It accumulates the largest funds. Report on the topic "State budget". What is accumulation

The authorized body for the accumulation of funds from the contributions of the Forum participants and sponsorship is the state budgetary institution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) "Center for Social and Psychological Support of Family and Youth". The word accumulate is translated as accumulation, but we collect contributions from the participants and pay them to the bank account of the institution, and then spend them under contracts. In this case, how to formulate it more correctly?

Answer

Hello! In this article, we will talk about accumulating funds.

Today you will learn:

1. Interpretation of the term "accumulation";
2. What are the functions of accumulation.

What is accumulation

We are all engaged in accumulation. Someone collects unnecessary things and takes them to the country, someone saves working days to get a long vacation, and someone saves money. Let's talk about the latter.

Banks need deposits to attract funds from citizens with a view to their further redistribution for a higher percentage.

Indeed, in fact, when you take your free funds to the bank, you lend to the bank at a certain percentage, the interest on the deposit. The bank then lends these funds to those in need in order to receive interest on the loan.

At the moment, banking organizations have in their capital no more than 20% of their own funds, 80% falls on borrowed funds.

Thus, banks and banking organizations are some kind of intermediaries between citizens who have temporarily free funds and those who need them.

The bank unites such economic entities by time (that is, it provides a loan when it is needed and for a certain period), by quantity (it provides the amount that is needed at a time) and by location (no need to look for borrowers and lenders, all in one location).

Banking activity for the accumulation of funds has several features:

• The bank directs the accumulated funds to meet other people's needs and requirements;
• The ownership of the accumulated funds remains with those who deposited them in the bank, that is, with the depositors;
• The accumulation and redistribution of borrowed funds requires a license;
• The bank's own free funds occupy a relatively small share in its capital;
• The activity of accumulating temporarily free funds is one of the most important functions of the bank.

Accumulation functions

And finally, let's think about why the activity of accumulating temporarily free funds has essential for society and the state.

The first function is - reallocation of funds, support for small and medium-sized businesses. Often the owners of small and medium-sized banks become borrowers of banks.

In addition, the development of small and medium-sized businesses allows the country's economy to develop as a whole and makes a significant contribution to the state budget.

The second function is reducing the cost of finding borrowed funds... In the laptop example, citizen “A” would have to bypass several people, conclude several contracts in order to receive a sufficient amount. Accumulation avoids paperwork.

The third function is - making a profit from temporarily free funds... As you know, money should work.

Accumulation is the activity of making money from money. At the same time, profits are received not only by those who accumulate funds, but also by those who contribute their free funds and receive interest for them. Remember.

Thus, the accumulation of funds makes it possible to redistribute funds, develop small and medium-sized businesses in the country, replenish the state budget and improve the living standards of the population.

Among the most powerful instruments of state influence on the economy should be called financial management on a budgetary basis, called budget regulation. The budgets of different levels form the core of the financial institutions of state management of the economy. The role of the state budget system is so great that it is legitimate to consider it an independent institution of state management of the economy, along with the banking system.

State budgeting as the main manifestation of financial planning is the process of formation and use of the budget - a centralized monetary fund in order to finance a wide range of public goods, government programs. State budgeting forms the upper part of the budgeting pyramid, covering budgetary processes at the federal, regional, municipal levels.

The budget, understood simplistically as a "money bag", a wallet for placing, storing, retrieving money, in reality is a more complex and multifaceted concept. On the one hand, it is the aggregate, the mass financial resources, the means at the disposal of any economic entity, be it a state, territory, organization, family. On the other hand, the budget is the ratio between the income and expenses of an economic entity, the balance of its funds, which characterizes the correspondence of their receipts and expenditures over a certain period, most often one year. On the third hand, the budget reflects the financial behavior, financial policy of the owner of funds, his ability to balance income and expenses, and distribute financial resources.

Budgetary activity at the state level, which, in fact, is called state budgeting, is one of the leading links in state management of the economy, reflects not only the financial, but also the socio-economic policy of the state as a whole. Although the state budget accumulates only state funds received and spent during one year or another budget period, it affects the movement of financial resources, cash flows, and thus also on socio-economic processes in general. They are connected with the state budget, inflation, public debt, state socio-economic programs, financing of budgetary organizations, social benefits and payments depend on it.

Budgeting as a form of public administration includes:

• - establishing the volume and structure of the state's monetary income, sources of income during the budget period;
• - formation of the structure and volumes, addressing the state's monetary expenditures during the budget period;
• - Achievement of a certain level of balance between monetary income and expenditure of the state for the budget period;
• - allocation of priority areas for spending state funds, which must be guaranteed, secured (protected items of the state budget);
• - linking budgets with the main directions of the economic and social policy pursued by the state;
• - creation of government reserves, cash reserves and regulation of internal and external government debt.

Thus, presenting in formal perception the legislatively approving list of state revenues and expenditures for a certain period of time, the state budget is at the same time the financial basis of state management of the economy. In terms of content, the state budget is a way of forming, distributing and using centralized financial resources of the state in order to finance the state (budget) sector of the economy, the social sphere and service the state debt.

In a centralized economy, the budget is entirely subordinate to the state economic plan, follows from it and does not have any important independent significance. This approach stems from the prevailing trend in the planning and administrative economy of giving a dominant role to material factors and a secondary role to financial ones.

In countries with market economies, great attention is paid to the preparation, approval, analysis of the execution of state annual budgets. The budgets themselves at the state level and the level of territorial units serve as the leading, defining form of financial planning.

It is also fundamentally important that in most developed countries a democratic procedure for adopting budgets at the national and municipal levels has been established and is being observed. Budgets in parliaments and their commissions are worked out in the most detailed way, for all income and expenditure items, even for individual objects. As a result of the reforms, budgets in Russia also became the subject of consideration and approval by legislative bodies. But having approved the budget, often with a delay, unfortunately, they do not always remember about it. It happens that the authorities make decisions that destroy the approved budget.

Control over financial flows, timely adjustment of income and expenditure items of the budget are of great importance for maintaining the stability of the economy, preventing crisis situations. Naturally, real financial ratios differ from those outlined in projects and plans. Usually, cash expenses are higher than expected, and incomes are lower than expected. Hence, it becomes necessary to adjust budgets, to use reserves in order to direct economic processes in the right direction, to coordinate them with financial capabilities.

The budgetary and regulatory function of the state in countries with a market economy system is quite high and tends to increase. So the budgetary system is one of the leading links in the state management of the economy. With the help of budgets, the state exerts a regulatory influence on commodity producers, and through them on the market for goods and services, capital, and labor.

The set of budgets used in the country is called the budget system. In countries with a federal state structure, such a system usually consists of budgets of three levels:

• 1) the federal budget, in which the budgetary resources are concentrated, necessary for the implementation of costs that are of a national nature. Through this budget, the process of distribution and redistribution of national income between different subjects of the Federation also takes place;
• 2) the budgets of the subjects of the Federation (regional budgets), in which the budgetary financial resources of the large regions that are part of the Federation are concentrated;
• 3) local (municipal) budgets, consisting of financial resources of administrative-territorial entities in the form of cities, districts, townships, settlements.

Towards a three-tiered budget systemcovering federal, sub-federal and local budgets, the budgets of economic entities (legal entities) and family budgets are adjacent. The economic entity's budget is known as balance sheet, it compares the income and expenses of an enterprise, a company, a firm for a certain period of time. The family budget presents a table of the family's income and expenses for a month or a year. Accounting financial balances income and expenses of the organization are compiled in mandatory, while drawing up a family budget is a voluntary affair of every family.

General structure of the budgetary system Russian Federation is presented below in Diagram 5. The real structure of the budget system is somewhat more complicated than the simplest three-tier presentation. Each of the first two levels of this system is presented in two forms: consolidated and unitary. The consolidated budget, in contrast to the unitary budget, includes and covers both the budget of a given level (federal, subjects of the Federation) and the budgets of a lower level.

Scheme 5 The structure of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation

The budget system of Russia includes the state budget in the form of the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation (including the budgets of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation; regional and regional budgets; city budgets of Moscow and St. Petersburg) and local budgets of cities, districts, townships and other populated areas. points.

The budgetary system of the Russian Federation is based on legislative basis in the form of budgetary legislation. General principles budget legislation, the legal basis for the functioning of the budget system, the course of budgetary processes are established by the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, adopted in 1998. legal status participants in the budgetary process, the legal basis for the procedure and conditions for bringing to responsibility for violation of budgetary legislation.

Let us characterize the basic principles of the construction and functioning of the budgetary system and the state budget, as its defining part, enshrined in the Budget Code of Russia.

The principle of unity of the budgetary system means the unity of the legal framework, the uniformity of budget documentation and classification, a single procedure for constructing the revenue and expenditure parts of budgets of all levels, their consistency:

The principle of autonomy of budgets means the right to independently draw up and manage budgets by the legislative and executive authorities at each level;

The principle of balance means achieving compliance with budget revenues and expenses;

The principle of publicity (openness) requires the obligatory publication in the open press of approved budgets and reports on their implementation, openness for society and the media of procedures for considering and adopting budgets;

The principle of targeting and targeting budget funds means that such funds are allocated at the disposal of specific recipients and directed to finance specific purposes.

In real practice of state budgeting, not all of the above principles are fully observed. This is evidenced by at least the very fact that, along with the state budget, extrabudgetary funds, closedness of individual items of expenditure of budgetary funds, incomplete independence of the budgets of the lower levels. The state budget, in its economic essence, reflects the monetary relations that develop in the state with legal entities and the population and consist in the redistribution of national income in connection with education and the use of funds to finance the economy, implement social policy, develop science, culture, education, ensure the country's defense and government.

By means of transfers sent from the federal budget to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation and further to the municipal budgets, federal budgetary relations are formed in the economic aspect.

In the transition to an economy based on market relations, measures are being taken to reduce budget subsidies for knowingly unprofitable and low-profit state and non-state enterprises, and to abandon the methods of general economic paternalism used in the Soviet economy. Budget allocations are mainly directed to the implementation of state programs, financing of the actual state expenditures.

In cases where the available revenues are insufficient to implement the necessary expenditures, a budget deficit occurs. The budget deficit is the excess of the expenditure side of the budget over the revenue side. With a budget deficit, the state does not have enough funds for the normal performance of its functions and has to resort to internal and external loans (as sources of budget revenues), primarily from organizations of the credit system, which negatively affects the stability of everything. money circulation and is the main cause of inflation, financial crises.

If there is a temporary budget deficit, there are prospects for overcoming it and it does not constitute a large share in relation to the value of the gross domestic product, it should not be considered an exceptional event. But in cases where the budget deficit is deep, arises as a result of extraordinary circumstances and reflects the crisis phenomena in the economy - its collapse, the inefficiency of the financial system - then, of course, this phenomenon causes enormous damage to the entire economy and it is necessary to take drastic measures to bridge the significant gap. between expenses and available income. Usually, a budget deficit of up to 10% of the amount of income is considered acceptable, while a deficit of more than 20% is critical.

The main reasons for the significant budget deficit that manifested itself in the first phase of the transition to a market economy in Russia are low production efficiency, significant social spending, non-taxation of the budget, irrational structure budget expenditures, ineffective budgetary mechanisms, as well as the rupture of economic ties due to the collapse of a single union state. In this regard, in the mid-90s. the deficit of the state budget of Russia reached the level of 20-25% of revenues and exceeded 5% of GDP.

At the beginning of the first decade of the XXI century. the Russian state managed to break the trend of deficit state budgeting and master the preparation of surplus, break-even budgets.

To reduce the budget deficit, it is necessary to stimulate in every possible way the inflow of income from all sectors and all spheres of economic activity, and at the same time to ensure a reduction in government spending. In order to cover the budget deficit, various forms of government credit, both internal and external, can be used. But if one resorts to excessive use of the Central Bank's credit, when the latter has no other resources for lending, apart from increasing the release of depreciating money, then such a measure will only lead to increased inflation. The use of money received from the population, enterprises, banks through the sale of government bonds to them as a loan can create a vicious circle, increasing the already large deficit when paying off bonds and paying interest. By resorting to such loans, the state accumulates its own debt, called the public debt. State debt consists of two components: a less dangerous domestic debt, the repayment or restructuring of which is easier to negotiate with your domestic creditors, and a more aggravating external debt, the servicing of which must be agreed with foreign creditors. Overcoming the budget deficit, first of all, should be based on the development of production, ensuring the financial stability of all sectors of the economy and enterprises of all forms of ownership, on enhancing entrepreneurship.

Drawing up a budget, discussing it, approving it, using budget funds, reviewing the results of budgetary activities is a single budgetary process. The entire budget process is regulated by law, which provides for the procedure for drawing up, considering, approving and executing the budget. In this process, an important place is occupied by budgetary regulation, which means the redistribution of monetary and financial resources between different budgets.

In accordance with the law, the president must in advance, long before the start of the financial year, make a decision to start work on the drafting of the budget, draw up a budget message to parliament. The draft federal budget is drawn up by the Government of the Russian Federation 10 months before the start of the next budget year. The government is preparing, on the basis of preliminary budget materials, a draft Law "On federal budget on next year”And submits it to the State Duma, where the project is considered in four readings.

When developing the budget for the next year, a forecast of the country's socio-economic development is used, a consolidated balance of financial resources is drawn up and the main directions are determined budgetary policy... All this makes it possible to calculate the target figures for the next year. In the Russian Federation, the fiscal year begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. When the draft budget is approved The State Duma and the Federation Council, it is submitted to the President of the Russian Federation for signing and promulgation.

Control over the state and progress of the state budget is carried out by the Chamber of Control and Accounts under the Parliament, which, theoretically, in its activities does not depend on either the Parliament or the Presidential Administration.

Today in Russia the mechanism of the state budget is aimed at financing the restructuring of the economy; building up modernization and scientific and technical potential; acceleration social development and social security of the population. Through spending and taxes, the state budget of the Russian Federation acts as an important instrument for regulating and stimulating the economy and investment.

The budget, being for the state a means of accumulating financial resources, gives the state power the opportunity to maintain the state apparatus, the army, implement social measures, solve priority economic tasks and perform other functions inherent in the state.

The essence of the state budget as an economic category is realized in three functions performed by the budget:

Distribution,

Control,

Fiscal.

Content distribution function the state budget (or the function of economic regulation) is implemented in the process of forming budget revenue sources and their use for carrying out the economic policy of the state. The financial resources accumulated in the budget system through tax and other obligatory payments of business entities and citizens, in accordance with the socio-economic policy pursued by the state, are then redistributed both into the spheres of material production, which are of priority importance for the country, and into the sphere of intangible production, which is owned by maintenance budget.

The process of distribution and redistribution of financial resources takes place not only between different levels of government, but also between different divisions of social production. Such a scale of the scope of the distribution function of the budget is determined by the fact that almost all participants in social production enter into relations with the budget.

The main object of budgetary redistribution is net income, but this does not exclude the possibility of redistribution through the budget and part of the cost of the required product, and sometimes of national wealth.

The control function of the budget is that the budget is an objective quantitative reflection of the economic processes occurring in the structural links of the economy - the quantitative characteristics of the formation and use of the fund of funds act as indicators of how financial resources from various economic entities come at the disposal of the state. The budget shows whether the size of the resources at the disposal of the state corresponds to the volume of its needs, whether direct public investments are effective, etc. budget process bottlenecks of the economy are determined, and the Government has the opportunity to adjust the directions of movement of centralized financial resources in order to influence the revitalization of certain sectors of the economy.

The fiscal function of the budget is to implement the fiscal policy of the state - the influence of the state on business activity by changing the volume of government spending and tax rates... For example, as is known from economic theory, if the unemployment rate is considered unacceptably high, then the state can reduce income tax and / or increase government spending, which will lead to increased business activity and lower unemployment. Thus, fiscal policy serves as a tool to control unemployment and inflation, increase investment activity of financial resources, and increase overall economic potential.

The National Fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan carries out savings and stabilization functions.

The savings function ensures the accumulation of financial assets and other property, with the exception of intangible assets... The stabilization function is intended to reduce the dependence of the republican budget on the conjuncture of world prices for raw materials. The formation and use of the National Fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan are determined taking into account the conjuncture of world and domestic commodity and financial markets, the economic situation in the state and abroad, the priorities of the socio-economic development of the republic while maintaining macroeconomic and fiscal stability and compliance with the main goals and objectives of the National Fund of the Republic Kazakhstan. Trust management of the Fund is carried out by the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of a trust management agreement concluded between the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan.