See pages where the term resource-based approach is mentioned. Resource-oriented firms

And the state of the industry, and the internal aspects of the company - the analysis of strengths and weaknesses. Optimal use and development of the company's internal resources contribute to the formation of key competencies, providing a competitive advantage, and with it the long-term profitability of the company.

The opposition of market- and resource-oriented approaches, which was initially discussed in the literature, has now given way to a combined approach to the formation of the company's macrostructure. Managing an enterprise solely in accordance with the criteria of one of the approaches does not correspond to the realities of modern business. The combined approach combines, on the one hand, a pronounced focus on customer needs (market-oriented strategy), on the other hand, the effective use of internal resources of the organization (resource-oriented strategy) to satisfy them.

Social policy is also acquiring a new quality at the level of a separate administrative-territorial unit. First of all, this is the involvement of new subjects of social policy in the dialogue. These include entrepreneurs who are ready to take responsibility for social and economic activities, as well as employees who unite in trade unions, defend their interests and defend sectoral priorities. The number of non-profit nongovernmental organizations that assume part of state social obligations is growing. The range of subjects of conducting social policy at the local level is also changing. The new objects are similar to the main pain points of the Russian society as a whole. From this point of view, when implementing social policy, an individual approach, concreteness, direct targeting is formed, focused either on a given population group or on a specific territory. One of the new mechanisms of interaction in the field of meeting social needs is the state social order. A new look at the social sphere from the side of the state and society is manifested in the fact that the state has ceased to be a monopoly source of orders for the implementation of social services. The state order is limited by the possibilities of budget financing and the framework of state standards; it is formed by federal, regional and municipal authorities and administration. Paid order of social institutions ( legal entities various organizational and legal forms) and citizens has no boundaries and standards, but is regulated by the laws of the market. Thus, the appearance of two types of orders creates the preconditions for expanding the resource base of social institutions, since behind each type of order are subjects with their own interests, needs and financial capabilities.

If the problem of adaptation to the external environment is not effectively resolved within the framework of individual areas, then a natural way out of the situation is the simultaneous strengthening of both the resource approach and the result-oriented approach in the grouping of works. Quadrant 4 illustrates this approach to departmentization. The most visible concrete type of solution of this kind is the matrix approach.

The aggravation of the ecological situation is manifested in the degradation of individual ecological and economic systems, the depletion of natural resource potential and in the deterioration of the quality of the human environment as a whole. The ecological factor began to really limit the people's welfare, which is manifested in the deterioration of the population's health, an increase in the number of genetic disorders, and a reduction in the average life expectancy. Thus, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), public health is 50% dependent on lifestyle and 25% on the state of the environment. Until recently, issues of the state of health of the population, as a rule, were not reflected in the development of environmental standards, were taken out of the framework of the actual environmental categories. At the same time, ensuring sustainable development requires the inclusion of an assessment of the state of health or the threat of its deterioration among the important criteria. This approach is due to the fact that human health is one of the most important goals of environmentally oriented development and an important criterion for environmental well-being. Recently, there has been an increase in the dependence of human health on environmental pollution. In general, the contribution of the environmental factor to the incidence of the population in Russia is estimated at the level of 20-40%, including for cancer - more than 50%. Environmental pollution increases the incidence rate of the population by an average of 20%. In Russia, only 15% of urban residents live in areas with an acceptable level of air pollution. So, only air pollution is caused by about 20-30% of the general diseases of the population of industrial centers. In such industrial centers of ferrous metallurgy as Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk, Nizhniy Tagil, Lipetsk, etc., the overall incidence of the population is almost 40% higher than in relatively clean cities. The most unfavorable ecological situation

Today, the systematic nature of project management comes to the fore. If until recently it was enough for application to declare that the object of management, the activity being controlled has a project-oriented nature and therefore can be called a project, today this is clearly not enough. If until recently it was possible to simply create structural units with the name of the project manager or project manager and at the same time assume that the organization is based on the project management methodology, now this approach does not satisfy anyone, since in reality it does not give the expected effect. After completing the training and receiving the PMP (Project Management Professional) certificate, even by all employees of the organization, or after the start of independent use of specialized software for scheduling and resource planning (name modern

A.E.Sutyagin ® 2012

Modern society, having risen to a high technical and technological level, is faced with the fact that the existing commodity-money relations ("the invisible hand of the market") have ceased to properly manage the economic development of society. Despite the fact that our planet is replete with the necessary resources to ensure the normal life of all mankind, the practice of rationing resources through monetary methods leads (and led) to the opposite results.

“With the passage of time ... humanity has encountered the contradictions of ever-increasing needs and the inability of the biosphere to provide them without collapsing. This directly confronts humanity with the fact of a global ecological catastrophe with further socio-economic development» [ 6 ].

Conceptresource-based economy appeared and developed thanks to the work of the engineer Jaco Fresco and his project "Venus". In the modern senseResource-based economy is an economy that develops thanks to the correct accounting of consumed resources (energy return on investment , material return on investment see below). The efficiency of such an economy is based primarily on resource management technology.The ideas of a resource-based economy are inextricably linked with the use of renewable energy sources, and at the same time exactly those that do not pollute the environment.

In the field of creating a favorable (biopositive ) the human environment, the ideas of a resource-based economy were embodied in the conceptsustainable construction .

"Undersustainable building means the creation and responsible maintenance of a healthy artificial habitat based on the efficient use of natural resources and environmental principles "[ 4 ].

« The goal of sustainable construction and design is to create a healthy life for sustainable cities, sustainable regions and countries, a sustainable society, or ensure sustainable development of society ". Terminstable used as the opposite of the termcatastrophic in relation to the concept of "Man - Nature" (or "Nature - Man").

Creaturebiopositive environment habitat is both a process and a goal of sustainable development. Next, we will try to figure out from which parts the concept is formedbiopositive environments a.

Our review will not be exhaustive, since the views on the artificial human environment in the modern world are still being formed and require serious mathematical and scientific substantiation.

1. Home as part of the environment

The house, as a material object, is part of the material (natural) environment. The house consists of objects of the material environment and affects the surrounding nature. Thus, the house is a consumer (absorber) of natural resources. The processor of these resources. And as the disappointing experience of mankind shows - the gravedigger of these resources. The cultural layers of ancient cities are a “graveyard” of material resources ever used by man. They lie in layers of many meters and remind us of the titanic work that man has done to process and use parts of the planet Earth for his needs. Will the entire planet be covered someday with such a "cultural" layer?

Buildings serve as a haven for people and shelter them from the elements of nature. Home is a roof for many. Home is part of a social action. Let's remember the basilica - a type of ancient buildings that were used as places of trade, court proceedings, and later times for worship. That is, they were a public place. The functions of the building are identical and follow from the function of the public purpose of the building (social idea). This can be found an analogue in the doctrine of the three kinds of existence of Plato: there are eternal ideas, changing concrete things and spaces in which things exist.

If a social need (social idea) arises, then a building is born - a material object. If the public function of a building changes or is exhausted, then the building is rebuilt or destroyed.

The area in which the sphere of interaction between society and nature intersects, in which reasonable human activity becomes a determining factor in development is callednoosphere ... As we would like to consider - the noosphere is a new higher stage in the evolution of the biosphere.«... IN biosphere there is a great geological, perhaps cosmic force, the planetary action of which is usually not taken into account in the concept of space ... This force is the mind of man, his striving and organized will as a social being ”[ 3 ].

Reasonable activity involves the wise use of natural and energy resources at the disposal of a person. Recently, it was proposed to use not the monetary (monetary) equivalent, but the energy and resource equivalents as an assessment of the viability of projects:

EROI - energy return on investment (energy return on investment) - how much energy must be invested to get one unit of energy at the output.

M ROI – material return on investment (material return on investment) - how much material (resources) must be invested in order to get one unit of output.

There is also a combinationEROI andM ROI - EM ROI.

For details, see.

Resource saving - mixing material costs for the production of the final product of use, to the amount that a living being consumes in its natural habitat.

Thus, the development of the human race becomes more stable - this is the meaning of the termsustainable development .

Quite a lot has been built in the world recentlygreen buildings. Here are some of them:

● High-rise building The pearl river tower (Guangzhou, China), height 310m.

● High-rise buildings 340 on Park (Chicago, USA), height 205m.

● High-rise building The Bahrain World Trade Center (Manama, Bahrain), height 240 m.

● High-rise building The Hearst Tower (New York, USA), height 182 m.

● High-rise building Bank of america (New York, USA), height288 m.

● High-rise building Co-operative Insurance ( CIS) Tower (Manchester, England), height 118m.

● Residential building Urban Cactus (Rotterdam, Netherlands)

The use of a number of environmental technologies led to the inclusion of these buildings in the categorygreen :

● AND use of wind turbines located in specially arranged openings in the volume of the building. At present, the arrangement of such turbines provides up to 15% of the building's energy consumption.

● Special glazing device that regulates light reflection and heat loss of the building.

● Installation of solar electric batteries and solar collectors (for water heating).

● A device on the roof of a building for collecting rain and melt water, which, as a rule, is used for watering plants (located both inside the building and outside around the building). In addition, the resulting water can be used for building cooling and air conditioning systems.

● Special ventilation systems, in which not only the air entering from the street is purified, but also the air leaving outside. Cleaning is carried out, including from carbon dioxide.

By analyzing the adjustedgreen buildings The main technical and technological principle can be distinguishedbiopositive buildings - minimization or complete absence of energy consumption from external sources (zero power usage). In this it is possible to trace the main trend in the development of biopositive technologies - the creationnon-volatility habitat.

2. Biopositive building technologies

Another name for biopositive technologies is Natural technologies.

These are technologies that require a minimum amount of energy and / or use renewable energy sources. Subdivided:

● Standard technologies with optimization of construction works, with minimization of energy consumption (directly and / or through resources).

● Technologies that use local (non-portable) energy sources or natural impacts (locally bound energy sources).

● Traditional local technologies.

● Community labor: joint labor of residents of one settlement.

This list can include reconstruction as a type of bio-positive building technology. If, of course, the reconstruction is carried out at the lowest possible cost and with a significant improvement in the functional qualities of the building.

Separately, the following areas can be identified as part of biopositive technologies:

● Use of harmless waste for the manufacture of individual building elements.

● Construction at inconveniences:

●● careers

●● technogenic zones

●● former technological and military buildings

●● unused technological "voids" (under bridges, retaining walls, interfarm space, etc.)

● Hbiomass spray.

● Punderground construction: to accommodate the maximum possible engineering equipment and auxiliary premises.

● Using natural landscape elements:

caves, notches, slopes, ravines, depressions, hills, etc.

● Creation of artificial landscape elements:

●● embankment

●● forest planting

●● gabions

It should not be forgotten that it is unwise to use biopositive technologies just for the sake of using them. Everything must be guided by common sense.

For example, you need to take into account internal relationships and constraints:

● adobe walls - dry containment environment.

● straw walls - biodeterioration.

● paper - fire protection.

3. Bio-positive technologies for the functioning of buildings (Bio-positive space-planning solutions).

Basic principle of operationbiopositive the building consists of two interconnected parts;

At first: A biopositive home should create a safe and favorable environment for human life and health.

Secondly: At the same time, do not carry a negative impact on the natural environment.

These principles can be implemented in different ways:

● The correct layout (layout) of the house, the orientation of the building relative to the Sun and the prevailing direction of the winds.

● Aboutno harmful emissions or emissions during operation.

● Use of building equipment until final physical wear and tear. Use of functional parts of old equipment (without significant alteration) to perform useful functions. Lack of the concept of "obsolescence".

● Differentiated building insulation. Recently, due to the "thoughtless" use of new technologies, the problem of "re-heating" of buildings has arisen, which has led to an unreasonable increase in construction costs. Maintaining a useful cool microclimate (12-13º С at night, 16-18 º С during the day).

● Using part or all of the building for other functions (dual use). Part of the building (or the entire building) is used for the implementation of public or additional technical and technological functions. For example: building - retaining walls, using the roof of the building for the terrace of another building (or roof-garden), roof-reservoir for collecting rainwater, etc.).

There is a separate issue of giving the buildingsmart functions. There is a sufficient amount of literature on this topic. Let us dwell on a number of aspects of using this approach.

Installation and operation of systemssmart House should not conflict with the general requirementbiopositivity - minimization of resources and energy consumption for the construction and operation of the building. On the present stage the level of energy consumption for the manufacture of smart home equipment is still high enough to speak of the undoubtedly “green” nature of smart technologies. There is also a humanitarian and ethical problem of "smart" technologies - a decrease in the level of a person's control over making decisions concerning their own life. In the opinion of the author of the article, in a historical perspective, the full-scale use of "smart" technologies can lead to the degradation of humanity as an intelligent species... A similar problem is now being dealt with in England by doctorphilosophy Hugh Price, astrophysicist Martin Reesom and one of the founders of Skype Jan Tallinn. They took up research on the future enslavement of humans by intelligent machines.

There are curious examples of embodimentbiopositive technologies.

Bill Molison (and even earlier the German engineer and architect Otto Fry) suggested using trees and shrubs as load-bearing and enclosing parts of the building (the so-called.permaculture ).

Da group of Norwegian architects is developing a residentialbiopositive houses as part of an ecosystem. The project was namedmetabolic the house, and according to the plan of the developers, should function as a living organism (automatically regulate humidity, temperature, heat balance, reduce indoor pollution, monitor the well-being of people living in it, etc.). After the end of its service life, its structures are included in the natural decomposition process.

4. Bio-positive materials

Basic requirements: absence of harmful emissions and emissions into the environment.

1. Natural (local)

The main feature is that it is located either on the construction site itself, or within walking distance from it.

● clay

● raw clay

● priming

● gypsum

● biomass spray

2. Naturally renewable

● wood

● straw

● cane

● waste products of the animal world

3. Artificially renewable

● wood (as processed products)

● planting trees as columns.

● Extension of calcium walls on a metal mesh in sea water

4. Material - recyclable

● partly concrete

● partially brick

● glass

● secondary aluminum

● waste paper (cardboard, paper)

● recycled wood (chipboard, OSB - a matter of energy efficiency

5. Structurally - recyclable

the use of entire elements of old structures for subsequent use, both in the same capacity, and as new elements with new functions;

● prefabricated panels, etc. elements (20-30% reuse)

● wooden structures (almost 100% recyclable)

● steel elements (50-70% reuse)

● dismantled brickwork (partially)

● elements of monolithic structures, partially reinforcement

Non-biopositive materials:

non-renewable energy-consuming materials (reinforced concrete, steel, primary aluminum, a number of plastics).

5. Construction bionics.

Construction bionics (he's a principle likeness of nature ) call the applied science of the application of the principles of organization in architectural and construction practice,functions and structures of living nature.

Forerunnerconstruction bionics scientific work is considered Swiss professor of anatomyHermann von Meyer (Hermann Von Meyer), written in the middleXIXcentury. Von meyer examined the bony structure of the femoral head in the placewhere it bends and enters the joint at an angle. Von Meyer discovered that the head of the bone is covered with an intricate network of miniature bones, through which the load is miraculously redistributed throughout the bone. This network had a strict geometric structure, which the professor documented.

In 1866 a Swiss engineerKarl Kuhlman (Carl Cullman) summed up the theoretical basis for the discovery of von Meyer, but 20 years later, load distribution using curved natural structures was used by Eiffel in his famous creation.

A number of researchers attribute to bionic architecture and workAntoni Gaudi (Antoni Gaudi).The architectural forms of the buildings of the famous Spanish (Catalan) architect really resonate with the forms of living nature.

Another Spanish architectSantiago Calatrava ( Santiago Calatrava Valls)began to apply the bionic principle not only to create a nature-like form of buildings, but also used it for the design of supporting structures.

The English architect should also be notedNicholas Grimshaw ( Nicholas Grimshaw)with his projectEden ceilings of a botanical garden in Cornwall (UK), as well as sirNorman Foster ( Norman Foster)with the Cucumber project - Mary-Ex Towers (30 St Mary Ax) in the center of London (UK).

Construction bionics began to gain popularity in the 60-80s of the last century. However, it has not yet become widespread, due to the lack of technical and economic advantages over traditional designs. At presentbionics is in the process of formation, and its research component prevails over practice. Within the framework of the biopositive concept, bionic constructions should be used only if they do not contradict the principles of biopositive construction: minimization of energy and material resources.

An accompanying direction, although not repeatingbionics, worth building practicetraditional national dwellings in modern construction.

Traditional national dwellings, as well as possible, satisfy the principles of bio-positive construction. Let's list the main ones:

● Izba - Russian wooden dwelling

● Wigwam - home of North American Indians

● Hogan - Navajo tree-dwelling

● Thatched huts - South American Indians

● Saklya - stone building of Georgia

● Sarif - a stone hut in Iraq

● Icelandic turf houses

● Adobe housing - residents of Central Asia

● Yurt - the dwelling of the nomadic peoples of the steppe part of Eurasia

● Al Kaimah - jute summer house - United Arab Emirates

● Chalet - Switzerland

6. Engineering equipment of buildings

In the last decade, there has been a trend to equipbiopositive buildings with technologies that have received a general definition -smart House ... Undersmart home means the sum of the technologies of air conditioning, automatic switching on and off of light, automatic shading of windows, tracking the building by turning it behind the sun, equipping the building with the latest telecommunication technologies, etc. It is also possible to install equipment in the building to determine and maintain the normal psychophysical state of living in the house of people. The issues of imparting adaptive functions to furniture and household devices in relation to humans are discussed.

However, in our opinion, the engineering equipment of the house will develop in the directionnatural technologies:

● The use of natural energy sources (including locally associated ones), or energy not used in the main processes (“idle” energy).

● The use of space-planning solutions that minimize the length of engineering systems in the house.

● Mminimization of electric motors in home equipment.

● andusing the gravitational principle in the movement of liquids and gases involved in the systems of the house.

● Pnatural refrigerators (so-called glaciers).

● Use of geothermal heat in winter and geothermal cold in summer.

● Use of permeable (breathable) materials.

7. Building life cycle

Life cycle buildings (structures) is the entire period of the existence and functioning of the building from the beginning of design to the moment of disposal.

Periodslife cycle building:

I -The whole range of design and engineering work.

II -Development of technology and organization of work.

III -Construction (construction) of a building.

IV - Pre-operational development of the building.

V -Operation of the building according to its purpose.

VI -Maintaining the operational suitability of the building through scheduled preventive maintenance and major repairs.

VII -Decommissioning of the building.

VIII -a) Complete dismantling (utilization) of the building with the renovation of the building site before bringing it to the level of the natural environment of the area where the building was located.

b) Reconstruction of the building, either with the restoration of the same operational functions, or giving the building new operational functions.

With the end of the periodVIIIthe life cycle of the building ends, and possibly a new life cycle begins.

● How many energy and raw materials will be used, how much solid, liquid, gaseous waste will be generated at each stage of the life cycle. At the same time, it is possible to take into account the volumes of secondary pollution and costs: for example, the energy required for firing bricks or processing waste.

● Compare the environmental impact of the use of a particular material, component, technology within a specific project.

● Find resource - effective bio-positive materials or products.

● Assess the acceptable limits for the environmental performance of building materials and components for a specific project.

● Select a material, component or technology, the use of which is preferable due to its impact on the environment.

● general climatic impact(total emissions to air, water and soil)

● linking (oxidation) air oxygen

● photochemical smog

● violation of biological diversity

● terrestrial and aquatic toxic emissions

● depletion of natural resources

● violationland use

● depletion of water resources

Each material, technological process and consumed resources are sorted into the indicated categories in order to assess the total impact on nature in the present and during the operation.

The main factors to look out for in bio-positive construction are:

● Disposal of the building

● Transferring all or parts of the house to a new location

● Extending the life cycle of a building

● The growing role of reconstruction (ecological restoration)

● ● ●

A series of ecological and systemic crises that have shaken humanity in recent years, makes it necessary to seek new, balanced approaches to life. Usingbiopositive principles in building construction will preserve the Earth for future generations.

● ● ●

LITERATURE

1. Ragnarsdottir K. V., Sverdrup H. U., Koca D. 2011b. Assessing long term sustainability of global supply of natural resources and materials, Chapter Number X, 20-46. In; Sustainable Development.

2. "Resource-based economic growth, past and present," Gavin Wright and Jesse Czelusta, Stanford University, June 2002.

3. V.I. Vernadsky. "Autotrophy of Humanity".

4. Second conference "Building and Environment". Materials. Paris, 1997.

5. V.A.Kondratenko. "Thermal protection of external walls: excess or necessity?", Magazine "Construction engineering" No. 8, 2006.

6. The concept of sustainable development and security problems. 2001. (Ursul A.D., Romanovich A.L.).

7. S.A. Podolinsky "Human labor and its relationship to the distribution of energy" M .: White Alvy, 2005,ISBN 5-7619-0194-3.

8 . A.N. Tetior. “Sustainable development of the city”.

The model is based on the theory of dynamic economic development developed by I. Schumpeter. Although, as noted, “his critical ideas about the dynamics of entrepreneurship and innovation are vague, complex, or both,” we note that he described the entrepreneur as an agent who captures opportunities in the external environment and uses them to his advantage. If an entrepreneur wants to capitalize on these opportunities, he may have to change his actions to use the available resources, and in doing so, the most unexpected, unconventional situations, creative ideas and approaches to solving business problems may arise.

Based on these ideas, E. Penrose proposed in 1959 her own explanation of the process of growth of the firm. She develops her theory, which is designed to investigate the changing production capabilities of the firm and, in addition, should provide an explanation for the existing limitations to corporate growth. The growth of a firm is due to its accumulation of resources over a period of time.

Resources are investments in a firm's manufacturing process, such as equipment, employee skills, technology, finance, and talented managers. In general, the resources of a firm can be divided into three categories: material, human and organizational capital. Proceeding from this, E. Penrose concludes that a firm is not just a production function, but a collection of resources, and different companies differ from each other in a different combination of their resources.

The Resource-Based Model views each organization as a collection of unique resources and capabilities that are the foundation of its strategy and the primary source of its success. In addition, it is assumed that over time firms acquire different resources and discover specific opportunities. All firms competing in a specific industry may not have the same strategic resources and capabilities. The resource-based model also suggests that the movement of resources between firms can be difficult. Differences in resources that other firms are unable to obtain or easily reproduce, and the specific ways in which they are used within a given firm, form the basis of competitive advantage.

1. Determine the resources available to the firm. Examine their strengths and weaknesses in comparison with the resources of competitors.

Investments

in the production process of the company_

• 2. Determine the capabilities of the firm. In what ways can a firm be more successful than its competitors?
• 3. Determine the potential of the firm's resources and capabilities to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.

Capabilities

Possibilities of using a set of resources_

Sustainable competitive advantage

The ability of a firm to outperform competitors in terms of profit margin_

Choosing and implementing a strategy

• Profit-driven activities above middle level_
• 4. Choose a strategy that best allows the firm to use its own resources and capabilities, taking into account the external environment.

High profitability

RESULT

Receiving a profit above average_

Figure: 6.1. A resource-based model for achieving high

profitability (according to M. Hitt et al.)

Specific resources alone are not capable of providing sustainable competitive advantage. For example, complex manufacturing equipment can become a strategic resource only when used in a system with other components of the firm's activities (such as marketing and employee performance). As a rule, sustainable competitive advantage is achieved precisely through the combination and integration of resources.

Possibility is the ability of a collection of resources to ensure the execution of a task or the performance of an action. Opportunities are the result of resource integration.

A resource-based model for achieving competitive advantage is shown in Fig. 6.1. In contrast to the previously considered "contribution-return" model, the resource-oriented model assumes that the internal environment of the firm, that is, its resources and capabilities, is more essential for determining the direction of development than the external environment. Rather than focusing on the accumulation of resources that are necessary for growth, limited by the opportunities of the external environment, the resource-based approach assumes that the basis for growth is provided by the resources and capabilities of the firm. The chosen strategy should allow the firm to better use its own capabilities, taking into account the external environment.

Not all of a firm's capabilities and resources can be the basis for sustainable competitive advantage. This opportunity is realized when resources and capabilities are valuable, limited, poorly reproducible and irreplaceable:

Valuable - when they enable the firm to seize opportunities or

neutralize threats from the external environment;

• are official - when only a few current and potential competitors are available;
• poorly reproducible - when other firms cannot get them;
• irreplaceable - when they have no strategic equivalents. When resources and capabilities meet these criteria, they

can serve as the basis for the formation of a sustainable competitive advantage of a firm, its strategic competitiveness and its ability to make profits above the average. Such a foundation can be a wide range of resources and opportunities. However, in a globalized economy, skills work force are becoming increasingly important for the formation of sustainable competitive advantage. However, employing skilled workers does not necessarily lead to a competitive advantage. Only by using specific proprietary learning models and by combining human resources with other resources and capabilities can firms expect their employees to be the foundation of success.

A wide range of resources and capabilities can be the foundation for a core competitive advantage. But, in a global economy, the skills of a firm's workforce collide with the development of sustainable competitive advantage. However, employing skilled workers does not necessarily lead to a competitive advantage.

The main resource in the expansion of the company is the organizational, management resource. E. Penrose writes: "Management services are the only ones that a firm should use." Indeed, they are so important that the lack or absence of available managerial resources is a major obstacle to firm expansion. According to Penrose, "the firm will expand in accordance with plans, the content of which depends on the size and experience of the management team." A company can expect its workers to become the core of a competitive advantage only if specific proprietary training and combination models are established. human resources with other resources and abilities.

However, E. Penrose's approach, outstanding for its time, as is often the case in economics, later revealed its limitations. First of all, this was due to her assertion that managerial resources are the most essential for any firm. In fact, this is not the only and not even always the most important type of resource. For example, in technology-driven companies, the main potential is not in the management environment, but in the product development teams and sales teams that work closely with customers. Subsequently, on the basis of criticism of this point of Penrose's theory, the concept of key competence arose, which, due to its importance for modeling corporate growth, deserves a more detailed consideration.

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

UDC 332.146.2

problems of improving the quality of economic space in resource-oriented regions of the Russian Federation

n. t. avramchikova,

doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Finance and Credit E-mail: [email protected]

m. n. Chuvashova,

postgraduate student of the Department of Finance and Credit E-mail: sadmari @ rambler. ru Siberian State Aerospace University

The article defines the role and significance of the quality of economic space for regional development, reveals the specificity of the economic space of resource-oriented regions, reveals the problems of forming an economic space in regions of this type. The main conceptual provisions of the formation of economic space in resource-oriented regions have been developed, ensuring the implementation of regional economic policy in accordance with the typification of economic spaces of the regions and highlighting the specific features of resource-oriented regions. In the course of the study, the main directions of improving the quality of the economic space of resource-oriented regions have been identified, involving qualitative transformations of the territorial structure in regions of this type and contributing to an increase in their competitiveness, which is an urgent need in the context of economic globalization.

Key words: economic space, resource-oriented region, typification of economic space, territorial structure, economic growth.

The specifics of the economic space of resource-oriented regions and the problems of its formation

The economic space develops the initial ideas about the territory and is defined as a saturated territory containing many objects and connections between them: settlements, industrial enterprises, economically developed and recreational areas, transport and engineering networks, etc. Each region has its own internal space and connections with outside space.

It is well known that the main wealth of any country is its territory and population, they are also the main attributes of the state. Success economic development the region and the country as a whole largely depends on the procedure for organizing and locating industrial production facilities on its territory.

Analysis of domestic and foreign developments in the field of regional studies allowed

Table 1 Gross domestic product per capita in resource-oriented regions in the Russian Federation in comparison with the developed countries of the world, thousand dollars

the authors conclude that the necessary conditions for the effectiveness of the development of economic space at the regional level are its rational territorial structure and the advanced development of economic enclaves, the innovative activity of which contributes to the spread of innovations in the zones of their influence and ensures smoothing of disparities in the level of socio-economic development of the region as a whole ensuring economic growth.

In Russia, the economy of resource-oriented regions has a focal type of development, and innovation processes in it, accordingly, have a pronounced local character. The main problems of socio-economic development of a resource-oriented region, due to its specificity, are:

The vastness of the territory and low population density, which prevents the even distribution of productive forces in the economic space of the region;

Concentration of natural resource potential in underdeveloped and hard-to-reach areas of the region;

Limited number of economically active population;

Focal type of development of the industrial complex, the presence of sharp disparities in the level of socio-economic development of territories;

Conditionality of economic growth, as a rule, due to the development of raw materials industries;

Limited investment and financial resources and the need to purposefully link them to growth points in the region's economy;

High differentiation in the level of income and quality of life of the region's population.

From the point of view of relations with the federal center, the main problems remain:

Dirigistic policy of leveling the level of socio-economic development of the regions, which does not adequately ensure the regions of economic freedom;

Insufficient decentralization in management methods providing for the transfer of certain subjects of the RF jurisdiction to the regional level;

Low efficiency of the state regional economic policy, which does not generate incentives for the subjects of the Federation to invest in science and technological development.

The analysis of the state of socio-economic development of resource-oriented regions, located mainly in Siberia, in comparison with macro- and mesoeconomic indicators in the world economy is given in Table. one.

Based on the data presented in table. 1, it follows that the intensity of economic development in Siberian regions, which are mainly (with a few exceptions) resource-oriented, in terms of the level of production of the gross regional product (GRP) per capita, significantly lags behind world indicators. So, in 2011, in the regions of Siberia, the GRP per capita was 7.9 thousand dollars, which is 77.8% less than in high-income countries of the world, and 6% less than in the world on average ( this lag is 34.2% from the national average).

Based on the data presented in table. 2, it follows that the largest share in the total number of subjects of the Russian Federation (almost 52%) is occupied by subjects classified according to the studied indicator into the group “up to 100 thousand rubles. GRP per capita ”(43 constituent entities of the Russian Federation have this level of intensity of production of material goods, where more than 45% of the country's population live). Thus, studies show that the largest number of Russian regions in terms of GRP per capita is lower than the world average.

Territory 2005 2010 2011

High-income countries 29.0 35.2 35.5

World average 5.4 7.5 8.4

Russia 11.8 11.7 12.0

Siberia 2.1 7.1 7.9

table 2

Grouping of regions of the Russian Federation by the size of the gross regional product

per capita in 2011

Groups of regions of the Russian Federation Regions Share of groups, °%

by GRP per capita, thousand rubles Number in% of the total Population GRP

Up to 100 9 10.8 5.4 4.2

101-200 43 51,8 45,1 34,9

201-300 21 25,3 31,3 28,5

301-400 5 6,1 6,6 10,3

401 and above 5 6.0 11.6 22.1

Total ... 83 100 100 100

Table 3

The main indicators of the development of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in comparison with the Siberian Federal District and the average country indicators in 2011 in current prices

Object of research and GRP indicator Volume of shipped goods of own production, performed works and services Retail trade turnover

Russian Federation, GDP, total, billion rubles (including per capita, thousand rubles) 54 586.0 (381.8) 35 052.6 (245.1) 19 082.6 (133.5)

Siberian Federal District, total, billion rubles (including per capita, thousand rubles) 4 795.6 (252.4) 3 121.9 (161.8) 2 064.1 (107.2)

Krasnoyarsk Territory, total, billion rubles (including per capita, thousand rubles) 1,188.8 (419.5) 990.2 (353.6) 361.6 (127.6)

in a resource-oriented region (Krasnoyarsk Territory) compared with similar data for the Siberian Federal District and Russia as a whole. The research data are presented in table. 3.

According to the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the Krasnoyarsk Territory has per capita indicators higher than the average for Russia: by GRP (GDP) - by 1.1 times, by the volume of shipped goods of its own production, performed works and services - by 1 ,4 times. Compared to similar indicators in the Siberian Federal District, the excess is 1.7 and 2.2 times, respectively, which indicates the presence in this resource-oriented region of unused reserves for improving the quality of economic space and the efficiency of its development.

The main provisions of the conceptual approach to the formation of the economic space of resource-oriented regions

The main provisions of the conceptual approach to the formation of the economic space of resource-oriented regions are based on the interaction of management theories and the regional economy with an assessment of the effectiveness of the result obtained and are as follows:

In carrying out regional economic policy in accordance with the typification of the economic spaces of the regions and the allocation of specific features of resource-oriented regions;

Improving the quality of the economic space of resource-oriented regions by changing the territorial structure, ensuring the location of production and transport communications in accordance with the specifics of the regions and taking into account natural and climatic conditions;

In the development of criteria for assessing the quality of the economic space of resource-oriented regions;

In substantiating the influence of economic growth in resource-oriented regions as a determining factor in the formation of economic potential to improve the quality of economic space

Within the framework of this conceptual approach, as well as on the basis of the results of the studies carried out to identify the factors and problems affecting the improvement of the quality of the economic space of resource-oriented regions, the main principles that ensure the improvement of the quality of management decisions are generalized and systematized:

The principle of scientific validity is the development and improvement of criteria for assessing the quality of economic space, taking into account the achievements of the theory of regional economics, approbation of new tools for assessing the data obtained, using the capabilities of modern information technologies;

The principle of ensuring the qualitative state of the economic space of the region;

The principle of innovative activity is the region's susceptibility to innovations, the presence in developing industries of a growth pole of science-intensive and high technologies and the spread of innovation impulses to the zones of its influence;

The principle of subsidiarity of territorial management is the delegation of part of the powers of the executive authorities of the federal center to the regional level in order to fulfill them more efficiently.

The formation of the provisions of the conceptual approach to the formation of the economic space of resource-oriented regions ensures the development of methodological guidelines for improving its quality and contributes to the efficiency of managerial decision-making.

main directions of improving the quality of economic space

resource oriented regions

Implementation of regional economic policy in accordance with the typification of the economic spaces of the regions and the allocation of specific features of resource-oriented regions. Taking into account the presence of territorial differentiation of the socio-economic situation in the development of regions of the Russian Federation, it is advisable to pursue a regional policy that should take into account the rather pronounced specifics of their development. In the course of the study, the authors determined the typification of economic spaces of resource-oriented regions using the example of the regions of the Siberian Federal District using an integral assessment of the socio-economic development of regions by the state of industrial production, the level of employment, the standard of living and the budgetary and financial situation. The typification of the economic space of the regions of the Russian Federation according to the level of their development can be represented as follows:

1) regions with developed economic space - this group includes regions with a high degree of agglomeration and a high level of industrial development, scientific and technological progress and intensification of production. They have a large contingent of qualified specialists and workers, large and expensive industrial and production funds, a significant research and development base (especially in the military-industrial complex). A sufficient level of combination of market relations with their state regulation allows these regions to have their own financial resources to activate “growth points” and to perform “donor” functions for unprofitable subjects of the Federation. This group of regions is called upon to act as "generators" of economic and organizational progress, with their help it is possible to ensure the strategic competitiveness of Russia in the system of the world economy

As part of this group, a subgroup of high-tech regions stands out with the leading industries - high-tech machine building and the chemical industry. These regions have a high level of industrial production and, as a rule, a positive balance of budgetary flows between the regions and the federal center. Among the resource-oriented regions of the Siberian Federal District, this subgroup includes the Omsk, Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions. The subgroup of resource regions includes regions specializing in the extraction and production of high-quality types of primary raw materials and construction materials, in the basic industries - fuel and energy and metallurgy. In the Siberian Federal District, such regions are Kemerovo, Irkutsk regions and Krasnoyarsk Territory.

State regional policy in regions of this type should be aimed at ensuring the greatest freedom and competition of commodity producers, economic activity taking into account the existing favorable prerequisites. This presupposes the massive attraction of capital in the manufacturing sector, in the high-tech manufacturing industry. Developed regions are called upon to be leaders of active structural transformations based on the principles of a neo-industrial economy, the formation of science-intensive, high-performance

ny and resource-saving, as well as export and import-substituting industries, service types of services;

2) regions with an underdeveloped economic space - underdeveloped (economically backward) regions include regions with extremely low intensity and low parameters of economic activity, with a one-sided (non-diversified) structure of the economy, with a sharp lag behind the main regions in the development of the production base, social sphere and market infrastructure, with high unemployment and low living standards, with the highest subsidization of territorial budgets among the subjects of the Federation. This subgroup of the resource-oriented regions of the Siberian Federal District includes the republics of Tyva and Khakassia. An active regional policy towards regions of this type should provide for their accelerated economic growth and social recovery. It consists in the implementation of a set of measures for state support, aimed primarily at the implementation of non-capital-intensive (quickly recouped projects and programs), at reducing budget subsidies and narrowing the gap in the levels of economic and social development with the national average.

For economically backward regions, the tasks of preventing a decline in the standard of living of the population and minimizing negative consequences, countering the tendency of a worsening demographic situation and manifestations of depopulation of the population are urgent. The main ways to solve these problems are the implementation of centralized investments from federal sources in new construction, mainly in the field of industry, infrastructure (industrial and social), as well as the stimulation of private investment in certain sectors of the economy (including the agro-industrial complex) through preferential loans and taxes, etc. (i.e., these regions require strengthening of mechanisms of state regulation of the economy, including the intensification of territorial integration);

3) regions with an economic space in a depression stage - regions of this type are characterized by:

A relatively high level of economic potential;

A significant share of industry and in many cases its leading industries in the structure of the economy;

Improved qualifications of local labor resources.

However, as a result of the low competitiveness of the core industries, unstable supply and sales ties, or a reorientation of the strategic course (for example, the development of the military-industrial complex), these regions were quite recently characterized by a deep and persistent economic recession, high unemployment, low investment activity, low levels of fiscal security and real income population, its sharp social stratification. In the Siberian Federal District, such a region is the Altai Territory.

Strengthening financial stability on the basis of budgetary federalism and the settlement of financial relations with the federal center is one of the main guidelines of regional policy. The main instruments of state support for depressed regions are:

Concessional loans from centralized sources or partial compensation interest rate on loans from commercial banks in the implementation of effective projects and programs;

Introduction of incentive payments to enterprises for the creation of new jobs;

Using higher rates depreciation charges on the active part of fixed assets, etc.

It is also topical to encourage the growth of private investment in the economy, involving them in mainly the most competitive projects - the basic links of structural transformations;

4) regions with a crisis economic space - this type of state of economic space includes regions that have been subjected to the destructive effects of natural or man-made disasters, regions of widespread social and political conflicts and deep economic shocks, etc. Currently, there are no regions of this type in the Siberian Federal District.

Summing up the presented typification, we can conclude that for developed regions, the emphasis is on enhancing private entrepreneurship, for underdeveloped and crisis ones - on state support, while for

in depressed regions, the optimal combination of both directions and mechanisms of management.

Changing the territorial structure of a resource-oriented region, ensuring the location of production and transport communications in accordance with its specifics and taking into account natural and climatic conditions. In the process of development and economic use of the territory, the territorial structure of the economic space is formed, which includes the following types of organization: focal and scattered; uniform-nodal and agglomeration-nodal. The most important components of a single economic space are national (all-Russian) markets for goods and services, labor and capital. Most of the countries of the world have a heterogeneous economic space, within the boundaries of which special parts are distinguished: enclaves and exclaves, while the enclave is understood as a separate area, which in relation to the surrounding territory differs in specific conditions (free and offshore zones), and the exclave as separated from main territory part. The structure of spatial theories of regional economics is formed from theories of regional development, theories of interregional economic relations, and classical theories of location.

The territorial structure of the economic space is a series of economic systems that are divided into regions of various ranks. The spatial division of labor loses its geographic features and is transformed from territorial to technological or functional. The condition of the territorial division of labor and its prerequisite are the refusal of the territory from self-sufficiency in everything necessary and specialization in the production of any product for exchange.

The territorial organization of production and the territorial distribution of productive forces are carried out and improved with the development of human society. The spatial aspect of development is especially important for Russia, which has a large extent and significant regional and settlement characteristics. The Krasnoyarsk Territory occupies 1/6 of Russia, more than ten nationalities live on its territory, and therefore the spatial

the development aspect is very important for him. IN market conditions the distribution of productive forces has its own laws and characteristics.

The territorial division of labor determines the specialization of regions in sectors of the economy, the concentration and development of which there is especially effective. This is due to the use of cheaper (compared to other regions) natural, labor and other resources, benefits from location, local socio-economic conditions and factors. The objective prerequisites for the territorial division of labor are the differentiation of geographical conditions and the achieved level of development of the productive forces in different regions of the country.

The territorial division of labor leads to the development between regions of interregional ties for the exchange of products and services. Along with the regional division of labor, there is a process of intraregional specialization, which is a reflection of the intraregional division of labor. This process is accompanied by the concentration of production and population in separate parts of the territory. As a result, industrial centers, centers, nodes and territorial clusters appear at the intraregional level.

It should be noted that economic concepts of zoning and distribution of productive forces have been developed abroad on the basis of the allocation of zones of gravity and market zones.

The idea of \u200b\u200beconomic zoning abroad was reflected in the concepts of "growth poles", "central places", "gravitational zones" and in practical implementation in industrial parks, technoparks, technopolises. This idea is initiated by the governments of foreign countries to implement territorial shifts in the distribution of productive forces and to conduct selective regional policies, especially for depressed and economically backward regions. This experience of regional development and the introduction of the territorial factor in the process of making federal and state decisions is a timely and urgent task for Russia.

The development of market relations has made adjustments to the theoretical foundations of the territorial organization of production in Russia. The policy of equalizing the development of regions has lost its effectiveness. Previous tools for managing regional development do not work, and often

their use leads to negative results. In market conditions, the gap in economic growth rates between individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation is an objective trend. The constant increase in this gap, despite interbudgetary transfers, is becoming the main social contradiction that generates political conflicts, i.e., the limit of the policy of equalizing territories has not yet been reached. The time has come to fundamentally change the attitude towards the concept of regional development management and, following the market requirements, move to a policy of polarized development (development focused on priorities).

The polarized development of regions implies that it is possible to “pick up” the natural process of polarization of economic development and give it a balanced and manageable character. At the same time, it is necessary to form regions - locomotives of growth (support regions), which have an innovative and investment impact on the rest of the territory. With this approach, the following results will be achieved: the territorial integrity of the country and its individual regions will be preserved; there will be a reduction in the areas of crisis areas; a global region will be formed, comparable to the world's global regions.

The development of the territorial structure is carried out on the basis of the urbanization of the country and the mainstreaming of transport. Both of these processes determined the growth of territorial concentration in its various forms: point (large cities), areal (urban agglomerations) and linear (chains of cities, megalopolises).

1. Urbanization. In the XX century. in Russia, an urban revolution took place. Over the century, the number of cities has increased 2.2 times, but the main thing is the development and multiplication of the number of large cities. The category of big cities acquires new properties in all subsystems: in the economic base, in the population, in the planning organization. Thus, a fundamental change in the territorial structure of the country and the distribution of the population is carried out. The growth of big cities is a worldwide trend. They have the potential that makes them the locomotives of the development of their regions and the country as a whole. The authors emphasize that big cities are not just leaders of socio-economic development, moving

givers of progress, creators of something new in all spheres of life (territorial organization is increasingly centered around cities, that is, they are the focuses of territorial development).

Satellite cities emerge around large cities, giving rise to agglomerations - "constellations" of cities, which have become a key form of modern settlement. Agglomeration is a means of increasing the share of economical short connections, which is very important for the vast and underdeveloped territories of Siberia. About 30% of the total number of new cities that arose in Russia during the 20th century was the immediate environment of large centers, increasing their potential. A new type of cities has emerged - science cities, which are also predominantly satellite cities of large regional centers. Critics of the recent past, when they write that a large number of new cities were created in vain, while old ones had to be developed, forget that the large centers of old Russia (except for St. Petersburg) did not have cities in their immediate surroundings. Consequently, the creation of new satellite cities was a necessity, because it ensured a natural transition to the agglomeration (post-urban) stage of settlement development. Active growth points have been created in the form of large multifunctional centers, the potential of which has been enhanced by satellite cities. It was thanks to them that successes were achieved in the development of education, culture and art, science and technology, nuclear energy, lasers, jet aircraft, etc. were created.

2. Backbone. As you know, backbone transportation is an increase in the speed of movement and the carrying capacity of all types of transport. In Russia (due to its vast expanses and distances), this tool for changing the territorial structure is very relevant. It was in Russia that powerful and high-speed modes of transport were created for the development of space, and the world's longest railways were built. Further development of trunk lines will make it possible to effectively and with great economic benefit for Russia use its intercontinental position. The Institute of Economics and Organization of Industrial Production of the SB RAS, summarizing the results of the developments of its own and other organizations, proposed a concept for the development of transport corridors in Russia, assuming

creation and development of three latitudinal and four meridional corridors, the use of which will significantly increase the competitiveness of the eastern regions of the country.

Agglomeration and trunk lines provide economic space compression. Not shrinkage by “rejecting” territories, but economic shrinkage based on rational territorial organization. In this case, growth points arise not only in “privileged” areas, but everywhere, ensuring an increase in the quality of life of the population. As a result of using these tools for the development of the territorial structure, a support frame is formed, which is formed by a set of leading centers and highways connecting them - this is a dispersed concentration. The support frame combines two oppositely directed development trends: towards territorial concentration and towards dispersal. Our country has always been characterized by the development of urbanization, both "in breadth" and "in depth," predetermined by geographical and historical conditions. The fulfillment of central functions by cities makes them dispersed, striving for more or less uniform coverage of the territory. The benefit from the economic compression of space, on the contrary, forces them to gather in territorial groups, to form agglomeration clusters (it should be noted that the economic compression of space occurs quite actively in conditions of rise, development, and not recession and crisis).

Completion of the creation and overhaul of the territorial structure is one of the conditions for the revival of Russia, and the rationalization of the territorial structure is an important reserve for its development. Much depends on what model of economic development Russia will be able to implement: with an emphasis on raw materials industries or, conversely, on high-tech industries. Russia has great opportunities for each of both directions, and for their combination. Under all circumstances, especially taking into account the current situation, the raw materials industries will now and in the foreseeable future form the basis of the Russian economy. They provide the main products for export and foreign exchange earnings. Therefore, the use of the richest resources of the North will continue. This predetermines the need for close attention to the North in general, the definition

effective northern policy, which determines the relevance of the development of resource-oriented regions of the country in general and the Siberian Federal District in particular.

As noted by authoritative Russian scientists, the construction of transcontinental transport routes, in which the world community is also interested, will make significant changes in the territorial structure of Russia. The connectivity and improvement of the quality of the economic space of resource-oriented regions of Siberia, i.e., its agglomeration and backbone, will provide major shifts in the territorial structure.

Substantiation of the influence of economic growth of a resource-oriented region on improving the quality of its economic space. The solution to the problem of improving the quality of economic space is directly related to overcoming autarkic tendencies, with the development of interregional ties for the rational use of the competitive advantages of territories in the interests of both regional communities and the state as a whole, contributing to the economic growth of a region of any hierarchical level.

Within the framework of the neoclassical theory, the mechanism of self-organization of the economic space is realized through flows of labor and financial resources. It is believed that regions that are in the stage of maturity are sources of capital, since their savings exceed investment opportunities. This situation is due to the following circumstances:

First, savings are growing at a faster rate than income;

Second, at the stage of maturity, there is a stabilization or even a decrease in labor supply due to the completion of the urbanization stage. Capital from developed regions is directed to less developed regions, since there are opportunities for obtaining a higher rate of return due to the low cost of labor and other production factors. In addition, regions lagging behind in development have the opportunity to increase the supply of labor due to the migration of the rural population to cities.

Thus, in accordance with the concepts of neoclassical economic theory, the most important component of the mechanism of self-organization of economic space is

capital migration, which accelerates the development of regions and works towards smoothing out regional inequalities.

Along with capital migration, the heterogeneity of the economic space, expressed as a significant differentiation in the level of income, also determines the migration of labor. In this case, the direction of migration flows, as a rule, is opposite in relation to capital flows. Thus, the movement of labor is directed from poor to rich regions, which contributes to the growth of regional differentiation.

The integral effect of labor and capital migration depends on their relative mobility. If capital has high mobility and labor force is low, then capital flows will have the main influence on the change in economic space, and, therefore, lagging regions will show higher growth rates compared to developed ones. However, if capital is immobile and labor is mobile, then regions with a high level of income and a shortage of labor will have a high level of population growth and gross regional product.

The main tasks of economic development in the regions are:

Building up expanded reproduction in industries;

Increasing the competitiveness of Russian industrial products in the domestic and foreign markets;

Diversification of industrial production;

Outrunning development of industries producing products with a higher share of added value;

Priority development of high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries, a significant increase in the share of innovative products in the total volume of industrial production and a number of other tasks.

It should be borne in mind that industrial policy at the present stage of development is not sectoral, but regional. Economic growth in the region is based on the formation of regional and local markets, effective regional economic complexes and "points of growth", the outstripping development of which

increases the effectiveness of the development of a resource-oriented region.

However, it should be noted that for the implementation of this policy, a certain degree of financial freedom of the regions is required, which allows them to efficiently manage the region's economy and form a development strategy for the future.

Let us consider the state of the economy of a resource-oriented region in dynamics using the example of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Table 4).

Based on the data presented in table. 4, it follows that in the region under study there is a dynamic development of the economic space: stable growth rates of GRP, growth in the total volume of production of goods and services, including innovative goods. Investments in fixed assets also tend to grow and the average monthly accrued wage... However, the region lacks the financial resources necessary to increase innovation susceptibility, as evidenced by the decline in 2011 by 39 billion rubles. balanced financial result compared to the previous year.

Conclusions from the study

As a result of the studies carried out, it can be concluded that at present, in the regional economic policy pursued by the federal center, there is a certain combination of interests of the center and the regions, which allows, to a certain extent, to ensure the growth rates of the regional economy in a number of subjects of the Federation.

At the same time, to improve the quality of the economic space of resource-oriented regions, to activate their innovative development in the implementation of regional economic policy on the part of the federal center, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the development of the economy of these regions and qualitative transformations of the territorial structure in regions of this type, which is an urgent need in the context of economic globalization. ...

In addition, it should be borne in mind that one of the conditions for the development of a country with a federal state structure is the existence of financial independence of all constituent entities of the Federation, in the absence of which the subsidized constituent entity of the Federation is subject to bankruptcy and

connection to the strongest in economically regions. It is this formulation of the question that corresponds to the status of the Federation, which preserves and develops the market and each of its constituent entities.

Bibliography

1. Avramchikova N. T. Theoretical aspects of assessing the quality of economic space // Regional economy: theory and practice. 2012. No. 35 (266). S. 2-13.

2. Avramchikova NT Prospects for the development of a region with a rarefied economic space in the context of globalization // Regional economy: theory and practice. 2010. No. 5 (140). S. 16-19.

3. Kistanov V. V. Association of Russian regions M .: Economy. 2007.139 s.

4. Lappo G. M. Cities of Russia. Geographer's view. M .: New chronograph. 2012.504 p.

5. URL: http: // ereport. ru / stat.