax purposes.

Finally, the reserve should be adjusted for the balance from the previous period.

Results:

RSO\u003e or \u003d PSO, the reserve includes the amount of deductions corresponding to the PSO.

RSO< ПСО, в резерв включается сумма отчислений, соответствующая РСО.

The amount of deductions determined in this way is included in non-operating expenses for the last day of the reporting (tax) period (clause 3 of article 266, clause 7 of clause 1 of article 265, clause 2 of clause 7 of article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Example

LLC "Breeze" recorded in the accounting policy for 2014 the creation of a reserve for doubtful debts for tax purposes. At the beginning of the IV quarter, the balance of the reserve was 36,500 rubles. The amount of revenue for 2014 is 12,567 thousand rubles.

As of December 31, the accountant has identified overdue receivables for the payment of delivered goods to counterparties

In addition, LLC "Breeze" has accounts payable before LLC "Melkhior" to pay for advertising services in the amount of 57,000 rubles.

Then the accountant determined the amount of deductions to the reserve - he brought them in the table. The reserve limit is RUB 1,256,700. (12,567,000 rubles × × 10%).

The calculated deductions to the reserve for doubtful debts (321,390 rubles) do not exceed its maximum size. Therefore, the amount of the reserve will be RUB 321,390.

Having considered the issue, we came to the following conclusion:

Your organization is obliged to create a doubtful debt reserve in accounting, which is an estimated value. There are no exceptions for organizations that are a small business entity.

An organization, as a small business entity, has the right not to apply "Estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets", establishing the procedure for reflecting estimated liabilities in the accounting and reporting of organizations, indicating their choice in the accounting policy of the organization.

Rationale for the conclusion:

PBU 8/2010 determines that the estimated liability is recognized in accounting, while the following conditions are met:

The organization has a duty resulting from past events in its economic life, the fulfillment of which the organization cannot avoid;

The decrease in the economic benefits of the organization necessary to fulfill the estimated obligation is likely;

The amount of the estimated liability can be reasonably estimated.

At the same time, the estimated liability may arise, inter alia, from the norms of legislative and other regulatory legal acts, court decisions and contracts (PBU 8/2010).

The most common estimated liabilities that must be formed in the organization, starting from January 1, 2011, are:

To pay for vacations;

For the payment of annual remuneration for seniority;

For bonuses at the end of the year;

For warranty repair and warranty service;

Provision to cover other foreseen costs.

It should be noted that PBU 8/2010 provides that this provision may not be applied by small businesses, with the exception of small businesses - issuers of publicly placed valuable papersas well as socially oriented non-profit organizations.

Since in this situation your organization is a small business entity and does not act as an issuer of publicly placed securities, it is not required to keep records of estimated liabilities. In this case, information on non-use should be consolidated in the accounting policy of the organization.

Prepared by:

Expert of the Legal Consulting Service GARANT

Vasilyeva Nadezhda

Response quality control:

Reviewer of the Legal Consulting Service GARANT

professional accountant Myagkova Svetlana

The material was prepared on the basis of an individual written consultation provided as part of the Legal Consulting service.

By order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 24, 2010 No. 186n (entered into force with the 2011 financial statements), significant changes were made to clause 70 of the "Regulations on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation" on doubtful debts.

In accordance with clause 70 of the Regulation, the organization creates reserves for doubtful debts in case of recognition of receivables doubtful. In this case, the receivables of the organization are considered doubtful if they are not repaid or, with a high degree of probability, will not be repaid within the terms established by the contract, and are not provided with appropriate guarantees.

Thus, the creation of reserves for doubtful debts has become an obligation, not a right (as before), and for all organizations without exception. At the same time, reserves must be created for any receivables, and not only for sold products, goods, works and services, i.e. in the calculation of the reserve, all debtors must be taken into account, including suppliers for advances issued and borrowers.

The amount of the provision is determined separately for each doubtful debt, depending on the financial condition (solvency) of the debtor and the assessment of the likelihood of repayment of the debt in full or in part. Each organization determines the criterion for qualifying a particular debt as doubtful independently. To recognize the debt as doubtful, the organization must have supporting documents proving the insolvency of the counterparty. This can be an extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities with information on possible liquidation, data from the debtor's financial statements, information on arbitration decisions with the participation of the counterparty, a statement about the commenced bankruptcy procedure, etc. Ultimately, the conclusion that the debt qualifies as questionable is based on the professional judgment of the accountant.

The reserve should be formed after the reconciliation and inventory of settlements with debtors is carried out. The creation and adjustment of the reserve must be carried out at least once a quarter for the last day of the reporting period.

For accounting of reserves, account 63 "Reserves for doubtful debts" is used. Analytical accounting is kept for each doubtful debt. The creation of a reserve is reflected by an entry on the credit of account 63 in correspondence with account 91.02 "Other expenses". In this case, the balance sheet on account 63 is not shown, and the amount of receivables for which the reserve was formed is reflected minus the amount of the reserve.

In accordance with RAS 21/2008 "Change in Estimated Values" (as amended by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 25, 2010 No. 132n), the reserve for doubtful debts is an estimate. This value can be changed. A change in the estimated value is an adjustment to the value of an asset (liability) or to an amount reflecting the redemption of the asset's value as a result of new information. The adjustment is made based on an assessment of the entity's current state of affairs, expected future benefits and liabilities.

A change in the estimated value is subject to recognition in accounting by including it in the income or expenses of the organization. In the event that this change affects the indicators of the financial statements only for this reporting period, then the change in the estimated value is recognized in this period... An increase in the reserve is reflected by an entry in the debit of account 91.02 "Other expenses" and credit to account 63, a decrease - by an entry in the debit of account 63 and credit of account 91.01 "Other income".

If by the end of the reporting year following the year of creating the reserve, this reserve in any part is not used, then the unspent amounts are added when compiling balance sheet at the end of the reporting year to the financial results (paragraph 5, clause 70 of the Regulation).

In accounting, the unspent amounts of reserves are written off by an entry on the debit of account 63 and credit of account 91.01, and a new reserve is created based on the newly taken inventory.

The procedure for the formation of reserves for doubtful debts for tax purposes of corporate profits is established by Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. In accordance with paragraph 3 of this article of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the taxpayer has the right to create reserves for doubtful debts. Thus, the formation of such reserves is determined accounting policies for tax purposes.

Doubtful debt for the purpose of forming reserves in tax accounting is recognized as a debt to a taxpayer in connection with the sale of goods, performance of work, provision of services, if this debt has not been repaid within the terms established by the contract and is not secured by a pledge, surety, bank guarantee.

The amounts of reserves for doubtful debts are determined based on the results of an inventory of receivables carried out as of the last day of the reporting (tax) period. Taxpayers who pay advance payments based on actual profits calculate reserves at the end of each month, other taxpayers - at the end of I, II, III quarters and at the end of the year. The amounts of deductions to reserves are included in non-operating expenses.

The amount of the provision depends on the term of the doubtful debt. When determining the amount of the reserve, the following is taken into account:

For doubtful debts with a maturity of 45 to 90 calendar days (inclusive) - 50% of the amount owed;

For doubtful debts with a maturity of more than 90 calendar days - 100% of the debt amount.

No provision is created for doubtful debts with a maturity of up to 45 days.

The calculation of the period of occurrence is made relative to the date on which the receivable is recognized as doubtful in accordance with Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

When creating a reserve for doubtful debts, the taxpayer has the right to take into account the amount of doubtful debt in the amount presented by the seller to the buyer, including the amount of value added tax (letter from the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 03.08.2010 No. 03-03-06 / 1/517).

Unlike accounting, tax legislation establishes an additional restriction on the amount of the reserve: it cannot exceed 10% of the proceeds from the sale of goods, works, services, property rights for the reporting (tax) period.

In fact, this rate means the following: if the total amount of provisions calculated based on the maturity of the debt exceeds 10% of the revenue for the relevant period, then the amount of the provision for each debt recognized non-operating expense, is normalized by multiplying by a coefficient (less than 1), which is calculated as the ratio of the amount of reserves according to the standard to the total amount of reserves, calculated based on the period of the debt.

Provisions are created to clarify the assessment of individual accounting items and to cover future expenses and payments.

There are four types of reserves in accounting:

1. Provisions for the decline in the cost of material assets.

2. Provisions for doubtful debts.

3. Provisions for impairment of investments in securities.

4. Reserves for future expenses.

In the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Chapter 25), the possibilities for creating reserves in comparison with accounting less.