Capital intensity normative value. The capital intensity of products. Average number of employees

Efficiency is considered one of the basic phenomena for assessing the performance of an enterprise at the end of the period. Performance indicators are always relative and allow you to assess the dynamics and compare organizations with each other.

Capital intensity, along with capital productivity and profitability indicators, allows you to most fully reflect the effectiveness of the organization.

What is capital intensity

The essence of this indicator is reduced to assessing the efficiency of the exploitation of fixed capital.

In other words, capital intensity shows the ratio of the value of fixed assets to one of the types of profit.

The quantitative measurement reflects how many rubles must be invested in fixed assets to get one ruble of profit.

Capital intensity is also reflected as the reciprocal.

How to calculate capital intensity - formula and calculation example

The algorithm for finding the capital intensity is as follows.

First you need to find data on the indicators used. That is, revenue, gross profit and sales profit. They are usually reflected in the report on financial results or are located according to the enterprise data.

Capital intensity is found as the ratio of income to the average cost of fixed assets.

The indicator is measured either in value terms [rubles / rubles], or in percent [%].

General calculation formula

Capital intensity is calculated using this formula:

COR \u003d C ok / TRwhere

In turn, the revenue and the average value of fixed assets are found as:

TR \u003d P * Q,

P (price) - unit price, rubles;

Q (quantity) - the number of products produced, pcs.

C ok \u003d (C np + C kp) / 2,

С np - the cost of capital at the beginning of the period, rubles;

С кп - cost of capital at the end of the period, rubles.

The indicator can be found through the return on assets:

COR \u003d 1 / CP,

CP– return on assets, rub / rub.

If a different type of profit is applied, the formulas are as follows:

a) COR \u003d C ok / OP,

COR (capital-output ratio) - capital intensity, RUB / RUB;

OP (operatingprofit) - profit from sales, rubles;

C ok (capital) - average annual cost fixed assets, rub.

OP \u003d TR– TC,

TR (totalrevenue) - proceeds (income) from sales, rubles;

TC (totalcost) - total production cost, rubles;

b) COR \u003d C ok / GP,

COR (capital-output ratio) - capital intensity, RUB / RUB;

GP (grossprofit) - gross profit.

C ok (capital) - the average annual cost of fixed assets, rubles.

GP \u003d TR– TC tech,

TR (totalrevenue) - proceeds (income) from sales, rubles;

TC tech (totalcost) - technological production cost, rubles.

The calculation formulas given under a) and b) are also called the capital intensity of products, since they reflect the operation of fixed assets in the production of goods, including taking into account the work in progress.

Balance calculation formula

The calculation requires the data of the statement of financial results and the balance sheet. All types of income are reflected in the report, the amount of fixed capital is in the balance sheet.

The capital intensity is equal to:

COR \u003d p. 1150 BB / p. 2110 OFRwhere

p. 1150 BB - the cost of fixed assets by balance sheet, rub.;

p. 2110 OFR - revenue from the statement of financial results, rubles.

The capital intensity of products is calculated as follows:

COR \u003d p. 1150 BB / p. 2100 OFRwhere

p. 2100 OFR - gross profit according to the statement of financial results, rubles.

COR \u003d p. 1150 BB / p. 2200 OFRwhere

p. 2200 OFR - profit from sales according to the statement of financial results, rubles.

Balance calculation example

Let us give an example of finding the capital intensity according to the balance sheet data based on the data of Ekran LLC.

For 2014, the capital intensity of fixed capital is COR \u003d (90,000 + 130,000) / 190,000 \u003d 0.58 rubles / rub. Thus, to obtain a ruble of income, it is necessary to use the amount of fixed assets of 58 kopecks.

According to the data, the capital intensity of products will be as follows:

a) COR \u003d COR \u003d (90,000 + 130,000) / 120,000 \u003d 0.92 rubles / rub.

b) COR \u003d (90,000 + 130,000) / 85,000 \u003d 1.29 rubles / rub.

So, to get a ruble of gross profit, you need to take 92 kopecks of fixed assets, for profit from sales the value is 1.29 rubles.

What shows

The resulting value describes the company's performance and, in particular, reflects how well fixed capital is used for the production and sale of products, that is, they show the return on equipment, buildings, structures in generating income. In general, the indicator characterizes the efficiency of the operation of fixed assets.

It is important for any company to calculate capital intensity and other performance-related indicators.

The value itself is relative, and for a more objective assessment it is necessary to analyze the capital intensity over several periods and, if possible, compare it with the average indicators and results of competitors.

The economic activity of an enterprise can be analyzed using a variety of indicators. Very often, financial analysis uses data for this. accounting statements, in particular the balance sheet and the statement of financial results - forms No. 1 and No. 2. One of the important indicators of the enterprise is the return on assets.

Return on assets - definition

IN financial analysis this is an indicator that characterizes the effectiveness of investments in fixed assets of an enterprise. It shows what share of the proceeds falls on each ruble invested in them. Thus, the analyst will be able to tell how effectively machines, equipment, machinery and other fixed assets are used in economic activity.

The indicator is calculated on the basis of data from regular financial statements.

Return on assets. Balance calculation formula.

The basic formula for the indicator is given below:

Return on assets \u003d sales proceeds: fixed assets.

Thus, the total revenue from the sale of the enterprise must be divided by fixed assets in value terms. We take all data from the financial statements - from the balance sheet, form No. 1 (f-1) and the profit and loss statement (f-2).

The company's revenue is reflected in F-2, line 2110.

The value of all fixed assets of the company can be calculated from the data of F1. Since the balance sheet shows us the data at the beginning and at the end of the reporting period, we need to find the average value of the indicator for the period. For this, the value of line 1150 at the beginning of the period and the same line at the end of the period are summed up and divided by two. I.e:

(line 1150 to the beginning + line 1150 to the end): 2

As a result, the formula for return on assets can be rewritten as follows:

Return on assets \u003d line 2110 / ((line 1150 at the beginning + line 1150 at the end): 2)

Let's look at a specific example. To do this, we present the data of the accounting statements of Kapriz LLC in an abbreviated form.

We calculate the return on assets of the enterprise:

Return on assets \u003d 3,500,000 / ((163,000 + 170,000): 2) \u003d 21.02

Thus, for every ruble invested in the company's fixed assets, there is a share of 21 rubles in sales proceeds.

The resulting result can be compared with the data of the industry, market niche, competitors. There is no standard indicator with which it could be compared. The return on assets can be analyzed over a number of years. An increase in its value will signal an increase in the efficiency of using the company's fixed assets.

Mezentseva Vasilisa

For the efficient operation of the enterprise, it is important to control the level of income and expenses. This is possible when calculating capital investmentsproduced for the development of the production cycle.

The cost of purchasing equipment is paramount. They form the basis of production assets.

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When calculating, the capital intensity ratio must be taken into account. It is necessary to assess the rationality of the use of funds that are basic in the production cycle.

The essence of the concept

Capital intensity is the value that is calculated based on the cost of production assets when converting them into the ruble equivalent finished products... The capital intensity ratio can be calculated using a special formula. The cost of fixed assets (Co) must be divided by the volume of products that are produced in the course of the activity (P).

The change in value occurs when the optimization of the company's technological process decreases or increases. The more efficiently the equipment and fixed assets are used, the more output can be obtained. Then the rate of capital intensity may decrease.

As the ratio increases, it decreases. As a result, the enterprise receives a large profit and economic efficiency of the production process. Moreover, the funds invested in production will be paid back in full.

To calculate the capital intensity, the basic formula is used, which is given above. But it has some disadvantages. Among them, the lack of accounting for the depreciation of production assets is distinguished, which leads to the constancy of their prices. All manufactured products are also taken into account in the calculation. However, some part is not subject to implementation.

According to this formula, it is possible to evaluate the production and technological process, reflecting its dynamics. To assess the efficiency of production and payback of goods, you must use another formula: Fe \u003d ½ (Co1 + Co2) / Pr. In it, under the value of Co1, the cost of means for production at the beginning of the billing period is taken, and Co2 - at the end date. Etc. is a value that reflects the amount of goods sold.

The data for the calculation can be taken for a specific period and documents reflecting the production, price and sales of products. It is also important to calculate the restoration amount. It will be required to increase production. IN in this case you need to focus on the formula Fe \u003d Csg./Pg.

In it, under SSG. means the cost of means for production, obtained on the basis of average annual calculations. Pg reflects the number of products that should be released according to the plan within 12 months. Each indicator is prescribed in the business plan of the enterprise.

When determining the cost of the equipment involved in the technological process, the full value is taken. on the balance sheet are not taken into account.

Industry dependence

The capital intensity ratio is required to optimize production processes and assess the efficiency of an enterprise. Also normative value helps to analyze all industries as a whole. According to such data, the ratio of production assets to gross product is calculated.

Among the types of capital intensity, direct and full are distinguished. When calculating a direct indicator, the degree of obtaining results by funds that were involved in the production process when creating products is assessed.

If it is required to estimate the total capital intensity, then those funds that were used indirectly when creating products are taken into account. Capital intensity is an important indicator. But it is still considered auxiliary, since the primary importance is given to the return on assets.

Formulas of the main components

When using fixed assets, three important indicators are determined:

• recoil;
• capacity;
• armament.

Capital intensity is based on the number of production assets used to produce products. The size is determined in relation to one ruble of the cost of the product.

Return on assets shows the amount of products received from each ruble invested in fixed assets. On its basis, economic efficiency is determined.

Capital intensity and capital productivity are reciprocal values. With the efficient and improved use of production facilities, there is an increase in output and a decrease in capacity.

To calculate the return on assets, the allocation of working machines and equipment that make up the active part of the funds is made. To compare the rates of growth and fulfillment of the plan, it is necessary to take into account the size of the bases industrial production for 1 ruble and the cost of equipment for the same amount.

The second indicator is ahead of the first if there is an increase in the share of the active part of fixed assets.

Recoil

Return on assets shows the use of the fixed capital of the enterprise in economic and sectoral assessment. To calculate it, it is important to know the value of the output and the cost of production assets.

The rate of return on assets determines the volume of production per unit of fixed assets. Based on this indicator, production efficiency is determined. The magnitude expression can be natural or monetary. The calculation is made in general for all funds, as well as for a part.

The value is determined at various economic levels:

Fixed assets are calculated from the ratio of the average annual cost of capital. But in some cases, it is important to take the cost of these funds for the initial and final settlement period... Then the funds are added up and divided by 2.

Armament

The capital-to-labor ratio is an indicator that reflects the effectiveness of the use of the company's production assets. It shows the provision of employees with the means to carry out production.

Among them are:

• tools;
• machine tools;
• equipment;
• transport;
• building;
• structures, etc.

For the calculation, you must use the balance sheet.

Changes in the capital-labor ratio are observed when personnel are retired or equipment is out of order. Then the residual value of the funds is taken.

How to calculate the capital intensity ratio

To analyze the effectiveness of the use of funds and the activities of the company, certain values \u200b\u200bcan be calculated. The main one is capital intensity. To carry out the calculation, you need to know the balance sheet for the accounting department of the enterprise, taken for a specific period of time. Also important is a report showing the profit and loss in the study period.

To calculate, you need to adhere to a certain sequence:

1. You need to determine the cost of fixed assets, which have an average annual expression. To do this, add up the cost at the beginning and end of the period specified in line 120 of the balance sheet. The result is divided by 2. When planning capital intensity, the data of the business plan and program are used.
2. Next, the cost of products that were released in 12 months is calculated. It is necessary to focus on the annual profit and loss statement of the enterprise. When planning, you need to refer to a business plan or program.
3. Capital intensity is calculated using the formula Fe \u003d Co / B, where the first value is the average annual cost of fixed assets, and B is the cost of products released over 12 months. The resulting value will be the capital intensity of the enterprise.
4. If you need to calculate the capital intensity according to the plan, you need to refer to the business plan. You can also use planned and actual figures for the past period. Analysis is made based on the data.

Balance overview

The calculation is made based on the reported data on financial performance and balance sheet. Income is reflected in the first document, and fixed assets in the second.

Capital intensity will be equal to COR \u003d p. 1150 BB (value of fixed assets by BB) / page. 2110 OFR (report income).

When calculating the capital intensity of products, you can focus on another formula: COR \u003d p. 1150 BB / p. 2200 OFR, where the last value is the company's profit when selling products based on financial results.

Condition and use analysis

The production output can increase and decrease when some indicators change.

These include:

• availability and use of labor resources (industrial production facilities);
• provision of the company with material resources and their use;
• labor resources that are used and available.

These factors must be taken into account in the analysis. In this case, it is assumed that they had equal conditions and acted according to the foreseen plan.

An increase in production volumes is made with an increase in the amount of fixed assets.

The analysis of fixed assets is carried out on the basis of:

• an annual balance sheet;
• inventory cards;
• internal movement invoices;
• acts of acceptance and transfer of objects of fixed assets for repair, reconstruction, modernization.

The analysis begins with a study of fixed assets. The calculation of the ratios of different groups with the total cost is carried out. It is important to increase the HC of the active equipment.

• updates;
• disposal;
• gain.

After that, the age of the equipment is determined to determine the nature of the technical condition. Fixed assets are calculated based on the wear and tear rates. When comparing indicators for a certain period, one can note the trend of their change.

After that, the mechanized, automated, complex automated levels are determined by the total cost of specific types.

The change in service indicators is carried out in accordance with the level of mechanization and automation of labor. The number of workers using a specific type of equipment is taken into account in relation to the total number of employees.

There are several types of equipment utilization indicators:

After a complete analysis of the work, a generalization is made. On its basis, the reserves of production for fixed assets are determined.

Among them are:

• input of equipment that was not previously installed;
• an increase in the number of changes in the functioning of equipment;
• refusal from equipment downtime outside the plan and within the shift;
• reduction of time losses during equipment operation;
• preparation of organizational and technical measures that will reduce the time spent on equipment operation when releasing one product unit.

Capital intensity must necessarily be studied to improve the productivity of the enterprise. To develop measures, it is calculated together with the return on assets and capital-labor ratio.

Attention!

• Due to frequent changes in legislation, information sometimes becomes outdated faster than we can update it on the site.
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Funds

Economic efficiency the use of fixed assets is manifested in an increase in the volume of services provided, profits, savings in labor costs. Intensive use of fixed assets will increase the quality indicators of the enterprise without additional capital costs.

The following indicators are used to analyze the efficiency of using fixed assets:

· Return on assets;

· Capital intensity;

· Return on assets;

· Capital-labor ratio.

The most important indicator the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is the return on assets (RO).

Return on assets (FO) - This is a generalizing indicator of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise. It is calculated as the ratio of the volume of products sold to the average annual cost of fixed assets:

where B - proceeds from product sales, thousand rubles;

OF sg - the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles.

The average annual cost of fixed assets (OF s) according to the balance sheet is calculated as follows:

OF s \u003d (OFn + OFk) * 0.5, (2.16)

where OF n, OF k - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning and end of the year,

The growth in capital productivity testifies to the intensive development of the enterprise due to the introduction of improved equipment and new forms of labor organization, rational use of fixed assets. The rate of return on assets can also be calculated in kind. For hotels, such an indicator can be the number of bed-days provided.

Example... Assess the level of efficiency of the use of fixed assets according to the table. 2.1.

Decision:

the rate of return on assets in the base period will be:

return on assets in reporting period will be:

The change in capital productivity will be:

∆FO \u003d 0.1639 - 0.1619 \u003d 0.002;

The growth rate of capital productivity will be:

Thus, the return on assets for the analyzed period increased slightly - by 1.24%. Each ruble of fixed assets accounted for more proceeds from sales by an average of 0.002 kopecks.

An important analytical indicator is capital intensity of production (PU) - the inverse value of the return on assets, shows the share of the value of fixed assets attributable to each ruble of products sold:

The decrease in capital intensity in dynamics characterizes the economy of labor, embodied in the fixed assets involved in the production process.

Example... Evaluate the change in capital intensity according to the balance sheet data (Table 2.1).

Decision:

the capital intensity indicator in the base period will be:

capital intensity indicator in the reporting period will be:

The change in capital intensity will be:

∆FE =6,1 – 6,17 = -0,07;

The growth rate of capital intensity will be:

Thus, the capital intensity for the analyzed period decreased by 0.97%, i.e. each ruble of proceeds accounted for less than the cost of fixed assets by an average of 0.6 kopecks.

The value of capital intensity is influenced by such factors as shift work and the duration of the reporting period. The more shifts per day and the longer the reporting period, the lower the capital intensity of fixed assets.

The index of capital intensity of production is used to assess the need for fixed assets when predicting the rate of growth of production and changes in the level of use of fixed assets. For the calculation, the formula is used

OF \u003d B * FE. (2.18)

Example... The organization plans to increase production and sales of products by 15%, and reduce the capital intensity of products by 5%. Determine the need for fixed assets (Table 2.1).

Decision:

The planned level of revenue will be:

In square \u003d 800 * 1.15 \u003d 920 thousand rubles.

The planned level of capital intensity is

FE pl \u003d 6.1 * 0.95 \u003d 5.79.

The projected amount of fixed assets will be:

OS pr \u003d V pl * FE pl \u003d 920 * 5.79 \u003d 5327 thousand rubles .

The need for fixed assets will be: 5327 - 4880 \u003d 447 thousand rubles.

Capital-to-labor ratio (FW) - the ratio of the average annual value of fixed assets (OS) to the number of employees at the enterprise (H):

The capital-labor ratio shows the share of the cost of fixed assets for each employee. The growth of the indicator indicates an increase in the level of equipment of labor with fixed assets.

Example... According to the balance sheet (Table 2.1), calculate the level of labor equipment.

Decision:

The value of the capital-labor ratio in the base period will be:

The value of the capital-labor ratio in the reporting period will be:

According to calculations, each employee accounted for an average of 35 thousand rubles in the base period, and 36.1 thousand rubles in the reporting period.

The change in capital-labor ratio will be:

∆FV \u003d 36.1 - 35 \u003d 1.1 thousand rubles.

The growth rate will be:

Thus, the level of equipping of labor with fixed assets in the reporting period increased by 3.14%.

The most generalizing indicator of the efficiency of using fixed assets is fund profitability, which characterizes the amount of profit per 1 rub. average annual cost of fixed assets

As a result, the following are used: profit from products sold, balance sheet profit, net profit. The growth in profitability indicators indicates an increase in the level of efficiency in the use of fixed assets in the process of operation.

Example... According to the balance sheet (Table 2.1), calculate the level of profitability of fixed assets of the enterprise.

Decision:

The level of profitability in the base period will be:

The level of profitability in the reporting period will be:

The change in profitability will be:

∆R \u003d5,9 – 5,35 = 0,55%.

Thus, the profitability of fixed assets in the reporting period increased by 0.55%. For every 1 rub. the funds invested in fixed assets from sales accounted for an average of 0.55 kopecks, which characterizes the growth of the efficiency of the enterprise.

To assess the efficiency of the use of fixed assets in hotels and catering enterprises, natural indicators are used. These include a bed in a hotel, the number of seats in sales areas.

To maintain the level of efficiency in the use of fixed assets, it is necessary:

· Regularly analyze performance indicators;

· To identify factors influencing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets;

· To determine the reserves for the growth of the efficiency of fixed assets.

The use of fixed assets is effective if the relative increase in the effective indicator (revenue, profit, physical volume of production) exceeds the relative increase in the value of fixed assets for the analyzed period.

The level of capital productivity is influenced by such factors as: proceeds from the sale of products, the cost of fixed assets, the unit price, the technical condition of fixed assets, the level of technology, etc.

The assessment of the influence of the main factors - proceeds from product sales and the cost of fixed assets - on the change in the level of capital productivity is carried out in the following sequence.

1) the value of return on assets for two consecutive periods is determined;

2) the change in capital productivity (ΔFO) is determined;

3) the impact of a change in revenue on a change in capital productivity is assessed;

4) the impact of changes in the value of fixed assets on the change in capital productivity is assessed;

Example... Assess the impact of changes in revenue from sales of products and the cost of fixed assets on the increase in capital productivity. The initial data are given in table. 2.1.

Decision:

1) we determine the value of the rate of return on assets in the base period:

2) determine the value of the rate of return on assets in the reporting period:

3) calculate the change in capital productivity:

∆FD = 0,1639 – 0,1619 = 0,002;

4) calculate the heat of growth of capital productivity:

Return on assets for reporting year increased by 1.24%;

5) calculate the impact of changes in revenue from sales of products on the change in capital productivity ∆FO (B):

We get that an increase in revenue by 120 thousand rubles. led to an increase in capital productivity by 2.85%.

4) calculate the impact of changes in the average annual value of fixed assets on the change in capital productivity ∆FO (OF):

We get that the increase in the value of fixed assets by 680 thousand rubles. led to a decrease in capital productivity by 2.65%.

In general, under the influence of both factors, the capital productivity increased by 0.2% due to an increase in the sales proceeds.

Control questions

1. What are the objectives of the information source use analysis

fixed assets?

2. What are the constituent elements of the property of the enterprise.

3. What is the meaning and role intangible assets in the capitalization of the enterprise?

4. What indicators characterize the technical condition of the main

7. What indicators characterize the efficiency of use

fixed assets?

8. What tasks are solved using the analysis of fixed assets?

9. List the factors affecting the value of return on assets.

10. What is meant by the production capacity of the enterprise?

11. Describe the factor model of capital productivity of fixed assets.

12. List the indicators characterizing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets.

DEFINITION

Capital intensity is a financial ratio that is inversely related to capital productivity. Capital intensity reflects the cost of fixed assets, which falls on each ruble of output.

To calculate the capital intensity using the data of the balance sheet of the enterprise. The unit of measurement of capital intensity is rubles.

For the calculation, the capital intensity formula is used:

Kf \u003d OSng / Vp

where Кф is the capital intensity ratio (rubles),

OSng - fixed assets at the beginning of the year (average annual cost in rubles),

VP - sales proceeds (rubles).

The capital intensity indicator is the reciprocal of the capital productivity, so it can be found using the following formula:

Kf \u003d 1 / return on assets

In practical use, the numerator uses the average annual value of fixed assets of production, and the denominator is the proceeds from the sale of manufactured products. This indicator is calculated using the balance sheet data, while the capital intensity formula takes the following form:

Kf \u003d (OSng + OS kg) * 0.5 / Vp

Here Кф is the capital intensity ratio (rubles),

OSng - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year (rubles),

OSkg - the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year (rubles).

By means of this formula, capital intensity can be used to estimate the degree of payback for fixed assets.

The formula of capital intensity on the balance sheet

Another way to calculate capital intensity is the capital intensity formula according to the balance sheet, while fixed assets are taken at their original and residual value. The formula for capital intensity on the balance sheet is as follows:

CF \u003d p. 1150 BB / p. 2110 OFR

Here Kf is an indicator of capital intensity (rubles),

P. 1150 BB - the cost of fixed assets in accordance with the balance sheet (rubles),

P. 2110 OFR - revenue from sales in accordance with the statement of financial results (RUB)

What the capital intensity formula shows

The capital intensity formula reflects the amount of fixed assets, which falls on 1 ruble of manufactured products.

The degree of efficiency of using the equipment of the enterprise will be the higher, the lower the capital intensity indicator. If over time the capital intensity indicator will have a negative trend, then this is considered favorable for the enterprise. In the case of increasing capital intensity and decreasing return on assets, the conclusion is made about the irrational use of production capacities and their incomplete utilization, which requires an additional search for reserves.

The results of calculating the capital intensity formula will be specific for different industries and types of products, therefore this indicator is analyzed for each similar industry (product).

Types of capital intensity

In accordance with the participation of fixed assets in the production process, the capital intensity is of several types:

• Full capital intensity, used to substantiate the rates and proportions of growth in expanded reproduction, assess the performance by the sectoral structure and location of production, pricing and the need for fixed assets for the future;
• Direct fund intensity, taken into account at the cost of fixed assets of a certain production in incremental value;
• Indirect capital intensity, containing the value of fixed assets that operate in related enterprises and are indirectly involved in the creation of products (components and related) at a particular enterprise.

Examples of problem solving

EXAMPLE 1

EXAMPLE 2