Postings for provision for impairment of financial investments. Impairment allowance

Accounting for reserves for the decline in the cost of material assets.

Accounting for reserves for doubtful debts.

Accounting for reserves for future expenses and payments.

Accounting for targeted funding.

Additional capital accounting.

Accounting for reserve capital.

Accounting for authorized capital.

Topic 12. Accounting for capital and reserves.

Balance reformation.

Before drafting accounting statements the balance must be reformed. Balance sheet reformation - determining the financial result of the year, by comparing the values \u200b\u200bof the received annual profit, the amounts of its use as payments to the budget and the amounts of its use for other purposes.

Accounts 90, 91 and 99 must be closed before filing annual accounts.

Each month, comparing the turnovers on the account 90, it is determined financial results from ordinary activities. If it turned out that the company made a profit for the month, then the following record will be reflected in the accounting: Dt. 90 ct. 99. if the loss is Dt. 99 ct. 90.

At the end of the year, all sub-accounts opened to account 90 are closed with internal entries to the "Profit / loss from sales" sub-account:

Dt. 90/1 ct. 90/9

Dt. 90/9 ct. 90/2

Dt. 90/9 ct. 90/3

Dt. 90/9 ct. 90/4

As for operating rooms and non-operating income and expenses, then during the year they were reflected on account 91. At the same time, each month the accountant, comparing the turnovers on this account, wrote off the financial result from these operations to account 99. At the end of the year, all sub-accounts opened to account 91 are closed with internal records on subaccount "Balance of other income and expenses"

Control questions:

1. The concept of retained earnings.

2. Description of account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)"

3. Analytical accounting of retained earnings.

4. Synthetic accounting of retained earnings.

5. Procedure for the distribution of retained earnings.

6. Reformation of the balance.

1. Each organization, regardless of the form of ownership, must have the capital to carry out its activities. The initial and main source of formation of the property of the enterprise is its authorized capital.In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and depending on the organizational and legal form of ownership, they are distinguished:

ü Authorized capital - a set of contributions of the founders to the property of a p / n in monetary terms when it is created to ensure the activities in the amounts determined by the constituent documents (joint stock companies, LLC).

ü Share capital - (general partnerships, partnerships not in faith (limited partnerships) - partnerships that do not have a charter, there are only constituent documents) a set of shares (contributions) of participants in partnerships, to ensure its financial and economic activities (its value is reflected in the constituent documents and may be changed by decision of the founders).

ü Statutory fund - a set of fixed and circulating assets donated to an enterprise by the state or municipal authorities (state and municipal enterprises).

ü Share and indivisible fund - share contributions, in the form money and other property for joint business activities (production cooperatives, artels).

Thus, the authorized capital is the amount of equity capital registered in the founding documents, contributed by the founders in the form of monetary funds and other property (OS, HA, goods and materials, Central Bank) when organizing a p / p.

In accordance with regulatory documents, the authorized capital is paid in full or in part at the time of their state registration. Before registration, the organization opens a special savings account in the bank, from which the bank does not perform any operations until the moment of state registration. After registration, the savings account is converted into a current account. If, within a year from the date of registration of the enterprise, its partially paid Criminal Code is not brought to the declared one, then the enterprise is obliged to register a decrease in the Criminal Code. If the reduced Criminal Code is less than the lower limit of the p / p established by law, it is subject to liquidation.

Accounting for the management company is carried out on passive account 80 "Authorized capital". The credit of the account reflects the formation of the charter capital, an increase in the charter capital, after making the appropriate changes in the constituent documents. On debit - a decrease in the authorized capital, after making the appropriate changes in the constituent documents and the use of the Criminal Code when the company is declared bankrupt. The balance - only credit, shows the size of the charter capital and must correspond to the size of the charter capital, fixed in the constituent documents. Analytical accounting for account 80 is kept for each founder, by stages of capital formation, by types of shares. Synthetic accounting is maintained in Railway Station 12

Dt. 75 ct. 80 - the authorized capital is accrued, reflected in the constituent documents.

In settlements with founders, A-P account 75 "Settlements with founders" is used. Two sub-accounts can be opened to this account:

75-1 A "Settlements on contributions to the authorized capital"

75-2 P "Calculations for the payment of income".

75-3 A "Settlements with municipal and state bodies"

Dt. 08 (01.04), 58, 07, 10, 51, 50, 52 CT. 75/1, 75/3 - receipt of deposits, property from the state.

Dt. 83 "additional capital" CT. 80 - increase in the authorized capital at the expense of additional capital

Dt. 84 "Retained earnings" К 80 - an increase in the authorized capital due to retained earnings.

Dt. 80 ct. 75/1 - reduction of the authorized capital by the amount of contributions returned to the founders.

Dt. 80 ct. 81 "Own shares (stakes)" - the value of canceled shares redeemed from shareholders.

Dt. 80 ct. 75/3 - for the amount of property or funds seized from the enterprise by the state.

Minimum size Authorized capital for CJSC - 100 minimum wages, JSC - 1000 minimum wages, according to the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies"

On the day of registration of a joint-stock company, its authorized capital must be paid in at least 50%. AO can increase or decrease the authorized capital.

Increase of the authorized capital due to:

Dt. 75/1 Kt 80 - issue of additional or increase in par value of shares

Dt. 83 ct. 80 - an increase in property due to its revaluation of property.

Dt. 84 ct. 80 - retained earnings

Reduction of the authorized capital due to:

Dt. 80 ct. 75/1 - decrease in the par value of shares.

Dt. 81 ct. 50 - buyback of own shares from shareholders

Dt. 81 ct. 91 - for the amount of income arising on redemption (if the shares are redeemed at a price below their par value)

Dt. 91 ct. 81 - for the amount of redemption expenses (if the shares are redeemed at a price higher than their par value)

Dt. 80 ct. 81 - for the amount of shares repurchased from shareholders.

Dt. 50, 51 CT. 81 - resale of repurchased shares

Dt. 80 ct. 81 - canceled shares are deducted from the share capital

Dt. 83 ct. 81 - decrease in additional capital by the difference in the value of the sold and canceled shares

Dt. 81 ct. 83 - increase in additional capital by the difference in the value of shares sold and canceled

At the end of the reporting period (quarter, year), shareholders (participants) receive income in the form of dividends.

Dividends are paid subject to the following conditions:

1. The authorized capital must be fully paid up.

2. The company needs to pay for all its shares, which are requested by the shareholders.

3. At the time of payment of dividends, the enterprise should not show signs of bankruptcy.

4. The net asset value must exceed a certain indicator (Share capital + Reserve fund + the amount formed as a result of deducting the liquidation value of the placed preferred shares from the par value).

Dt. 84 ct. 70, 75/2 - dividends accrued.

If a shareholder is entity, then the amount of dividends is subject to income tax (15%), which is paid by the source of payment of dividends (i.e. the JSC itself).

Dividends are transferred to the recipient net of tax.

If the shareholder is an individual, then income tax is paid individuals (30%)

When calculating this tax, the company must apply the exemption. First, the amount of personal income tax is calculated - the amount of dividends x 30%; then determine the amount of income tax that the JSC paid from the part of the profit distributed to an individual; By deducting from the amount of personal income tax a part of the amount of paid income tax, they determine how much must be withheld from the shareholder. In most cases, a negative difference is obtained, which is not reimbursed from the budget.

Dt. 70, 75/2 CT. 68 - tax withheld

Dt 70, 75/2 Kt 50, 51 - dividend payments

When forming a mutual fund of production and consumer cooperatives, a trace is made. records:

Dt. 86 "Target financing" CT. 80 - the amount of the share contribution is reflected

Dt. 75/1 ct. 86 "Target financing" - reflects the arrears of members of cooperatives in contributions to the mutual fund.

Dt. 50, 51 CT. 75/1 - contribution of members of the cooperative.

When forming state and municipal p / p:

Dt. 75/3 ct. 80 - UV registration

Dt. 08, 07, 06, 10, 41, 50, 51, 52 CT. 75/3 - contribution to the authorized capital.

Dt. 84/1 ct. 80 - increasing UV at the expense of profit

Dt. 86 ct. 80 - increase in UV through targeted funding.

Dt. 75/3 ct. 91 - withdrawal of property from the Statutory Fund.

Dt. 75/3 ct. 51 - withdrawal of a monetary amount from the authorized fund

Simultaneously:

Dt. 02, 05, CT. 01.04 - for the amount of accumulated depreciation of objects

Dt. 91 / (sub-account disposal of fixed assets, HA) CT. 01, 04 - on residual value returned property

Dt. 91Ct. 91 / "balance of other income and expenses" - closing accounts with the transfer of the balance as intended

Dt. 91 / "balance of other income and expenses" CT. 99 - the balance on the seizure of state property was written off. enterprises

Dt. 80 ct. 75/3 - closure of the organization.

Accrual of income in such an organization is made:

Dt. 84 ct. 75/3 - income accrual

Dt. 75/3 ct. 68 - income tax withholding

Dt. 75/3 ct. 50, 51 - payment of income.

Control questions:

1. The concept of the authorized capital.

2. The procedure for the formation of the authorized capital.

3. Description of account 80 "Authorized capital".

4. Analytical accounting of the authorized capital.

5. Synthetic accounting of the authorized capital.

6. Description of account 75 "Settlements with founders".

7. Accounting for settlements with founders.

8. The procedure for changing the size of the authorized capital.

2. The reserve capital in the organization can be formed in accordance with the legislation (necessarily OJSC, CJSC and enterprises with foreign investments) or in accordance with the constituent documents and accounting policies (voluntarily).

Reserve capital is created as a guarantee of increased liability for obligations. It is created by deducting from the net profit. The size of the RK is determined by the charter of the joint-stock company and must be within 15% (p / n with foreign investments - 25%) of the authorized capital, and the amount of annual deductions is at least 5% of the annual net profit.

The reserve capital is used to cover unforeseen losses and losses for the reporting year, to redeem bonds of JSC, to pay dividends on preferred shares with a shortage of profit.

The accounting of the Reserve capital is carried out on passive account 82 "Reserve capital". For the credit of the account - the formation of the reserve capital, for the debit - its use. The balance is credit and shows the amount of unused reserve capital at the beginning and end of the reporting period. Analytical accounting for account 82 is organized in such a way as to obtain information on the directions of use of funds. Synthetic accounting - in Zh / O 12

Dt. 84 ct. 82 - deductions to reserve capital

Dt. 82 Kt. 84 - using the reserve capital to cover the loss.

Dt. 82 ct. 66.67 "Settlements on loans" - redemption of bonds of JSC

Dt. 82 ct. 70, 75/2 - accrual of dividends on preferred shares.

Dt. 82 ct. 80 - increase in the authorized capital at the expense of the reserve.

Control questions:

1. The concept of reserve capital.

2. The procedure for the formation of the reserve capital.

3. Description of account 82 "Reserve capital".

5. Analytical accounting of reserve capital.

6. Synthetic accounting of reserve capital.

3. Additional capital, in contrast to the authorized capital, is not divided into shares, but shows the total ownership of all participants. Additional capital is accounted for on passive account 83 “Additional capital”. The credit of the account reflects the increase in the value of property during revaluation, and the amount of the difference between the sale and par value of shares, on debit - the repayment of the amounts of the reduction in the value of assets during revaluation, the direction of funds to increase the authorized capital, the distribution of amounts between the founders of the organization, the amount of the difference between the sale and nominal value the value of the shares. The balance is credit and shows the availability of additional capital at the enterprise.

Analytical accounting is carried out in the direction of the use of funds.

Dt. 01 ct. 83 - increase in value when revaluing property

Dt. 75 ct. 83 for the sale of shares at a price exceeding par

Dt. 86 ct. 83 - for the amount of targeted financing received in the form of investment funds

Dt. 83 ct. 01, 07, 08 - markdown of fixed assets, equipment for installation and construction in progress for industrial purposes

Dt. 83 ct. 02 - increased depreciation on revaluation

Dt. 83 ct. 80 - increase in Criminal Code

Dt. 83 Kt 75/3 - reduction of DC due to seizure of property and funds

Dt. 83 ct. 84 - repayment of the loss revealed by the results of work for the reporting year

Dt. 83 ct. 75/1 - distribution of part of the amount accounted for on account 83 between the founders.

Control questions:

1. The concept of additional capital.

2. The procedure for the formation of additional capital.

3. Description of account 83 "Additional capital".

5. Analytical accounting of additional capital.

6. Synthetic accounting of additional capital.

4. Targeted financing is funds intended to finance targeted activities (maintenance of children's cultural and educational institutions, training, research work, construction of houses, to cover losses, etc.). The sources for the formation of trust funds are budgetary allocations, extrabudgetary funds, parental contributions, tuition fees, etc.

Earmarked funding can be used for the following purposes:

• Financing costs or covering losses,
• Maintaining financial situation enterprises, replenishment of its funds,
• For the acquisition of assets

It does not apply to targeted financing and does not reflect on this account:

• receiving assistance provided in the form of benefits, including taxes, tax credits, vacations and exemptions;
• obtaining loans and other repayable funds;
• reflection of operations related to the management of state property, state participation in the capital of the enterprise.

Earmarked funding is recorded when the following conditions are met:

• there is sufficient confidence that the conditions for the provision of assistance will be met;
• there is sufficient confidence in getting help.

Targeted financing funds are spent in strict accordance with the approved estimate (use for other purposes - not allowed).

Based on PBU 13/2000 "Accounting for State Aid", information is generated on state aid provided in the form of subventions, subsidies, budget loans, including land plots, natural resources and other property, and in other forms.

To account for these funds, a passive account 86 "Target financing" is used. On account credit - receipt of funds, on debit - their use. Credit balance - shows the balance of unspent funds at the beginning and end of the period. Analytical accounting for account 86 is conducted as intended earmarked funds and in the context of the sources of their receipt.

Dt. 50, 51, 52 CT. 86 - receipt of funds

Dt. 76 ct. 86 - calculation of contributions from parents for the maintenance of children in child care, tuition fees.

Dt. 75/3 ct. 86 - accrual of earmarked funds of a unitary (state) organization.

Dt. 86 ct. 50,51,52 - write-off of funds (payment as intended) at the expense of targeted financing.

Dt. 86 ct. 10,60,70 - write-off of expenses for payment of work performed, services

Dt. 86 ct. 29 - writing off the costs of maintaining children's and cultural and educational institutions.

Dt. 86 ct. 20.26 - direction of targeted funding for the maintenance of non-profit organizations.

Dt. 86 ct. 98 "Deferred income" - direction commercial organization to finance the costs of budgetary funds.

Dt. 50,51,52 ct. 86 - upon receipt of gratuitous funds of a targeted nature (construction, acquisition of an object)

Dt. 86 ct. 98/2 "gratuitous receipt" - reflects the amount after the completion of construction or commissioning of the facility.

(Dt. 60, 70 Kt.50.51.52 - payment of expenses for the construction or acquisition of objects)

(Dt. 08 Kt. 60. - Reflected expenses for capital investment)

Dt. 01 ct. 08 - the object is simultaneously registered

Control questions:

1. The concept of targeted financing.

2. PBU 13/2000 "Accounting for state aid"

3. Characteristics of account 86 "Target financing".

4. The procedure for using targeted funding.

5. Analytical accounting of targeted financing.

6. Synthetic accounting of targeted financing.

5. During the operation of the enterprise, it may be necessary to create reserves to cover future expenses and payments. It is created from internal resources by being included in production costs or in sales costs in reporting year... An enterprise can create reserves for the following purposes:

1. Upcoming payment vacations.

2. Payment of annual remuneration for seniority, (14, 13 - salaries) based on the results of work for the year.

3. OS repair (if provided by the accounting policy)

4. For upcoming environmental activities.

5. Warranty, repair, warranty service, etc.

To account for these reserves, passive account 96 "Reserves for future expenses" is used. On a loan - monthly deductions accumulate funds for certain purposes, on a debit - actual expenses and payments are reflected when the due date for specified purposes comes. The balance is credit and shows the accrued reserve that will be spent in future periods (as a rule, it does not have a balance at the end of the year).

Analytical accounting is carried out for separate reserves.

Dt. 08,20,25,26,44 CT. 96 - formation of a reserve.

Dt. 96 ct. 10,21,23,51, - use of the reserve.

Some reserves (for vacation payments, for fixed asset repairs) may have carryover balances at the end of the year. Therefore, at the end of the year, the correctness of their use throughout the year is checked and, if necessary, corrected:

Dt. 96 ct. 91 - the amount of savings (or an excessively formed reserve) due to a reduction in the volume of work are credited to income.

Dt. 20.44, CT. 96 - if the amount of the reserve is insufficient, its additional accrual is made.

Control questions:

1. The concept of a reserve for future expenses.

2. The procedure for the formation of a reserve for future expenses.

3. Description of account 96 "Reserve for future expenses".

5. Analytical accounting of the reserve for future expenses.

6. Synthetic accounting of the reserve for future expenses.

6. Provisions for doubtful debts are created from the company's income. Doubtful debt is a receivable that has not been repaid within the terms established by agreements and is not secured by appropriate guarantees and sureties.

These reserves, as a rule, are created within a year after the inventory and written justification (materials of correspondence with debtors) accounts receivable... The amount of the provision is determined separately for each doubtful debt, depending on the financial condition of the debtor and the assessment of the probability of repayment of the debt in full or in part. If the reserve is not used by the end of the year, then it is added to non-operating income.

The reserve is accounted for on passive account 63 "Reserves for doubtful debts". For a loan - the formation of reserves is reflected, for a debit - its use or write-off. The balance is credit and shows the availability of the created reserve. Analytical accounting is carried out for each created reserve in the context of debtors.

Dt. 91 ct. 63 - creation of a reserve (non-operating expenses)

Dt. 63 Kt. 62.76 - writing off unclaimed debts, previously recognized as doubtful

Dt. 63 CT. 91 - joining unused reserves to income.

Dt. 91 ct. 62 - writing off unclaimed debts not covered by the reserve.

For tax purposes, doubtful debt reserves can be created every quarter (only those companies that calculate income tax on an accrual basis). All doubtful debts divided into three groups, depending on when their maturity expired:

Ø More than 90 days before the start of the quarter (year);

Ø In the period from 90 to 45 days before the beginning of the quarter (year);

Ø Less than 45 days before the start of the quarter (year).

The reserve can include the entire amount of debts of the first group and 50% of each debt of the second group, the debts of the third group are not included in the reserve. Moreover, its total value should not exceed 10% of proceeds from product sales (excluding VAT and sales tax).

Control questions:

1. The concept of a reserve for doubtful debts.

2. The procedure for creating a reserve for doubtful debts.

3. Description of account 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts".

4. Use of the reserve for doubtful debts.

5. Analytical accounting of the reserve for doubtful debts.

6. Synthetic accounting for doubtful debts.

7. Provisions for the reduction in the cost of the MC are created for the deviation of the cost of raw materials, materials, fuel, etc. goods and materials, determined on the accounts of accounting. Accounting, from the market value, as well as for deviations in the value of other funds in circulation (work in progress, SOE, goods, etc.)

This reserve is created from the income of the organization. The reserve is accounted for on passive account 14 “Provisions for depreciation of the MC”. For a loan - the formation of a reserve, for a debit - the restoration of the reserved amount. The balance is credit and shows the amount of the formed reserve. Analytical accounting is kept for each reserve.

Dt. 91 ct. 14 - formation of a reserve

Dt. 14 ct. 91 - restoration of the reserved amount (at the beginning of the period following the reporting period, when the reserve was formed).

Control questions:

1. The concept of a reserve for the decline in the value of material assets.

2. The procedure for the formation of a reserve for the reduction in the value of material assets.

3. Description of account 14 "Provisions for the decline in the cost of tangible assets."

4. Use of the reserve for the decline in the value of material assets.

5. Analytical accounting of the reserve for the decline in the value of material assets.

6. Synthetic accounting of the reserve for the decline in the value of material assets.

8. Provisions for depreciation of investments in securities is created at the expense of the organization's income for the potential depreciation of investments in securities (shares, bonds, and other debt obligations). The amount of the reserve is formed in the event that the value of the value of the securities is lower than their book value... The reserve is accounted for on passive account 59 “Provisions for impairment of investments in securities”. By loan - education reserve, debit - use of the reserve as intended. The balance is credit and shows the availability of a reserve at the enterprise. Analytical accounting is kept for each reserve. Synthetic accounting should be kept on two sub-accounts:

59-1 - "Provision for impairment of investments in long-term securities"

59-2 - "Provision for impairment of investments in short-term securities"

This division allows the allocation of reserves between items of long-term and short-term investments in the annual balance sheet.

Dt. 91 ct. 59 - formation of a reserve

Dt. 59 CT. 91 - writing off the reserve for income when the market value of securities increases.

Dt. 59 ct. 58 - using the reserve when the market value of securities decreases.

Control questions:

1. The concept of a provision for impairment of investments in securities.

2. The procedure for creating a reserve for the depreciation of investments in securities.

3. Description of account 59 "Provisions for impairment of investments in securities".

4. Use of provision for impairment of investments in securities.

5. Analytical accounting of the provision for the depreciation of investments in securities.

6. Synthetic accounting of the provision for impairment of investments in securities.

Impairment allowance financial investments form organizations that have securities in their assets in order to clarify their actual value. You will learn about what transactions should reflect the formation and write-off of the reserve from our article.

The depreciation of financial investments is understood as a steady and significant decrease in their value. In order for investments to be recognized as impaired, their current market price should be lower than the benefits that the organization expects to receive from these investments.

Clause 45 of PBU provides that at the end of the reporting period, the organization that owns securities (shares, bonds, etc.) must analyze their accounting and market value. If the analysis revealed a decrease in the market value in comparison with the accounting indicators, then their assessment in the accounting must be adjusted.

The procedure for creating a provision for impairment of securities implies the implementation of transactions to reflect the adjustment of the book price of shares in accordance with their market value. It should be noted that the reserve is created for unquoted shares, as well as for those securities that have quotations on the stock exchange, and their market value is confirmed by the publication of quotations. Depending on the conditions stipulated by the accounting policy, the analysis of the market value of securities and, as a result, the formation of a provision for their depreciation can be carried out both at the end of the year and in interim reporting periods (month, quarter).

To reflect operations to create a reserve, the following conditions must be met:

1. According to the results of the last 2 reporting periods, the value of securities is reflected in the accounting significantly below their market value. The materiality threshold is determined by the organization itself, fixing this indicator in accounting policy.
2. At the end of the reporting year, the indicator of the market value of a share changed exclusively in the direction of decrease.
3. There is no information on a possible increase in the market value of the securities.

Accounting for provision for impairment of securities

To reflect the generalized information about the provision that the organization forms for the impairment of financial investments in securities, they use. Analytical accounting for this account is carried out in the context of each formed reserve.

The operation to create a provision for impairment of investments is reflected in the entry Дт 91/2 Кт.

The created reserve can be disbanded (written off) when the rate of registered securities increases, as well as in the event of their sale. The write-off of the reserve should be reflected by posting Dt Kt 91/1. With this posting, the organization confirms that financial investments no longer meet the criterion of a sustainable and significant reduction in their value. In the event of disposal of financial investments, the estimated value of which was taken into account when calculating the reserve, the amount of the reserve is reflected in the accounting of financial results.

Formation of the reserve

Faraon JSC has 1200 bonds in its assets, discount price each of them is 312 rubles. During January 2016, Pharaoh JSC received information on the quotes of these shares. The average share price was 275 rubles. According to the accounting policy, the materiality threshold is 5%.

Since the price of bonds under transactions (275 rubles) is more than 5% lower than their book value (312 rubles), the accountant of Pharaoh JSC made entries to create a reserve for the depreciation of bonds:

Write-off of provision in connection with the sale of shares

JSC "Gigant" owns 1420 shares, the initial cost of each of which is 1200 rubles. At the end of 2015, the market value of each share was RUB 900, and therefore a provision was made for their impairment in the amount of RUB 426,000. ((1,420 pcs. * (1,200 rubles - 900 rubles). In February 2016, the shares were sold to OOO Favorit at a price of 980 rubles per share, the provision for impairment of shares was written off based on the purchase and sale agreement.

Score 59 accounting - this is a passive account "Provisions for impairment of financial investments", where reserves for investments are created, for which their current market value is not determined. Let's consider examples of transactions on account 59 and postings formed on the reserve for the depreciation of financial investments.

Investments for which the current market value cannot be determined should be tested for impairment. If checking the conditions for impairment confirms a permanent significant decrease in the value of financial investments, then the company should create a reserve for them.

Usually, the current market value cannot be determined:

• For shares not traded on the organized securities market;
• By deposits in authorized capital LTD.

The amount of the reserve is formed from the difference between the initial and estimated cost of financial investments. The procedure for creating a reserve must be detailed in the accounting policy.

It should be noted that not for all investments, the created reserves are accounted for on account 59. For example, for loans provided by the enterprise, a reserve is created on account 63.

It is important to know that a check for impairment of financial investments is carried out at least once a year, and, as a rule, as of December 31st.

Account 59 in accounting

The accounting for the provision for the depreciation of financial investments is kept on account 59 “Provisions for the depreciation of financial investments”.

In the diagram, we show the movement on the debit and credit of account 59:

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Analytical accounting for this account is maintained for each reserve.

Examples of transactions and postings on account 59

Consider an example when an organization has contributed to the authorized capital of an LLC. Later in the LLC happened:

1. Decrease in net assets;
2. And later it was eliminated.

Example 1. Creation of a provision for impairment of a contribution

Let's say the organization has made a contribution to the authorized capital of the LLC - 200,000 rubles. The net assets of the LLC at the time of the deposit - 56 million rubles. Authorized capital - 1 million rubles. For two years, the LLC member did not receive income. Having requested the balance sheet of the LLC, the participant discovered a decrease in net assets to the value of 20 million rubles. As a result, it was decided to create a provision for the depreciation of financial investments in proportion to the decrease in the value of the LLC's net assets.

Example 2. Writing off a provision for impairment of a contribution

Further, after another two years, the organization requested reporting from the LLC, but received no response. Then the organization on the website of the Federal Tax Service in the section Electronic services, having entered the section "Business risks: check yourself and the counterparty", while searching for an LLC by TIN, found that the LLC had ceased its activities.

The accounting should reflect the transactions:

Example 3. Provision for impairment of shares

Suppose an organization owns 250 shares of JSC with a purchase (accounting) value of 400 rubles. per share. Shares are not traded on the organized securities market. The cost of net assets of JSC per share for 2015 amounted to 300 rubles, for 2016. amounted to 420 rubles.

In accounting for 2015, postings on account 59 should be reflected:

For 2016, the transactions should be reflected.

Upon confirmation of a significant decrease in the cost of financial investments, the company creates a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments (clause 38 of PBU 19/02). What transactions are used for such an operation? How is the amount of the reserve reflected in the balance sheet? Everything in order.

What is a provision for impairment of financial investments

The conditions for classifying various assets of an enterprise as financial investments are indicated in clause 2 of PBU 19/02. In accordance with legal regulations, these are securities (municipal and state); third party securities, including debt; loans issued; contributions to authorized capital, except for its own; deposits; receivables acquired through assignment, etc. (clause 3 of PBU).

Depreciation of financial investments occurs when there is a steady and significant decrease in their initial value. In other words, if the current market price is not determined for financial investments, and the estimated economic benefit from using the asset under normal conditions falls, they say that the object is impaired. At the same time, the following conditions must be met:

• The value of the book value at the current and last reporting dates is higher than the market value.
• Per reporting period there is a significant decrease in the estimated cost.
• On reporting date there is no indication that the target price is likely to rise significantly.

Depreciation of objects is possible, for example, when the issuer of the securities is declared bankrupt. If the relevant signs appear, the company is obliged to check for a decrease in the cost of financial investments. The action is taken in respect of those investments for which there are signs of impairment. If the results of the audit turn out to be positive, that is, a steady drop in the value of assets is confirmed, a reserve should be created for the difference between the accounting and estimated value of the object.

Provisions for impairment of investments in securities - accounting

In the accounting of the enterprise, the formation of the reserve is displayed by account. 59 with the same name. This account is passive: with an increase - for a loan, a decrease - for a debit. Analytics is carried out by types of reserves and terms - short-term and long-term. Correspondence account 59 is performed with account. 91:

• A provision has been created for the depreciation of financial investments - entry D 91.2 to 59.
• The reserve for investment impairment was written off in the accounting records - D 59 K 91.1.

Provisions for impairment of financial investments in the balance sheet are reflected not directly, but through a decrease in the book value of objects on page 1170. If the company creates reserves, then it is necessary to conduct an annual review for signs of impairment. The audit date is December 31 or as of the formation of interim accounting. The results of the event must be documented.

In the event that the audit has confirmed a subsequent decrease in the market price, the amount of the already formed reserve is adjusted by increasing. If the price has risen, the reserve decreases. The financial results of the enterprise are changed in an appropriate way (clause 39 of PBU). When an asset is disposed of in the course of its disposal, the amount of the provision is referred to other income (paragraph 40).

In accordance with paragraphs. 3 p. 2 art. 291, the expenses of banks include the amount of deductions to the reserve for impairment of investments in securities created by credit institutions in accordance with the current legislation or regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, taking into account the provisions of Art. 300 of this Code.

Article 300 sets out the following restrictions: professional participants the securities market can create reserves and charge them to expenses for tax purposes under the following conditions:

1) they have a license to carry out dealer activities;

2) they determine income and expenses on an accrual basis.

What does it mean taking into account the provisions of Art. 300? Can all banks charge the created reserve to expenses, or does this only apply to banks that are professional participants in the securities market?

Two points of view are possible.

First point of view.

Considering that Art. 291 is of a special nature and establishes the powers of banks (or rather, as written in the commented subparagraph, credit institutions), then, from this it follows that all banks have the right to include as expenses the amounts of deductions to the reserve for the depreciation of investments in securities. Regardless of whether they are professional securities market participants with a dealer license or not. And also, regardless of whether they use an accrual or cash basis.

With this point of view, the application of the provisions of Art. 300 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation means that the created reserves for each type of securities should not exceed the amount determined by Art. 300.

Second point of view.

The turnover "subject to the provisions of article 300" means that for banks the restrictions defined in this article should apply. Consequently, only banks that have a license for dealer activities and which use the accrual method are entitled to refer to the reduction of the taxable base.

However, this point of view has weaknesses. The basis for doubt may be that Art. 300 establishes special powers for professional participants in the securities market. In the event that the bank has a license for dealer activities and applies the accrual method, then by virtue of the Code norm established in Art. 300, he, of course, has the right to charge the created allowance for the depreciation of securities to expenses for tax purposes.

Therefore, if the second point of view is correct, then why then actually duplicate this norm in paragraphs. 3 p. 2 art. 291? Article 291 in this part simply loses its meaning, since it is completely covered by the provisions of Art. 300 and does not establish new standards.

Isn't that why the norm in Art. 291 to emphasize that all banks, not just professional securities market participants, can attribute such costs to tax base; those. to establish their (banks) special powers?

And why, then, in the upcoming changes to supplement paragraph 2 of Art. 291 with another sub-clause, which states that provisions for impairment of securities are accounted for as expenses in the manner and under the conditions established by Art. 300 of this Code? In other words, introduce wording that no longer allows you to doubt that you should be guided by the second point of view. Is it in order to eliminate the ambiguity and ambiguity that exists in the Code at the moment?

The issue under discussion is very important to resolve it only on the basis of someone else's opinion. When deciding which point of view to be guided by, you should weigh all the possible consequences and soberly assess how convincing arguments will be in defense of your position in court.

The procedure for creating reserves is determined by the current legislation or regulations of the Bank of Russia.

Article 300 provides that:

reserves are created for equity securities;

reserves are created in the amount of the excess of the purchase price over the market quotation of the security;

the purchase price includes the cost of purchasing a security.

It should be remembered that the procedure for classifying securities as emission securities is established by national legislation (second paragraph of clause 1 of article 280 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). In accordance with russian legislation equity securities include shares and bonds, including those issued in non-documentary form. In accordance with the national legislation of other countries, other objects of civil rights may also be classified as equity securities.

At present, the current Bank of Russia normative act is Letter No. 127 of 08.12.94 "On the Procedure for Creating Provisions for Devaluation of Securities". By the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. GKPI 01-793 of 26.04.2001, the legality of this document as a normative act of the Bank of Russia was confirmed.

The procedure for creating reserves in accordance with the requirements of this Letter has a number of differences from the rules established by Art. 300 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

The reserve is created if the market price on the last business day of the month is lower than the book value of the security. In this case, the book value means the amount on balance sheet accounts. 50202, 50302, 50402, 50502, 50602, 50702, 50802, 50803, 50902, 50903, 51002, 51003, 51102, 51103, those. excluding expenses related to the purchase of the security. In this case, the amount of the reserve should not exceed 50% of the book value of the security. It follows from this that the reserve created in accordance with the requirements of the Bank of Russia will always be less than that allowed by tax legislation.

However, in accordance with the requirements of Art. 300 reserve is adjusted at the end of the reporting (tax) period, i.e. at the end of a quarter (year), and not a month, as established by the Bank of Russia.

How to account for changes in the provision created on monthly (intra-quarter) dates is not clear for tax purposes.

Apparently, in tax accounting, it will be necessary to display the total balance of the created reserve, taking into account all its changes at the end of the quarter for each security.

The letter of the Bank of Russia determines which securities can be classified as securities with market quotations (clause 2 of Letter N 127).

The most significant is the requirement for the amount of turnover for the reporting month on the stock exchange or through the trade organizer, the turnover of which must be at least an amount equivalent to 20 thousand euros. Tax legislation does not contain such a requirement.

In addition, in the event that the trades were carried out on several trading platforms, for calculating the reserve, the market price for the trade organizer that had the largest turnover in the reporting month is taken. Tax legislation grants the right to the taxpayer to independently choose the quotation prevailing at one of the trade organizers (clause 4 of article 280).

Thus, the requirements of the Bank of Russia are more stringent in relation to the creation of reserves than provided. Tax Code (arts. 300 and 280). Consequently, the reserves created in accordance with Letter N 127 will be less than the reserves that could have been created in accordance with Art. 300 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, and therefore they should be taken into account in the composition of expenses for tax purposes in full.