Lectures for students. Employed and unemployed are not included in the labor force

Employment is an extremely important phenomenon in the socio-economic life of society. It includes the rational use of labor, ensuring a decent standard of living for the working population, meeting the needs of the country's national economy for labor, taking into account the quantity and quality of it, and also includes the problem of unemployment.

Employment- this is human activity, combined with the gratification of personal and social needs that do not contradict the legislation and bring income. Persons engaged in economic activities include persons between the ages of 15 and 70 who work for remuneration on a hired or part-time basis, individually or independently or for individual citizens-employers, in their own or family enterprises, and members of the household who work for free employed in personal subsidiary farming, temporarily absent from work.

Able-bodied population- this is the population that is capable of working, regardless of age, that is, the part of the population that is potentially able to work, in other words, has the necessary physical development, mental abilities and knowledge to perform work. The working-age population includes the working-age population within the working age, employed and unemployed, as well as the population beyond the working age, potentially able to work.

The economically inactive population includes:

1) persons studying in educational institutions and full-time students;

2) non-working old-age or disability pensioners;

3) non-working population, receiving income from securities, shares, and those who receive material assistance from societies, organizations and individuals;

4) persons providing voluntary free services, and persons of working age who can work, but are not looking for work for objective and subjective reasons.

A common feature of the information that makes up statistics is that they always refer not to one single (individual) phenomenon, but to their general complexity.

The tasks of employment and unemployment statistics are:

1) collection of information on the number of employed and unemployed as components of the labor force;

2) measuring the level of employment and unemployment in order to study the state and trends in the labor market;

3) research on employment of the population to assess the situation on the labor market and forecast it;

4) study of the composition of the employed and unemployed in order to develop an employment program;

5) study of the relationship between employment, income, content and other incentives for labor in order to obtain an employment program.

The solution of these problems creates the conditions for measuring the supply of labor and its actual use. Their implementation is based on a combination of a number of data sources.

In Russia, to calculate the total number of employed by regions during the year, the data of current reporting on labor are used: form 1-T “Information on the number and wages of employees by type of activity” (annual), unified reporting form No. P-4 “Information on the number , wages and movement of employees ”(monthly - with an average number of more than 15 people, quarterly - with an average number of up to 15 people). All enterprises report on these forms. The number of employed for small businesses can be obtained from the quarterly one-time report No. PM "On the main indicators of the small business." The study of the composition of the employed by sectors of the national economy, sectors of the economy is carried out according to the balance of labor resources, compiled for the middle (July 1), end (beginning - January 1) of the year and on average for the year.

A significant source of information on the number of unemployment is the data of employment services, which in 1991 connected the previously operating centers and bureaus for the employment of citizens. Employees of the fields of employment fill out the primary accounting documentation on employment and employment of the population, containing a personal registration card of a citizen who is looking for work, No. 1 and a card who applied to the employment service for advice No. 2, besides, they send monthly to the state statistics bodies "Report on employment and employment of the population ”. However, not all those in need of work turn to the services of employment services. They indicate only the number of officially registered unemployed (at the end of the period: month, quarter, year). Along with the information of the current reporting to measure the total number of unemployed since 1992, materials of a sample analysis of the population on employment issues are used: since 1999, they have been carried out quarterly in the last week of the second month of the quarter. 60 thousand citizens aged 15-72 are examined during the week. The highest upper age limit makes it possible to clarify the likely participation of pensioners in the labor market, the lowest - of adolescents. The survey results make it possible to assess the number of unemployed, their distribution according to the circumstances of unemployment, according to the methods of job search. Job search methods are especially important because the labor market can function in both organized and unorganized forms.

The use of sample surveys in combination with current reporting information to find the number of unemployed is recommended by the ILO and is practiced in many countries.

Data from sample surveys of enterprises can also provide some assistance in collecting information on employment. Since 1991, the Russian Economic Barometer (REB) has been monitoring enterprises and banks in our country on a monthly basis. Today, EW is the only organization that analyzes the economic situation in Russia on the basis of conventional survey statistics methods.

Since the size of unemployment is widely used in international practice as a general indicator of the current state of the country's economy, it is, of course, necessary to include in the information programs surveys of questions that clarify the situation on the labor market and allow predicting it. Due to the materiality of this information, the Government of the Russian Federation approved on March 22, 1995, the Regulation on All-Russian Monitoring of the Social and Labor Sphere. The Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the State Statistics Committee of Russia organize and conduct monitoring of the social and labor sphere with the participation of the Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Social Protection of the Population, Federal Migration Service of Russia, Federal Employment Service.

The situation on the labor market in a number of districts is regularly monitored by scientific centers for the employment of the population, for example, thanks to telephone surveys of the city population on employment and quality of life, the socio-economic situation and the state of the labor market are monitored. The direction of the population in the labor market is the subject of an international comparative survey conducted within the framework of the project ISSP (International Social Science Program).

Employment -this is the activity of the population, which is associated with the satisfaction of personal and social needs, does not contradict the legislation and brings, as a rule, earnings, labor income.

Under unemploymenta socio-economic situation is understood in which the proportion of the proactive, able-bodied population is not able to find a job that these people can do. Unemployment is determined by the excess of the number of people seeking to find work over the number of available jobs that correspond to the profile and qualifications of applicants for these jobs. Unemployed people are able-bodied citizens who are looking for work, are at the labor exchange and do not have a true opportunity to get a job according to their education, work skills, profile. Many countries in the world today have unemployment rates of about 5% of the total employed.

According to the recommendations of the ILO, statistics considers the number of employed and unemployed as two components of the economically active population, that is, the labor force. Its measurement makes it possible to carry out macroeconomic monitoring and develop an employment strategy.

Under labor force (economically active population) means the part of the population of working age from 16 to the accepted age of retirement, employed or unemployed, with the exception of the incapacitated. It provides labor supply for the production of goods and services and is included in the UN System of National Accounts. Distinguish between the general labor force, which includes persons in military service, and civil, minus persons in true military service.

The number of economically energetic population is determined in relation to the established time and includes the employed and unemployed, and is also estimated according to the data of sample analyzes of the population on employment issues. When measuring an economically vigorous population, international standards advise that a minimum age be specified. It can be taken at 6 years (Egypt), 10 years (Brazil), and increase to 16 years (USA, Sweden). In many countries it is 14-15 years old. In some countries, two minimum limits are considered: a lower one for obtaining data on economic activity and a slightly higher one for classifying the economically active population: for example, in Canada - 14 and 15 years, India - 5 and 15, Venezuela - 10 and 15, in Russia - 15 and 16 years old.

In addition to the minimum, a number of countries have a maximum age, that is, persons older than it are excluded from the calculation of the economically active population. For example, in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, the upper limit is 74 years old, and in Russia the age limit is 72 years. At the same time, with the further classification of the population into employed and unemployed, as in most countries, the age limit has not been established. To get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe level of economic activity of the population of a country (region), the proportion of the economically active population in the total population is determined. In 2006, according to the published annual report of the International Labor Office “Global Employment Trends”, the number of unemployed globally was 195.2 million, or 6.3% of the total number of people of working age. Consequently, in the total population on a global scale, 2,903.2 million people, or 93.7%, are residents who provide the supply of labor.

The most reliable level of economic activity of the population is found as the ratio of the economically active population to the population aged 15 to 72 years, due to the fact that this age group is involved in sample surveys. People of working age have the greatest labor activity (in Russia, women are 16-54 years old and men are 16-59 years old). Therefore, the level of economic activity of the working-age population is also found as the ratio of the economically active working-age population to the working-age population.

Each age group is characterized by its own level of economic activity, that is, the desire to work regularly increases up to the age of 35-39 (in some years up to 40-44) and then gradually decreases.

Although age influences the level of economic activity, it remains quite high for men and in older age groups. According to this, the age variation in the level of economic activity among men is lower by 10 percentage points.

The calculation of the coefficients of variation is carried out according to the formula:

Where x - the average level of economic activity in general for all age groups;

? - standard deviation characterizing fluctuations in the level of economic activity by age.

The correct definition of the economically active population depends on the accuracy of finding its two components: employed and unemployed.

The employed population consists of men and women aged 16 and over, as well as persons of younger ages who, during the study period:

1) carried out work for hire for a fee (on a full or part-time basis), as well as other income-generating work (independently or for some citizens);

2) were temporarily absent from work due to injury, illness, vacation and other reasons;

3) carried out work without remuneration in a family enterprise.

The unemployed population is persons 16 years of age and older who, during the study period:

1) did not have work (profitable occupation);

2) they were looking for work (they turned to the administration of the enterprise, the employment service, used personal contacts, posted advertisements in the press, etc.) or took steps to organize their own business;

3) were ready to start work.

When classified as unemployed, all three criteria listed above must be present. The unemployed also includes persons who are trained in the direction of employment services or perform paid public works obtained through employment services.

According to the ILO methodology, the unemployed can also include students, pupils, disabled people and pensioners, if they were looking for work and were ready to start it.

The unemployed include persons who are not employed, who are registered with the employment service as job seekers, and who are identified as unemployed.

To characterize the state of the labor market, statistics mainly provide data on the absolute number of employed and unemployed in the country and by region. For Russia in the 1990s. XX century was characterized by the direction of decreasing the number of employed population. This directionality is well approximated by an exponential curve of the form:

at\u003d 76.07x0.981 t,

where ttakes on the values \u200b\u200b1,2,3, ..., 10.

The situation on the labor market is assessed not only through the absolute number of employed and unemployed, but also through the level of unemployment and the level of employment, which are found as the share of the corresponding category of labor force in the number of economically active population at the beginning (end) of the period or on average per year:

The employment rate can also be found as the share of the employed among the population of a specified age group. These two employment indicators are interrelated:

The employment rate determines the degree of employment of the working-age population in the sphere of socially useful labor. The value of this indicator reflects the formed economic situation in the country, which depends on the formation of scientific and technological progress in society, productive forces, and the level of the population's welfare. Employment is full, partial and hidden.

Full employment counts on the formation of such living conditions that provide an opportunity for every active person to choose whether he wants to be busy or not.Full employment does not mean that the entire working-age population of working age must be employed. Based on a number of circumstances, some active persons may not participate in the labor process (people who do not work only because of the desire to change their profession; women caring for children, etc.). Full employment is a rather rare phenomenon in a market economy environment and is obtained when the demand for labor power coincides with its supply.

Part-time work acts as a predetermined part-time job, part-time work week. It is characteristic of countries with a high level of economic development, where the level of science creates economic conditions for part-time employment.

Part-time work (week) can be more widely used in our country, especially among women, not as a forced, but as a consciously chosen form of labor organization.

Deserves special attention hidden employment (potential unemployment), in which workers do not voluntarily work in part-time employment, enjoy vacations initiated by the administration without retention or with partial retention of wages.This apparent underemployment underestimates the actual number of unemployed.

The employed and unemployed (economically active population) determine the constituent part of the labor resources of the region.As a result, in the print media, employment and unemployment rates are often calculated as the proportion of the employed and the proportion of the unemployed in the total labor force. The indicators of the levels of employment and unemployment obtained in this way are in terms of their values \u200b\u200blower than those analyzed earlier (in% of the economically active population). There is approximately the following connection between them:

The considered interconnections of indicators are correct only in general. In some situations, they may be violated if the unemployed includes a huge proportion of persons of incapacitated age (for example, pensioners who are looking for a job and are ready to start it), since the age limits for the categories “labor resources” and “economically active population” do not coincide. Nevertheless, in most cases the considered equalities take place.

The economically inactive population of working age, that is, the population that is not part of the labor force, includes:

1) pupils and students, listeners and cadets attending daytime educational institutions and not engaged in any activity other than study;

2) persons engaged in housekeeping, caring for children, sick people, relatives, etc .;

3) persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but they can and are ready to work;

4) persons who do not need to work, regardless of their source of income.

The economically inactive population, according to the methodology of the International Labor Organization (ILO), includes two more categories that are not part of the labor force:

1) persons receiving pensions (for old age, on preferential terms, for the loss of a breadwinner) and are not engaged in any activity;

2) disabled people receiving pensions and not engaged in any activity.

Since the number of the economically active population, the number of employed and unemployed are related, the dynamics of these indicators is determined as follows:

where K E -the growth rate of the economically active population;

K Zand K B -growth rates of the number of employed and unemployed;

Y Z and Y B -levels of employment and unemployment in the base period.

It is possible to establish the change in the places of the unemployment (employment) level based on the model of the dynamics of the economically active population:

where? Y B -the absolute change in the unemployment rate, expressed in percentage points.

It is supposed to distinguish actual unemployment,which is calculated according to the ILO methodology based on sample surveys, from officially registeredin the bodies of the State Employment Service of the Russian Federation.

There are three groups of citizens who have applied to employment services with a request for employment:

1) workers, but seeking to change jobs or work part-time in their free time from their main job;

2) students of general education schools and other educational institutions, students who want to work in their free time from studies;

3) free at the time of job search.

In order to optimize the unemployment rate in the region, the third group of citizens is of the greatest interest, who applied to the employment service with a request for employment. The majority of these citizens are unemployed officially recognized by law.

Basically, the unemployment rate found according to the sample survey is 3-6 times higher than the level recorded in the bodies of the State Employment Service of the Russian Federation. The difference between these indicators is even more noticeable if we take into account the composition of the unemployed by gender.

The significance of the gender difference in the proportion of the unemployed who applied to the employment service can be assessed using the Fisher's F-test:

where D FACT and D 0 CT. -factorial and residual variance per degree of freedom.

To find these variances, the following formulas can be applied, which take into account the rule for adding variances of an alternative feature:

where k–number of population groups by sex;

pj -the share of the unemployed who applied to the employment service in the total number of unemployed (separately among men and among women);

r -the average share of the unemployed who applied to the employment service, according to the survey as a whole;

nj - the number of unemployed - separately for men and women;

p -the total number of unemployed.

Information from current statistics of the employment service on the employment of the population is used to estimate the total number of unemployed in the periods between population surveys on employment problems. To determine the number of unemployed in the months between the two analyzes, interpolation is used of the ratio of the number of unemployed, which was obtained according to the study, and the number of unemployed population, which was recorded in the employment service at a certain date. The methodology for similar calculations may be different depending on the adopted construction of interpolation.

Initially, it is found how the ratio of the total number of unemployed, which was obtained according to the survey data, and the number of unemployed population registered with the employment service, was transformed during the time between the last two analyzes. Suppose that according to the latest survey, the number of unemployed in the region was 240 thousand people (x n),in the employment service at the end of the month of the survey there were 30 thousand people (y n).Thus, the ratio of the number of unemployed according to two sources of information was 8: 1 (C n).

Similarly, according to the results of the previous survey, the number of unemployed was 200 thousand people (x 0), at the end of the month in which the survey was conducted, the number of unemployed was 50 thousand people (at 0), the ratio of these data is 4 (C 0). Changes in these relationships between the last two surveys:

where t -the number of months between two adjacent surveys.

If a survey is carried out once a quarter, then t \u003d3 and? \u003d 4/3 \u003d 1.333. If we assume that this ratio increases monthly by the same value, then the total number of unemployed at the end of the analyzed month will be formed as:

x 1 \u003d Y t x (C 0 +? x t),

where t -serial number of the month after the date of the previous survey;

Y t -the number of unemployed population registered with the employment service at the end of the month in question t.

Another method of interpolating the number of unemployed between two survey dates is also probable, if we assume that the monthly analyzed ratio of the two sources of data on the number of unemployed changes not in arithmetic, but in geometric progression (by the same number of times). For this purpose, we find the overall growth rate of this ratio:

that is, the growth rate of the ratio of information for the period between two adjacent surveys. In our example, it will be k 0 \u003d8/4 = 2.

The average monthly growth rate of this ratio is found as:

Both interpolation options are theoretically equal, although in practice the first method is preferred as the simpler one.

Both employed and not employed citizens apply to the bodies of the Federal Employment Service in search of work. To assess the situation on the labor market, the number of citizens registered by the State Employment Service of the Russian Federation who are not employed is mainly determined. Along with this, assuming what the state of the labor market will be, information is also very important about the number of citizens engaged in labor activities, but striving to change jobs, who, for example, are afraid of a potential layoff in their organizations and, in this regard, are sent for help to employment. The statistics investigates, in addition to the number, and the structure of those who applied to the State Employment Service of the Russian Federation for help in finding a job in the following categories:

1) employed in labor activities;

2) students;

3) not engaged in labor activity;

4) retirees.

With an increase in economic instability in the country, an increase in the number of people who are employed, but seek to change their place of work, is possible. Consequently, the number of pensioners who wish to improve their financial situation in the field of work may also grow.

Statistics investigates the structure of the population that is looking for work and has applied to the employment service, by age, sex and education,where more than half are women. Their share is highest among those who are not employed, as well as among pensioners. Of the total number of applicants, young people under the age of 30 are noted, among which the share of women dominates.

As a result of the activity of the employment service, there is the number of citizens employed by its bodies in the total number of applicants. Today, there is an increase in the number of employed persons among those who applied for work to the employment services, mainly among students.

The largest proportion of the employed are citizens who are free from work activities as individuals in particular need of assistance, as well as a very large percentage of youth employment.

Data on people in need of work is provided in the context of industries and sectors of the economy, which makes it possible to study the supply of labor: intersectoral and intersectoral. To study the change in employed people by industry, table 10 is formed.

The sectors of the economy differ: state and municipal enterprises and organizations, public organizations and foundations, private enterprises, joint ventures, enterprises of mixed ownership.

Most often, citizens who previously worked in the public and private sectors of the economy apply to the bodies of the State Employment Service of the Russian Federation, which is determined by the predominance of enterprises of these forms of ownership in the national economy. The absolute majority of those who previously worked in the public sector find jobs through the employment service also in the public sector. In other words, the composition of the employed by sectors of the economy has slightly changed in the places of the former labor activity of persons.

The division into employed and those who applied for employment assistance by economic sector makes it possible to see the extent to which the increase in the number of cadres is due primarily to the intra-sectoral influx of labor and due to the inter-sectoral mobility of personnel. Maximum Probabilities for Employment through Employment Services in the 1990s had citizens who used to work in transport, trade and public catering, construction, management, industry, and the minimum were those who quit science and scientific services.

Intersectoral flow of personnel, citizens who are employed through the employment services, often happens in consumer services for the population, housing and communal services and in management.

Structural restructuring associated with the formation of market relations in the economy led to the transformation of supply and demand for labor both in the sectoral section and in the spheres of the economy. Various organizational and legal norms of enterprises (state, joint-stock, private, etc.) provide various possibilities for solving the problem of employment: they are differentiated according to the degree of production efficiency, reserves for its growth, workers' income, and, consequently, development prospects.

The compiled report on the employment of citizens registers the number of persons sent for vocational training from the share of those who are free from work and not yet employed, as well as the number of citizens who received advice: on vocational training, on choosing a profession, on changing jobs, according to the legislation on labor and employment, etc.

Statistics investigate the duration of a job search.For this purpose, the cumulative duration of employment of citizens (person-days) can be established using personal registration cards of citizens who have applied for employment support. The duration of employment is determined for all citizens employed in the reporting year, starting from the information on the date of deregistration due to employment and on the day of registration of the person applying for employment. According to this indicator, it is possible to find the average duration of employment of citizens for a year, using the formula:

Similarly, for all unemployed employed in the reporting year, the total duration of employment of the unemployed is determined (man-days). In addition, the duration of a job search for any citizen is calculated from the day a person is registered as unemployed until the moment he is removed from the register upon employment. Further, this indicator can be used to calculate the average duration of employment of the unemployed in days (by dividing it by the total number of unemployed employed in the reporting year).

For the purposes of supposed calculations of the number of unemployed, the degree of citizens' appeal to employment services is considered. The tension in labor demand will be assessed through the number of requests for employment per 1000 people of the working-age population of working age, i.e.:

The effectiveness of the work of the employment services for the employment of the population largely depends on the reliability and timeliness of data from enterprises on the need for labor, on job vacancies. Now in the regions of Russia the load of the unemployed population is set per one vacancy:

However, in reality, this figure is higher, since not all citizens who have lost (did not have) work apply to employment centers. This indicator anchors the scale of labor market tensions.

The social composition of the unemployed is obtained by statistical tools when analyzing information from a sample study on employment problems and from employment servicesaccording to the annex to the form No. 1-T (employment) "Report on employment and employment of the population" for the year. This Report contains data on the qualitative composition of the unemployed (their distribution by gender, age, education level, presence of children, reasons for dismissal, profession, specialty). The study of the qualitative composition of the unemployed helps to develop more effective employment policies (subsidies for job expansion, a system of training and retraining of the workforce, encouraging entrepreneurship, etc.).

To correctly assess the situation on the labor market, it is necessary to consider the reasons that led citizens to the status of unemployed.

Among the reasons for the loss of work, a significant role was played not only by the release of workers in connection with the reorganization of production, but also by their dismissal of their own accord, which often hides not only dissatisfaction with the content and working conditions, its payment, but also structural changes in production. The share of people who quit for other reasons not revealed by statistics is also huge.

Among the unemployed registered in the employment services, women prevail, while in the total number of childless people, determined according to the ILO methodology, men prevail. For reasons of unemployment, voluntary dismissal is more common among men.

In Russia, the educational level of the unemployed is one of the highest in the world. Unemployed women tend to have a higher level of education than men. The difference in the share of people with higher education in the composition of the economically active population - employed and unemployed - is significant. Consequently, education is an important factor in employment.

At the same time, education in Russia is not a factor in social protection against unemployment. Subsequently, one can expect an increase in the stability of the worker's position in production with an increase in his educational level. This trend can be noted in Western countries.

From the perspective of the professional direction of the unemployed, it is necessary to study their age composition. The majority of the unemployed in Russia are people of mature age. Age, perhaps, will be taken into account when determining direct measures to assist the unemployed.

In a number of regions of the country, youth labor exchanges, as well as the Interregional Employment Center, are taken on a par with the State Employment Service of the Russian Federation for youth employment.

The service of temporary personnel, which has become quite widespread in the past few years, although it does not completely solve the problem, gives young people the opportunity to try their hand, gain some experience in a particular company. This refers to the hourly rate. The deadline for the implementation of an order for the provision of temporary personnel can be a matter of hours. During this time, the provider - a specialized recruiting agency - is obliged to provide the client with personnel for a short period of time.

In the West, the practice of attracting temporary personnel is legally established. There are clearly defined legislative provisions that designate and regulate the relationship between the parties when hiring temporary personnel. Therefore, foreign companies widely use the practice of hiring temporary personnel, the so-called contractors. In some firms, especially in Japanese, temporary staff can be up to 90% of all company employees. In Russia, there is no legal framework for attracting temporary personnel to the company yet, the service for providing temporary personnel is just beginning to develop as a business practice. There are no clear terms for this kind of phenomena either. These issues are discussed in the State Duma by representatives of the AKPP - the Association of Personnel Recruitment Consultants, and on the pages of literature. But still, the market for temporary personnel services is growing rapidly.

To predict employment and unemployment, data on the duration of unemployment is needed. Similar information is used in most countries of the world. A significant proportion of people who have been unemployed for less than 1 month means that unemployment does not lead to social explosions in society. On the contrary, a high percentage of persons with the status of unemployed for more than 1 year is one of the symptoms of chronic unemployment.

On the basis of the analyzed distribution of the unemployed, it is possible to approximately establish the average duration of unemployment as an arithmetic weighted average:

where T i -time of absence of work in i-th group;

N i -number of unemployed i-th group.

Since the time of absence of work is specified in intervals, the middle of the interval is used as the calculation, that is, 0.5; 2.0; 4.5; 7.5; 10.5 and 13.5 months. Since unequal time intervals are used as a weight for calculating the average duration of unemployment, it is more correct to use not the initial information on the number of unemployed in each group, but the relative distribution densities, i.e., the percentage of unemployed recalculated by groups for the same value of the unemployment time interval , for example for 1 month. It is possible to establish the comparative density of division, providing for 4 months, therefore, only the percentage of unemployed of the first and second groups will be recalculated. Nevertheless, due to the huge "weight" for the last group with an open interval, this calculation gives an inaccurate result.

If we use the initial information of the variation series as a "weight", therefore, the average duration of unemployment will be 9 months, which is slightly lower than its actual value 9.7 months. The median duration of unemployment is 11.2 months, while the median is calculated using the formula:

where x 0 - the lower border of the median interval, i.e. the first interval with an accumulated frequency of 50% or more;

i -the value of the median interval;

N M e -the ordinal number of the median;

S M е-1 -cumulative frequency of the pre-median interval;

f Me -local frequency of the median interval.

Job search time is closely related to the age of the unemployed and varies significantly by gender. Longer average time spent looking for a job is seen among the unemployed in older age groups. The strength and tightness of this relationship also differ by gender.

The correlation coefficients indicate a rather close relationship, since their values \u200b\u200bare close to 1 (especially for women). The coefficients of determination show the 89% dependence of the variation in the average period of job search among women on the change in age, while this indicator for men is lower - 75%. The regression coefficients also differ in sex: with an increase in age by 1 year for men, the average duration of unemployment increases by 0.064 months, i.e., by 1.9 days, for women - by 0.093 months, or 2.8 days.

The significance of these differences is confirmed by the value of the Fisher's F-criterion, which for all equations is higher than the table value. The F-criterion is calculated according to the formula:

where p -number of age groups.

Finding the value and constructing the regression equation is carried out in accordance with the methods set forth in the theory of statistics.

In a similar way, it is possible to study the composition of the unemployed by the duration of receiving unemployment benefits.

Since 1994, statistical reports contain data on the duration of unemployment of disabled people as one of the socially unprotected segments of the population, requiring a kind of care from the state. The average stage of unemployment among disabled people is longer than in general for the entire aggregate of the unemployed. In order to provide people with disabilities with real assistance in finding a job in many countries (France, Germany), enterprises must provide a certain part of jobs to people with disabilities (job quotas) or deduct the corresponding amounts to the fund for helping people with disabilities. In Russia, enterprises with at least 50% of employees with disabilities have some tax benefits. When employing people with disabilities, it is necessary to take into account both their state of health and the ITU labor recommendations. In addition, in the organization where the disabled person is sent, working conditions should be organized to facilitate his rehabilitation. At the same time, the work shown to a disabled person for health reasons must be combined with measures of a therapeutic and restorative nature to achieve, in the initial account, his professional rehabilitation.

In Russia, the rule previously in the Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” on the payment by the employer of a mandatory payment in case of non-fulfillment or inability to fulfill the quota has now been canceled. The payment of compulsory fees is not defined by the Employment Law. At the same time, in many constituent entities of the Russian Federation (for example, in the Krasnodar Territory, Bryansk, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Irkutsk, Novgorod, Tambov, Tver, Chelyabinsk and other regions, the cities of St. Petersburg and Moscow), laws on job quotas have been adopted, which have preserved the rule on mandatory payments in case of non-fulfillment or inability to fulfill the quota set by the organizations.

International law provides for assistance in the employment of persons with disabilities both in the open (free) labor market and in the closed one (in specialized organizations designated for persons with disabilities).

The ILO provides recommendations on the formation of employment opportunities for people with disabilities in the free labor market, including financial incentives for entrepreneurs to motivate their activities in organizing vocational training and subsequent employment of people with disabilities, rational adjustment of workplaces, labor operations, tools, equipment and labor organization in order to facilitate such training and employment for people with disabilities; and the government's assistance in setting up specialized businesses for people with disabilities who have no real opportunity to get jobs in non-specialized organizations.

The UN General Assembly in December 2006 adopted a comprehensive and unified Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities, which has been open since March 30, 2007 for signature and approval (ratification) by the participating States and should become the first international human rights treaty in XXI century. According to this act, discrimination on the basis of disability means any distinction, exclusion or limitation on the basis of disability, the purpose or result of which is to diminish or deny the recognition, application or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in political, social, economic, cultural or any other another area.

According to official information, the number of Russian disabled people exceeds 11 million, and only 15% of disabled people of working age are "involved in professional activities." Based on the system of multidisciplinary rehabilitation of disabled people in the Federal Target Program "Social support for disabled people for 2006-2010." it is planned to slow down the process of disability of the population, to return to professional, social, everyday activities about 800 thousand disabled people, while during 2000-2005. 571.2 thousand people were rehabilitated. It is planned to increase production capacities, strengthen the material and technical base and technical re-equipment, modernize enterprises of the All-Russian Society of Disabled People, the All-Russian Society of the Deaf, the All-Russian Society of the Blind, the All-Russian Organization of War invalids in Afghanistan, the creation of at least 4,250 workers at enterprises owned by the All-Russian organizations of the disabled places at the expense of the federal budget and extra-budgetary funds.

Considerable experience has been accumulated in statistics in the study of the composition of the employed. It mainly analyzes the sectoral composition of the employed both in the country as a whole and in some of its regions. For this purpose, the total number of people employed in the economy is taken as 100% and the share of the number of people employed in the relevant industries is determined.

The strength of structural breaks can be determined using the quadratic coefficient of absolute structural breaks, which is calculated by the formula:

where W 1 and W 0 -the proportion of the number of people employed in certain sectors of the national economy for the reporting and base periods;

k -the number of groups accepted in the industry classification.

When examining the composition of the employed, statisticians follow the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSA).

Employment status is found for the economically active population, that is, for both employed and unemployed. For unemployed people who previously had a job, the status is determined by their previous employment.

The ICHA grouping some individuals according to their actual or forthcoming job connection. It was adopted by the International Conference of Labor Statisticians and consists of the following groups:

1) employees;

2) employers;

3) persons who work at their own expense;

4) members of production cooperatives;

5) helping family members;

6) employees not classified by status.

According to the MKSZ, the Goskomstat of Russia approved and put into effect from June 1, 1993, the main methodological provisions for the classification of statistical information on the composition of the labor force, economic activity and status in employment. In him the grouping by status in employment includes the following categories:

1) employees;

2) persons working on an individual basis;

3) employers;

4) unpaid family workers;

5) members of collective enterprises;

6) persons who cannot be classified by status.

Now in Russia 93% is employees, that is, employees who have entered into an employment contract, a contract with the head of an enterprise or an oral agreement with an individual on the conditions of work and the amount of remuneration.This also includes persons who are appointed to a paid position, including heads of enterprises and organizations.

Persons who work on a personal basis refer to citizens who independently perform work that generates income, without employing hired labor (with the exception of casual or seasonal work).

Employers include persons who manage their own private (family) enterprise, farm, or work independently, but constantly use the labor of hired workers.In the total number of entrepreneurs who realize their business, men prevail, although gradually women are increasingly engaged in it, that is, "there are no men and women in business, there are only business partners."

Unpaid family workers – these are persons who work without pay in a private family enterprise, the owner of which is a relative.

The members of a collective enterprise are persons who work in this enterprise and actas owners, its co-owners. They are directly involved in solving all issues related to the activities of the enterprise, the division of its income among the team members.

Persons who cannot be classified by status in employment are persons for whom there is insufficient data and / or who cannot be assigned to any of the listed categories.

Statistics for hired workers assimilates the social structure of the employed, distributing workers into workers and employees.

Workers- workers engaged specifically in the formation of material assets, as well as carrying out the movement of goods, passengers, repair work, the provision of material services.

Among the employees, the following three groups stand out: managers, specialists and other employees. The division of workers into these groups at the enterprise level is carried out on the basis of the All-Russian Classifier of Occupations, Positions, Wage Grades (OKPDTR).

Leadership group includes employees who hold positions of heads of enterprises and their structural divisions. This group has code 1 in the classifier and includes heads of administrations, ministers, directors, managers, chiefs, managers.

Team of specialists consists of those employed in agronomic, engineering and technical, economic work. It includes: engineers, accountants, economists, dispatchers, mechanics, teachers, doctors, etc. The group contains OKPDTRcode 2.

Group of other employees includes persons who prepare and draw up documents, carry out accounting, economic maintenance, control. These include: agents, archivists, clerks, attendants, secretaries-typists, cashiers, commandants, caretakers, statisticians, stenographers, timekeepers, accountants, draftsmen. The group is listed in the classifier under code 3.

All workers according to the type of work performed and the level of qualifications are distributed in the study of the composition of the employed by type of occupation in accordance with the All-Russian Classifier of Employment (OKZ), developed on the basis of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISKZ).

According to the OKZ, it is possible to obtain information that makes it possible to introduce international comparisons in the field of employment. This classifier differs from OKPDTRthat includes not only citizens who are employed, but also acting as employers, independently employed, members of production cooperatives, as well as unpaid family workers. OKZ consists of 9 enlarged groups.

According to the presence of possible unemployment, statistics record primary and secondary employment. Now there is secondary employment of the population, that is, the number of people who are not limited to only one place of work.

One of the reasons for the formation of the level of employment is the content of labor, which prepares workers' satisfaction in work. If quite recently, in the late 1990s, wages, confidence in the future and social protection occupied the highest positions in the hierarchy of labor motivation of the Russian population, now the content of labor and the possibility of professional and career growth. Even in the absence of work, the majority of citizens, having a certain level of wealth in the family, are not looking for work in general, but for places to use their forces in accordance with their specialty, profession, qualifications, and also spiritual needs. This form of employment is the most rational, since knowledge is in demand, on which the material and spiritual forces of society were spent, its intellectual potential is precisely used.

The content of labor embodies a complex of characteristics of a certain useful labor, which are associated with its technological basis, with a conditioned saturation with tools of labor, the degree of mechanization and automation of labor functions and the organization of production.The modification of the content of labor is directly related to the development of the productive forces of society and depends on three groups of factors:

1) production technology;

2) mechanization and automation of production;

3) organization of production.

To the definition of "content of labor" is added another one that is essential for the characteristics of specific labor functions - meaningfulness of labor. They are interconnected as the general and the particular. The content of labor conveys a generalized view of labor as a labor process in general and a specific sphere of human activity. The meaningfulness of labor is a characteristic of the work of certain categories of workers: an operator, a foreman, a foreman, and perhaps a production team.Assessment of the meaningfulness of work is a detailed examination of the functions carried out by employees, the data they use. To study specific technical innovations, taking into account their impact on changes in the functions of labor, priority should be given to the study of the content of labor.

This includes:

1) functions of labor;

2) methods of their execution (manual or mechanized);

3) the complexity of labor;

4) its severity;

5) monotony;

7) intensity;

8) organization.

These components are interconnected with each other. The essence of the content of labor is revealed directly through the functions of labor (management, control, auxiliary work, etc.). At the same time, scientific and technological progress transforms not only the functions of labor, but also such parameters as severity, complexity, intensity. The forms of labor organization also have a significant impact on the combination of the functions of workers' labor.

The changes that occur with the functions of labor mean a shift in the professional and qualification structure of employed people towards their division into types of labor with a diverse content: manual - mechanized, physical - mental, heavy - not heavy, monotonous - diverse. The study of the rational structural relationship in the composition of the employed by type of labor serves as the task of social statistics in the study of the content of labor.

The study of transformations in the professional, functional, qualification composition of workers, as well as in their division by type of labor, serves as the essence of the statistical study of transformations in the content of labor.The accounting object in this case is not a labor process, but a generalization of workers and workplaces where they work.

The set of needs that people strive to satisfy at work can vary not only depending on the professional group, external conditions, but also on the employee's age, marital status, and career stage. If at the first stage of work in the organization for the employee, motives that are associated with orientation in work, with the establishment of personal contacts with colleagues may come to the fore, then later, when the newcomer has fully acclimatized, the importance of the motives associated with the need for official and professional growth. Likewise, an increase in wages and an improvement in social conditions can significantly affect the hierarchy of workers' labor motives.

Comparison of the needs of workers at the beginning and in the middle of their careers is shown in Table 11.

Watson-Wyatt, a leading compensation consulting firm, surveyed different groups of employees about their preferred benefits. The totals are presented in Table 12. For example, it turned out that for those over 50, the first place is taken by the total income (salary plus bonus), which exceeds the average level. Those under 30 value the potential for professional growth, skill development and flexible working hours the most. So, it can be seen that these preferences change over time, as well as depending on the economic and personal circumstances of workers.

The content of labor is not the only factor in the formation of the level of employment in the territory. The state of the labor market is characterized by dependence on the well-being of citizens, on the level of income they receive for their respective work. Accordingly, a low level of remuneration for labor determines secondary employment and leads to a low labor intensity.

Economically active population (according to the definition of the International Labor Organization) is that part of the population aged 15 to 72 years, which offers its labor for the production of goods and services.

The economically active population includes categories of the population engaged in economic activity and the category of the unemployed population.

The population engaged in economic activities includes persons over 16 years of age who, during the period under review:

1) performed work for hire for remuneration, money or paid with them in kind;

2) were temporarily absent from work due to illness, vacation, study and other reasons provided by law;

3) performed work without pay in a family business.

When assigning a person to the number of employed, the criterion of one hour is used, according to which work for one hour in the reporting period in the field of economic activity is sufficient for this person to be assigned to the number of employed.

The unemployed population includes persons over 16 years of age who, during the period under review:

1) do not have a job;

2) are looking for work (independently or with the help of employment services);

3) ready to start work immediately.

The composition of the unemployed also includes persons studying in the direction of employment services. Pupils and students, people with disabilities and retirees are counted as unemployed if they are actively looking for work and are ready to start it.

Duration of unemployment the duration of the period during which an unemployed person is looking for work is considered, from the moment the search starts until the period under consideration (the duration of unfinished unemployment) or until the moment of employment (the duration of completed unemployment).

Economically inactive population are persons between the ages of 15 and 72 who are not considered to be engaged in economic activity or unemployed during the period under review.

The size of the economically inactive population can be calculated as the difference between the size of the entire population and the size of the labor force.

The economically inactive population includes:

1) pupils and students, cadets attending day educational institutions;

2) persons receiving an old-age pension and on preferential terms, for length of service;

3) persons receiving a disability pension;

4) persons engaged in housekeeping, caring for children, sick relatives;

5) persons who receive income from property;

6) persons who are desperate to find a job, but who are ready to start work;

7) other persons.

Able-bodied population a set of people capable of work by age and state of health is considered. In the Russian Federation, the age for men is considered to be working age - from 16 to 59 years and for women - from 16 to 54 inclusive.

Relative indicators are used to characterize the labor market, among which are:

1) employment rate:

where Tzan - the number of employed population at the t-th date;

TE.AK. - the number of economically active population on the t-th date;

2) unemployment rate:

where Ttbezr is the number of unemployed on the t-th date;

3) the level of economic activity of the population:

where T - the total population at the t-th date.

This is the part of the population that offers its labor for the production of goods and services. The entire population of the country can be divided into two groups: economically active and economically inactive population.

The economically active population (also called the labor force) includes two categories - employed and unemployed.

Employed persons include persons of both sexes aged 16 and over, as well as persons of younger ages, who in the period under review:

• performed work for hire for remuneration, money or paid with them in kind, as well as other work that generates income;
• were temporarily absent from work due to: illness or injury; days off; annual leave; various kinds of vacations with or without pay, time off; vacations initiated by the administration; strikes and other reasons;
• performed work without pay in a family business.

When assigning or not assigning a person to the number of employed, the criterion of one hour is used. In Russia, in the survey of employment, the number of employed includes persons who worked one hour or more in the surveyed week. The use of this criterion is due to the fact that it is necessary to cover all types of employment that may exist in the country - from permanent to short-term, casual and other types of irregular employment.

The unemployed are persons aged 16 and over who, during the period under review:

• did not have a job (or an occupation that generates income);
• looking for a job;
• were ready to get to work.

This definition is consistent with the methodology of the International Labor Organization (ILO). When assigning a person to the category of unemployed, all three criteria specified above must be taken into account.

Economically inactive population is a population that is not part of the labor force. This includes: pupils and students; pensioners; persons receiving disability pensions; persons engaged in housekeeping; persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but who can and are ready to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.

The categories of economic activity of the population considered above do not imply that once having entered a group, a person remains there forever. The labor market has a highly dynamic nature, therefore, one should consider not only the size of each group for a certain period of time, but also the movement (flows) of people between different groups. The diagram below illustrates a dynamic labor market model.

In the diagram, the arrows represent the directions of movement of people from one category to another. The arrows going from the category "employed" show a decrease in this group due to the fact that people for some reason leave their previous job, but cannot instantly find another (arrow to the category "unemployed") or even stop working at all, leaving to retire, or for other reasons (arrow to the category "economically inactive population"). Employment increases if a part of the voluntarily unemployed population gets a job (arrow from the category "economically inactive population"), or if some of the unemployed find a job (arrow from the category "unemployed"). Part of the unemployed population may despair of finding a job and drop out of the labor force (arrow from "unemployed" to "economically inactive population"), or vice versa, part of the voluntarily unemployed decide to work and start searching (arrow from "economically inactive population" to "unemployed" ).

In the short run, when the supply of capital is fixed, the volume of national production directly depends on the amount of labor used. Obviously, the more people are employed in production, the more volume can be produced. The diagram shows that not the entire population of the country participates in the creation of the national product, but only a certain part of it. The question arises as to what is the largest number of workers that can be employed in the country's economy so that the volume of national production is maximized. This indicator is called full-time.

Full-time is a long-term situation in which the labor market is in equilibrium. This means that all people who want to work are engaged in the production process and it is impossible to increase the number of workers using non-violent methods. Thus, we can talk about the maximum volume of production, since all available economic resources are used at full capacity.

In the planned economic system, full employment was understood as such a state of the economy when all labor resources were involved in social production. In world economic theory and practice, full employment is considered to be achieved when everyone who wants to work has a job at the current level of wages. Full employment corresponds to a certain level of "natural unemployment" - no more than 3.5-6.5% of the total labor force.

Employed

Those employed in the economy include persons who, in the reporting period, performed work for hire for remuneration, as well as self-employed work, work in a family enterprise without pay, employed in the household in the production of goods and services for sale, for whom this work is main. This also includes persons who were temporarily absent from work for various reasons (annual leave, educational leave, illness, weekends and holidays, vacations without pay or with partial pay at the initiative of the administration, etc.).

Employment rate

The employment rate shows the ratio of the number of people employed in the economy to the number of economically active population.

• hired workers of working age
• self-employed persons
• family workers (including work without pay)
• employers
• members of cooperatives
• collective farmers and people employed in the household
• employees of retirement age
• employed persons under working age

Unemployed

• did not have a job (other profitable occupation);
• were looking for work in any form;
• were ready to get to work.

Pensioners, students, students and the disabled are considered unemployed if they were looking for work and were ready to start work. The concept of an unemployed person corresponds to the standards of the International Labor Organization (ILO).

Statistics determine the number of unemployed by sex, age, marital status, in urban and rural areas, by educational level, by the presence of work experience (have work experience or not), due to job loss (liquidation of an enterprise, expiration of a temporary or seasonal work, of their own free will, for other reasons).

The total number of unemployed is separately taken into account the number of unemployed registered with the state employment service according to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation. At the end of November 2000, out of the total number of unemployed, only 1,037 thousand people. (which is 14.8%) was registered with the employment service. Bodies of the state employment service keep statistics of applicants on the issue of employment and the number of employed. Statistics on the number and composition of the unemployed are necessary for the development of social programs to increase employment of the economically active population, improve and stabilize the situation in the Russian labor market.

The information base for calculating the indicators of employment and unemployment is the current (monthly, quarterly, annual) statistical reporting on the labor of organizations, data from reports of small enterprises, materials of sample surveys of the population on employment problems, reporting by employment services on the number and composition of unemployed and other information.

Unemployment rate

The ratio of the number of unemployed to the number of economically active population.

The sum of the employment rate and the unemployment rate is equal to one.

Indicators of the composition of employed persons in the economy

Russian statistics have extensive experience in studying the composition of the employed. Statistical annual compilations provide information on the distribution of employed persons according to various criteria.

Accounting for employed persons by sex

As of the end of November 2000, of the number of employed in the Russian economy 64686 thousand people. men accounted for 33375 thousand people, or 51.6%. These indicators differ significantly across regions and sectors of the economy.

Distribution of employed persons by age

The average age of employed persons at the end of November 2000 was 40.6 years, among them the average age of men was 39.2; women - 41.8 years. Almost half of all employed (48.9%) are between 20 and 39 years old inclusive; 30.4% are between 40 and 49 years old inclusive; over the age of 50 - 19.1% (out of 64686 thousand employed persons).

Distribution of employed by education

higher professional - 21.7%; incomplete higher professional - 4.5; secondary vocational - 28.7; initial vocational - 11.0; average (complete) general - 23.5; secondary general and primary - 10.7%.

Statistical bodies systematically study distribution of employees by industry: for each sector of the economy, the number of employees and the share in the total number of employees are determined. Of the total average annual number of employed persons in 2000 (64,600 thousand people), the following were employed: in industry - 22.7%; in agriculture - 13.0; in construction - 7.9; in wholesale and retail trade and public catering - 14.6%. Over the years of the market economy, there have been significant changes in the distribution of employees by industry in the Russian labor market. The share of those employed in industry decreased (29.6% in 1992), as well as those employed in construction (11.0% in 1992). The share of employed persons in trade and public catering (7.9% in 1992), in management (from 1.9 to 4.5%) increased.

Statistics study distribution of employees by type of ownership... During the period from 1992 to 2000, a significant redistribution of employed persons by type of ownership took place on the Russian labor market. The share of people employed in state and municipal property organizations decreased from 68.9% to 38.1%, while the share of those employed in privately owned enterprises increased from 19.5% to 45.0%, mixed Russian ownership increased from 10.5 to 14 , 1%, the ownership of public and religious organizations did not change and remained at the level of 0.8%, foreign, joint Russian and foreign increased from 0.3 to 2.0%, but is a very insignificant share.

Lesson groups

Depending on the type of work or occupation of the employee, his qualifications and in accordance with the All-Russian Classifier of Occupations (OKZ) employed persons are divided into the following main occupation groups:

• heads (representatives) of authorities and management, including heads of organizations, institutions and enterprises;
• top-level specialists in the field of various sciences (natural, engineering, biological, agricultural, etc.);
• mid-level specialists in various types of activities (in the field of education, healthcare, in the field of financial, economic, administrative and social activities, etc.);
• employees engaged in the preparation of information, paperwork and accounting;
• service employees;
• workers of housing and communal services;
• skilled workers in agricultural production, forestry, hunting, fish farming and fishing, producing products for personal consumption;
• workers in the metal-cutting and machine-building industries;
• transport and communications workers;
• unskilled workers employed in industry, construction, transport, communications, geology and prospecting.

The given incomplete list of groups and subgroups of classes gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe importance of such a study of employed persons. The All-Russian Classifier of Occupations was developed on the basis of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), which makes it possible to use information on the distribution by occupation for international comparisons on employment of the economically active population.

By employment status

According to the status of employment, the entire employed population is divided into two groups: employed and self-employed.

Employed (employees) are persons whose activities are carried out under the direct control of the employer (or persons authorized by the employer). On working conditions and remuneration, they conclude an employment agreement (contract) with the head of an organization of any form of ownership or an individual.

Self-employed - these are persons employed in their own enterprises. They are responsible for the state of affairs in the enterprise. Their remuneration depends on the financial performance.

• employers (they hire employees independently or with business partners, it can be a legal entity or an entrepreneur without forming a legal entity, but using the labor of hired workers);
• self-employed (work independently without hiring employees on a permanent basis);
• members of production cooperatives (each member of the cooperative participates on an equal footing in solving production and management issues);
• unpaid family workers (the activities of these persons are headed by a relative living in this household, the degree of their participation in entrepreneurial activities is different in time, participation in solving various issues).

4.Individuals

7. The ratio of the average annual size of the entire population to the size of the economically active population determines the coefficient

1. economically active population
2. employment of the population
3. economic burden on one economically active
4. not busy

8. The level of the economically active population is characterized by the specific weight

1. employed in the total number of economically active population
2. economically active population in the total population
3. unemployed in the total economically active population
4. employed in the economy in the total population

9. If the need of organizations for workers declared to the employment services of the region in February was 4,000 people, and in March - 5,000 people, then the relative indicator of dynamics (in%) is ... (Enter the result without specifying the units of measurement)

Answer: 125

FINANCE STATISTICS

1. Individuals or legal entities purchasing securities on their own behalf and at their own expense are called ...

1. investors
2. borrowers
3. financial intermediaries
4. issuers

2. According to statistical data on the bank's activities, the debt on loans at the beginning and end of the reporting year amounted to 500 and 400 million rubles. respectively. The loan repayment turnover for the reporting year amounted to 810 million rubles. It can be argued that for the reporting year ...

1. average loan term was 178 days
2. debt on loans decreased by 20%
3. the loan turnover ratio was 1.8
4. the loan turnover ratio was 2.025

3. According to statistical data on the bank's activities, debt on loans at the beginning and end of the reporting year amounted to 400 and 500 million rubles. respectively. The loan repayment turnover for the reporting year amounted to 810 million rubles. in the reporting year, the average loan term was (in days) ...

Answer: 200

3. Unprofitableness of the sum insured, provided:

The number of insurance objects (insurance field) - 25,000;

The number of insured objects - 10,500;

The number of affected objects - 240;

The amount of the insured property, thousand rubles - 23500;

Insurance payments, thousand rubles - 220;

1. 1,091
2. 0.44 thousand rubles.
3. 0,009
4. 0,023

4. In finance statistics, according to their economic content, taxes are divided into the following types ...

1. indirect
2. federal
3. regional
4. straight

5. In finance statistics, indirect taxes include the following ...

1. excise taxes
2. value added tax
3. personal property tax
4. corporate property tax

6. In finance statistics, direct taxes include the following ...

1. value added tax
2. personal income tax
3. corporate income tax
4. customs duties

7. Non-tax revenues of the RF budget include ...

1.taxes on foreign trade and foreign economic transactions

Income from the sale of property

3.income taxes

Payments for the use of natural resources

Income from the sale of land and intangible assets

6.administrative fees and charges

8. The private form of ownership includes property complexes ...

Rental businesses if the lessee or lessor is private individuals

2. Enterprises (regardless of their organizational and legal forms), if the only contributor to their statutory fund are public organizations

Individual (family) private enterprises

4. Enterprises, if their property complexes have shares of subjects of different forms of ownership

9. The property of public organizations includes property complexes ...

1. Rental companies, if the lessee or lessor are private individuals

Enterprises (regardless of their organizational and legal forms), if the only contributor to their statutory fund are public organizations

Institutions funded by public organizations (associations)

4. Individual (family) private enterprises

10. The level of return on operating costs equal to 20% means that ...

1. the ruble of profit from the sale of products accounts for 20 kopecks. production costs
2. per ruble invested funds account for 20 kopecks. profit from product sales
3. per ruble invested funds account for 1.2 rubles. profit from product sales
4. the revenue per ruble is 20 kopecks. net profit

11. If you subtract commercial and administrative expenses from the gross profit of the enterprise, we get ________

1.book profit

2. net profit

Revenue from sales

4.income before tax

12. The financial markets are….

Money market

2.patent market

3. service market

Capital market

5. labor market

13. The rate of turnover of the loan, provided that the average annual loan balance is 110 million rubles, and the annual volume of loan repayment is 1210 million rubles, is _____ turnover (s).

14. The direct useful result of industrial and production activities of enterprises, which is expressed either in the form of products, services or works of an industrial nature, is called __________

1.commodity products

2.gross turnover

Industrial products

4. products sold

15. The indicator _______ is calculated as the ratio of the volume of products produced during the period to the average value of the volume of fixed capital (fixed assets) for this period.

1.material consumption

The most important component of socio-economic statistics is labor statistics. Its indicators characterize the number, composition, regional distribution and use of labor resources; use of working time; the level and dynamics of labor productivity; labor costs, labor costs, conditions, labor protection and labor safety and other phenomena and processes. Labor statistics are covered in full in the industry statistics course. This topic discusses the indicators of the number of labor resources and working hours.

The main tasks of labor market statistics are:

• collection of information on the number of employed and unemployed as two components of the labor force;
• studying the state and trends in the Russian labor market using indicators of the level of employment and unemployment;
• study of the composition of the employed and unemployed according to different criteria (gender, age, industries and sectors of the economy, by regions of the country and other criteria) in order to regulate the labor market, develop programs to increase the level of employment, employment of the unemployed, their professional retraining, etc.

Employed and unemployed

The entire population of the country can be divided into two groups: economically active and economically inactive population.

- this is the part of the population that offers its labor for the production of goods and services.

The economically active population (also called the labor force) includes two categories - employed and unemployed.

Employed persons include persons of both sexes aged 16 and over, as well as persons of younger ages, who in the period under review:

• performed work for hire for remuneration, money or paid with them in kind, as well as other work that generates income;
• were temporarily absent from work due to: illness or injury; days off; annual leave; various kinds of vacations with or without pay, time off; vacations initiated by the administration; strikes and other reasons;
• performed work without pay in a family business.

When assigning or not assigning a person to the number of employed, the criterion of one hour is used. In Russia, in the survey of employment, the number of employed includes persons who worked one hour or more in the surveyed week. The use of this criterion is due to the fact that it is necessary to cover all types of employment that may exist in the country - from permanent to short-term, casual and other types of irregular employment.

The unemployed are persons aged 16 and over who, during the period under review:

• did not have a job (or an occupation that generates income);
• looking for a job;
• were ready to get to work.

This definition is consistent with the methodology of the International Labor Organization (ILO). When assigning a person to the category of unemployed, all three criteria specified above must be taken into account.

Is a population that is not part of the labor force. This includes: pupils and students; pensioners; persons receiving disability pensions; persons engaged in housekeeping; persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but who can and are ready to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.

- ensure the supply of labor in the labor market for the production of goods, performance of work and provision of services. That is, they want to work, but at the same time they can both work and look for work. Accordingly, the economically active population is divided into two categories: the number of people employed in the sectors of the economy and the number of unemployed.

The economically active population is part of the labor force. The size of the economically active population changes in individuals with respect to a certain period of time.

Number of people employed in sectors of the economy Is an indicator characterizing the demand for labor in the labor market. The higher the demand for labor, the higher the employment rate in the economy. Every economy strives for population indicators.

Number of unemployed Is the excess of supply over demand for labor in the labor market. Usually, the supply exceeds the demand for labor, which objectively determines the availability. This does not exclude the opposite situation in certain sectors of the labor market (regional, by type of activity).

Economically inactive population

Economically inactive population - these are persons capable of work (they are included in the labor force), but they cannot be attributed either to or to.

Economically inactive population Is a population that is not part of work force... This includes: pupils and students; pensioners; persons receiving disability pensions; persons engaged in housekeeping; persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but who can and are ready to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.

The categories of economic activity of the population considered above do not imply that once having entered a group, a person remains there forever. The labor market has a highly dynamic nature, therefore, one should consider not only the size of each group for a certain period of time, but also the movement (flows) of people between different groups. The diagram below illustrates a dynamic labor market model.

In a market economy, the possibility of unemployment of the able-bodied population is allowed... The reasons for the economic passivity of this part of the population are social status, material security, housekeeping, raising children, or the hopelessness of employment. In russia, this category of the population numbers several million people. The primary task of statistics is to study employment, that is, the degree of satisfaction of the supply of labor. The study also examines the number, composition, territorial distribution and reasons for economic passivity.

Indicators of employment and level refer to the main characteristics of the socio-economic situation of the country and the state of the labor market.

In the 90s. On the Russian labor market there was a decrease in the supply of labor, the largest decline was in 1998. The number of the economically active population, despite a slight increase in 1999 and 2000, did not reach the level of 1992, was less by 3.3 million people. On a large scale, there was a decrease in the demand for labor. The number of people employed in the economy during this period decreased by 6.4 million people, or by 9%. There was a release of labor from state-owned enterprises and organizations in connection with a decline in production, a redistribution of labor between sectors of the economy, a transition from the state to the private sector, but in general, with a decrease in the number of employed, the number of unemployed systematically increased. The unemployment rate (the share of the unemployed in the economically active population) in 1998 reached 13.2% and remained at a high level until 2000.

Economic activity ratio

It is the ratio of the economically active population to the total population.

A task

The economically active population in Russia in November 2009 amounted to 72.8 million people

• number of employed 65.0 million people
• total population - 144.9 million people.

Find the number of unemployed, the coefficients of economic activity, employment and unemployment.

The economically active population includes both employed and unemployed, therefore,

• The number of unemployed \u003d 72.8 - 65 \u003d 7.8 million people.
• Economic activity ratio \u003d (72.8 / 144.9) * 100% \u003d 50%
• Employment ratio \u003d 65 / 72.8 \u003d 0.9
• = 7,8 / 72,8 = 0,1

A task

• Average annual population: 148,300 thousand people
• Total employed in the economy: 67,100 thousand people
• Number of unemployed: 6410 thousand people

Find: the number of economically active population (EAP), the coefficient of economic activity of the population, the coefficient of employment and the coefficient of unemployment of the population.

• EAN \u003d 67100 + 6410 \u003d 73510 thousand people.
• EAN coefficient \u003d 73510/148300 \u003d 0.5
• Employment ratio \u003d 67100/73510 \u003d 0.91
• Unemployment rate \u003d 6410/73510 \u003d 0.09

A task

The number of employed and unemployed as of the date was:

Find: the average number of employed, unemployed, economically active population for the year, the coefficients of employment and unemployment for this period.

1. The average number of employed and unemployed is calculated using the simple chronological average formula.

2. The economically active population is the sum of the employed and unemployed.

• EAN \u003d 718 + 73.25 \u003d 791.25

3.K employment \u003d 718 / 791.25 \u003d 0.91
4. To unemployment \u003d 73.25 / 791.25 \u003d 0.09

Economically active population

Based on the materials of sample surveys of the population on employment problems: 1992, 1995. - at the end of October; 2000-2007 - at the end of November. Since 2006 - including data on the Chechen Republic.