World market. The world market and its development. Forms of international economic relations

The term "International Market" (IR) is confused with the concept of "World Market". The world market is a complete complex of national markets of various states, and not just their individual elements, and MR is one of the components of the world market.

Methods of entering the international market

• direct investment;
• export;
• joint venture.

Export

It happens direct and indirect, active and irregular.

Joint venture activities

• licensing;
• contract management;
• joint venture;
• contract manufacturing.

Stages of formation and development of MR:

• The period of the emergence of capitalism, when foreign trade was based mainly on the activities of merchants who were intermediaries between states interconnected by trade relations. Goods at that time were produced in small volumes.
• The industrial revolution in Great Britain in the second half of the 18th century, thanks to which machine production was established in factories and enterprises, and trade between countries began to develop rapidly. At the same time, an IR arose, which ensured a close relationship between industry and foreign trade relations.
• The stage of formation of the highest stage of the capitalist mode of production - state-corporate capitalism. This stage began in the second half of the 19th century. and continues to this day. During these more than 100 years, the capitalist type of activity of independent companies has been transformed into more advanced types of corporations. This stage is due to the final phase of MR formation based on dominance financial capital.

Types of international markets

• International currency market (FOREX). Relationship system individuals, organizations and banks in the process of currency trading. Features of the foreign exchange market - positive dynamics of internationalization currency markets different countries. Daily turnover per FOREX market is $10 trillion.
• The International Financial Market (IFR) is a large complex of market relations that accumulates and redistributes financial flows, in by lending. The task of the MFR is to guarantee the possibility of attracting the required amount of funds on the best terms.
• International stock market acts as a platform for carrying out transactions with securities and, as a result of which capital is transferred between states, that is, there is either an outflow (export) national capital from the country, or the inflow (import) of foreign capital.

Functions of the international market

• stimulating function. MR stimulates the process of expanding the offered goods and services, as well as various aspects of the manufacturing sector.
• regulatory function. The IR regulates the attraction of various new goods and services and their circulation in the sphere of international economic relations.
• Information function. The state, thanks to the MR, receives the necessary for a more rational use of its economic resources information, and can also compare the production volumes within its own country with the production volumes of other participants in the international market.
• social function. With the help of the IR, the state provides the best means of meeting social needs and achieving equality within society.
• integration function. IR is important in ensuring productive cooperation between different states and creating a common economic space.
• sanitizing function. The main objective of this function is to identify and withdraw from circulation goods that do not meet current quality standards, and, as a result, are unable to withstand competition in the global market.

The global market is a cross-border market, the demand for which can be satisfied by the supply of one basic product, supporting this demand with sales and marketing tools. The global market is derived from national markets, since any state starts production for itself, and then sells the excess of produced goods abroad. This means that the global market always exists only within the framework of the world economy, and therefore all approaches to its definition, as well as the main characteristics, are associated with the concept of the world economy and the characteristics that define it. The objective basis for the development of markets is the contradiction with the deepening of globalization and the limited possibilities of national markets. The basis for the development of global markets is competition. The participation of national markets in global market operations is determined by a number of factors:

• - the country's place in the global economic system, its monetary and economic position;
• - the presence of a developed credit system and the activity of stock exchanges;
• - moderation of taxation;
• - benefits under the law;
• - geographical position;
• - the stability of the political regime.

The development of global communication networks, such as the Internet, contributed to the formation of a global market. Component the world economy, providing the sphere of supply, demand and exchange of goods and services; a system of stable commodity-money relations between states linked by participation in international division labor. In the conditions of deepening and expanding world economic ties, commodity markets are losing national and territorial boundaries, turning into world commodity markets, where traders from all countries act. Among the many commodity markets, there are large groups of raw materials, food products, machinery and equipment, other finished products, as well as markets for construction, tourism and other services, foreign exchange, credit, freight, etc. As a result of competition, global financial centers have developed, in which institutions are concentrated implementing international operations. Market activity is regulated by international commodity agreements. Each commodity market has its own centers of trade, "main markets", the prices of which are recognized as basic in the trade of the corresponding goods. There are special types of markets: commodity exchanges, auctions, auctions, international exhibitions and fairs. Transnational corporations are currently a powerful economic force that binds national economies and determines the economic development of the respective countries and the world as a whole. TNCs are international firms that have business units in two or more countries and manage these units from one or more centers on the basis of such a decision-making mechanism that allows for a coherent policy and overall strategy, allocating resources, technologies and responsibilities to achieve the highest result - profit (see Appendix A). In general, TNCs provide about 50% of the world industrial production. TNCs account for more than 70% of world trade, and 40% of this trade takes place within TNCs, that is, they do not take place at market prices, but at so-called transfer prices, which are formed not under market pressure, but under the long-term policy of the parent corporation. Very large TNCs have a budget that exceeds the budget of several countries. Of the 100 largest economies in the world, 52 are multinational corporations, the rest are states. They render big influence in the regions, as they have extensive financial resources, public relations, political lobby. Transnational corporations play an important role in globalization. TNCs play a very significant role in the world's research and development (R&D). TNCs account for more than 80% of registered patents, while TNCs account for about 80% of R&D funding. TNCs are not only manufacturing companies, but also transnational banks, telecommunications companies, insurance companies, investment and pension funds.

The current state of the global market is characterized, first of all, by the fact that, on the one hand, specific gravity traditional commercial trade, on the other hand, the volume of exchange of technologies that serve stable industrial and technical ties is growing. Features of global markets:

• - huge scale, which is due to the action of the credit multiplier - a coefficient reflecting the relationship between deposits and an increase in credit operations by creating interbank deposits. The same amount of eurocurrencies is repeatedly used for deposit and loan operations during the year;
• - lack of clear spatial and temporal boundaries;
• - institutional feature: the market is a set of institutions through which the movement of loan capital in the field of international economic relations is carried out;
• - restriction of access for borrowers - TNCs, governments. International organizations;
• - the use of currencies of leading countries and some international currency units as the currency of transactions;
• - universality and globalization of the world market;
• - a simplified procedure for making transactions using modern technologies, electronic trading;
• - the cost of the loan includes interest and various commissions: since the 60s, floating rates have prevailed, which change at agreed intervals depending on the situation. Rate fluctuations are due to the state of the economy, international relations, bank liquidity, inflation rates, the dynamics of floating exchange rates, credit risk foreign exchange transactions, the direction of the national credit policy;
• - on the euro market there is a higher profitability of operations than in national currencies, since the rates on euro deposits are higher, and on loans lower; deposits are not subject to the system of required reserves, as well as income tax for interest;
• - diversification of the world market sectors, including the European market.

Globalization is a global deepening of diverse connections to achieve a qualitatively new level of integration, integrity and interconnection of the economy, finance, international politics in other areas of world public life.

2.4 Global awareness

Opportunities abound in global business for marketers who are ready to face multiple obstacles with optimism and a desire to continue exploring new ideas and knowledge. A successful businessman must be globally aware and have a world-wide scope and vision. To be globally aware and entrepreneurial you need to:

• - be able to objectively assess market situations;
• - be tolerant of cultural differences of different peoples;
• - to have knowledge about different cultures, history, world market potentials, global economic, public and political directions.

Being globally aware and entrepreneurial requires being able to objectively assess opportunities and market situations. Objectivity means that the studies are carried out without any changes and take into account all factors. Conclusions are not formed until all the data has been collected and analyzed. Accuracy is achieved by the use of research tools that are designed and used very meticulously. Objectivity is important for decision making. Millions of dollars were wasted by American companies that blindly entered the Chinese market, confident of countless opportunities, when in reality, the opportunities were only in the electoral fields, and requiring additional resources with long-term obligations. Many firms were caught in the fact that in a state of euphoria, one billion consumers were envisaged. These firms were biased in their decisions.

Being globally aware and entrepreneurial requires being tolerant of cultural differences. According to the Declaration of Principles on Tolerance, tolerance is defined as follows:

• - the value and social norm of civil society, manifested in the right of all individuals of civil society to be different;
• - ensuring sustainable harmony between different confessions, political, ethnic and other social groups;
• - respect for the diversity of different world cultures, civilizations and peoples;
• - willingness to understand and cooperate with people who differ in appearance, language, beliefs, customs and beliefs.

Tolerance involves understanding cultural differences and being able to work with other people whose behavior may differ from yours. You must not accept as your own the methods of others who have cultural feature but you must allow others to be different and equal to you. The fact that punctuality is less important in some cultures does not make them less productive, just different. A tolerant person understands the differences that can exist between cultures and uses this knowledge to act effectively.

A globally aware person must have knowledge of culture, history, global market potentials, global economic and social trends. Knowing the history is important for understanding the behavior of a foreign buyer. Knowing history is important because how a person thinks and acts is influenced by his history. In the modern world, there are huge changes in market potentials in almost every world region. A globally aware person will be able to track the changes taking place in world markets and use them to his advantage.

Famous American economists of the last century K.R. McConnell and S.L. Brew writes that "a market is any institution or mechanism that brings together buyers and sellers of a particular product or service."

The market, in general terms, is a system of exchange of products of labor, different in their consumer properties, as commodities. The exchange between suppliers and buyers is not free, but is carried out on a reimbursable basis. It follows that the market presupposes the presence of labor products that are different in their consumer properties, as well as different owners.

The emergence and formation of the market is due to the development public division labor and commodity production. With the growth of commodity production, the market also develops - a way of exchanging products that are intended for sale, and not for consumption by the producers themselves.

Under the slave system, the production of goods and commodity circulation within individual countries were extremely poorly developed. This fact led to a low product range, which was sent to the foreign market. And yet, it was during this period, with the slave-owning mode of production of goods, that the world market arose. In those days, it was mainly an inland market. Greece, Rome, Ancient Egypt traded between themselves and with numerous cities of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. But slavery, by its very nature, was not commodity production and therefore could only partially serve as the basis for the development of foreign trade. Its stronger foundation was handicraft production. Therefore, the world commodity market that took shape in the era of slavery, in its socio-economic nature, was a craft-slave-owning market.

There was almost no differentiation in social production. Commodity exchange between individual commodity producers covered only small areas. Merchant capital, acting as an intermediary between commodity producers, gradually involved more and more new districts and regions in the exchange.

But in the conditions of their political and industrial disunity, commodity exchange was of an irregular nature: there was no single national market, social needs were satisfied mainly with locally produced products. The weak development of the social division of labor within individual countries prevented the establishment of regular trade relations between them. Foreign trade had not yet received significant development and was not essential in meeting the needs of feudal society as a whole.

However, it was under feudalism that the ancient world intracontinental market developed into an intercontinental one. Medieval China traded not only with India, but also with Arabia and South Africa. Venice and Genoa traded both with the feudal countries of Europe, and with Egypt and the states of the Middle East. The voyage of Vasco da Gama connected these two regional international markets, and the discovery of America by Columbus and the circumnavigation of Magellan brought everything together. regional markets into a single chain.

The method of exchanging the products of labor as goods produced by owners separated from each other began to develop at the end of the era of feudalism under the influence of the emergence of capitalist enterprises, the separation of industry from agriculture, as specialization Agriculture in different areas in the production of certain types of goods, due to the fragmentation of industrial production into a growing number of industries.

Under the conditions of developing capitalist commodity production, each of the branches of industry and agriculture is gradually becoming a market for each other. The differentiation of production into specialized branches contributed to the expansion of the social division of labor. The deeper the division of labor becomes, the more commodity production develops, the more the sphere of commodity exchange expands, i.e. a national market emerges. When the process of specialization of capitalist production goes beyond the boundaries of individual countries, then it is supplemented by international exchange, and on this basis a new world market develops.

Thus, the world market began to represent a set of markets of individual countries, which are interconnected by barter. The world market is based on the international production specialization of individual countries and is an area where, in order to ensure expanded reproduction, products produced by one country are replaced by products from another. The exchange of goods on the world market is a process that ensures the continuity of expanded reproduction. Therefore, the ties between producers of different countries, carried out through the exchange of goods, expands as the scale of production increases. .

The world market in its development goes through three stages, determined by the development of production:

• - The stage of preparation of capitalist production (the era of manufactories);
• - The stage of machine production of individual enterprises;
• - Stage of corporate capitalism.

Each stage in the development of the world capitalist market has its own characteristics, determined by the capitalist mode of production itself. The world market at the stage of preparation for the capitalist mode of production was still in its infancy, undeveloped state. The defining feature of foreign trade at this stage was the predominant role of merchant capital, which acted as an intermediary in the process of circulation of goods produced mainly by small commodity producers and partly by capitalist manufactories.

Large-scale industry had a decisive influence on the formation of single national markets, and then on the further development of the world intercontinental market. As a result industrial revolution, which took place in England in the last third of the 18th century, and then during the 19th century. and in other countries of Europe and America, large-scale industry began to develop rapidly, which accelerated the formation of national markets and led to the formation of a world capitalist market.

The world market in the stage of capitalism covers the period from the industrial revolution in England at the end of the 18th century to the end of the 18th century. until the end of the 70s of the XIX century, when world trade acquired fully developed features. This stage is characterized by the confident victory of large-scale machine industry in England. The world market is emerging from its initial state and is beginning to take shape as a category of capitalism.

In the 60-70s of the XIX century. The defining feature of the world market is the final consolidation of the dominant role of industrial capital in the economic life of developed countries. capitalist countries, primarily Germany and the United States, whose industry in terms of its development began to catch up with England.

The corporate stage of capitalism covers the period from the 80s of the XIX century. and to the present day, when the transition from the capitalism of free competition of individual enterprises to various forms of corporate domination has taken place. At this stage, the formation of the world market was completed on the basis of the formation of a single capitalist economic system and the worldwide dominance of finance capital.

There are several periods in the development of the modern world economy and the involvement of national economies in it.

The first period - 20-30s. XX century - crisis phenomena in the development of the world economy. The crisis was accompanied by a general instability of economic relations caused by the First World War, the Great Depression of the late 20-30s. in the development of the economy of the leading countries of the world.

The second period - the end of the 40s-80s. XX century - the main force in industrial relations became transnational corporations (TNCs), which formed international production complexes, including the creation of a product, its implementation, payments, lending.

The United States, which had sharply increased in its economic power during the Second World War, assisted in the economic revival of Western Europe. In June 1947, US Secretary of State General George Marshall put forward a plan to help European countries, which included measures to overcome devastation, stabilize public finance conversion and political stabilization. In April 1948, the US Congress passed a relief bill based on the Marshall Plan.

For four years (1948-1951) western European countries received assistance worth $17 billion at current prices (more than $150 billion at end-of-the-century prices), of which 70% was for fuel and food. American exports during this period increased by 60%, European - by 50%. The production of the most important types of industrial products in Europe has grown by 60-200%. In 1951 European GDP was 15% higher than pre-war levels.

The Soviet Union was also invited to participate in the Marshall Plan. But the leaders of the USSR (Stalin and Molotov) made a gross political mistake by rejecting the offer of help and dragging the country into a 45-year confrontation with an economically powerful enemy.

The Marshall Plan is one of the most successful economic programs in history. His results are impressive:

• - the economy of Western Europe was restored;
• - European countries were able to pay off their external debts;
• - the influence of the communists and the USSR was weakened;
• - an "iron curtain" was erected around the USSR;
• - The USA and Canada have received a huge sales market;
• - the European middle class was restored and strengthened - the guarantor of political stability and sustainable development;
• - Russia as an empire ceased to exist, turning into a raw material appendage of the West;
• - The West has seized a huge sales market, unconditionally given over to Russia.

After the completion of the Marshall Plan (1951), as the colonial empires collapsed, aid programs were redirected to developing countries in order to keep them in the system of relations between Western countries. The elimination of the colonial system in the mid-60s. called to the forefront of international life a large group of developing countries, which still occupy a special place in the world economy.

In the 50-80s. there was a convergence of the levels of development of the United States and other industrialized countries. However, each individual country has not been able to get close enough to the level of development American economy. Foreign economic relations had a steady tendency to expand and deepen. The export quota of industrialized countries increased from 11% to 21%, and of developing countries - from 18% to 26%.

The third period - the last decade of the XX century - our days. The degree of development of geographical space has increased, economic interaction and interdependence have intensified. In the Eastern European countries, processes of formation and folding of economic and political structures close to Western states are taking place. The entry of the world economy into a new phase of development may mark the intensification of cooperation between countries, cause a strengthening of the unity of their economic and political structures.

The leading position in the world economy is occupied by seven industrialized countries - the USA, Japan, Canada, Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy. They account for more than 80% of the industrial production of the group of industrialized countries (AKP) and about 60% of the total world industrial production; respectively 70 and 60% of electricity production; more than 60% and about 50% of exports of goods and services.

In the last decades of the XX century. The United States significantly surpassed all countries in the world in terms of foreign trade turnover (share in world exports on average 13%, in imports - 11%) and the export of capital; the second place was occupied by Germany, the third - by Japan, which for the 1960-1990s. almost doubled its share of world exports.

By the end of the XX century. China entered the top ten trading powers (in 1980 - 20th in the list of leaders), with a share of 3.4% in world exports. By the beginning of the XXI century. China's economic development and exports have skyrocketed. The average annual growth rate of exports in the XXI century. (about 30%) put China among the world leaders in world trade.

Thus, the modern world market has developed in the process of a long historical development based on the domestic markets of some leading states. The market relations of these countries gradually went beyond the national-state framework.

The modern world economy is heterogeneous. It includes states that differ in social structure, political structure, level of development of productive forces and production relations, as well as the nature, scale and methods of international economic relations.

The concept of the world market- the main object of study world economy (world farms, intereconomy), one of the three divisions of economic theory. The world market is a system of commodity-money relations (in the broadest sense of the term) between states or entrepreneurs, companies, organizations of different countries. The main reason for the emergence of the world market is globalization, which at one time was facilitated by geographical discoveries, the development of transport technologies, as well as politics and diplomacy.

The activity of this market is regulated by international commodity agreements. There are also many organizations that monitor the implementation of these agreements.

In the organization of trade, there are such types of world markets :

• commodity exchanges;
• stock exchanges;
• currency exchanges;
• auctions;
• bargaining;
• international exhibitions;
• trade fairs.

Many of these markets exist in electronic form.

In terms of capital turnover, the first place in international trade is global financial market. It is a market for investments, stocks, securities, loans and credits. Previously, this market was called the world market for loan capital, but now it has gone beyond this definition.

According to the International Monetary Fund, the cost financial products in this market is currently three and a half times the cost of production real economy(goods and services).

International economic relations.

International economic relations- the main activity in the world market. There are the following forms of international economic relations:

1. International trade.
2. International monetary and credit relations.
3. World financial system.
4. Movements of capital and investments.
5. Movement of labor.
6. International production cooperation.
7. International cooperation in the field of science and technology.
8. Activities of international economic organizations.

Subjects of international relations(actors of the world market):

• enterprises, organizations, entrepreneurs of individual countries;
• externally economic organizations different countries;
• international economic organizations;
• multinational and transnational companies and corporations.

Views on the origins of globalization are debatable. Historians consider this process as one of the stages in the development of capitalism. Economists are counting from the transnationalization of financial markets. Political scientists emphasize the spread of democratic organizations. Culturologists associate the manifestation of globalization with the Westernization of culture, including American economic expansion. There are information technology approaches to explaining the processes of globalization. There is a difference between political and economic globalization. The subject of globalization is regionalization, which gives a powerful cumulative effect in the formation of world poles of economic and technological development.

At the same time, the origin of the word “globalization” itself indicates that the leading role in this process is played by the rapid growth of international trade occurring at certain historical stages. For the first time the word "globalization" (meaning "intensive international trade") was used by Karl Marx, who in one of his letters to Engels in the late 1850s. wrote: “Now the world market really exists. With the entry of California and Japan into the world market, globalization has come to pass. The same leading role of international trade in the processes of globalization is also indicated by the fact that the previous globalization, which began in the era of Marx, ended in the 1930s, after all developed countries switched to a policy of strict protectionism, which caused a sharp curtailment of international trade [ ] .

Story [ | ]

Some features of globalization appeared already in the era of antiquity (Alexander the Great, Hellenism). Thus, the Roman Empire asserted its hegemony over the Mediterranean, which led to a deep interweaving of different cultures and the emergence of an interregional division of labor in the Mediterranean [ ] .

The origins of globalization are in the XII-XIII centuries, when, simultaneously with the beginning of the development of market (capitalist) relations in Western Europe, the rapid growth of European trade and the formation of a “European world economy” (in accordance with the definition of Wallerstein) began. After some decline in the XIV-XV centuries. this process continued in the XVI-XVII centuries. In these centuries, sustainable economic growth in Europe was combined with success in navigation and geographical discoveries. As a result, Portuguese and Spanish traders spread throughout the world and set about colonizing the Americas. In the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company, which traded with many Asian countries, became the first genuine transnational company. In the 19th century, rapid industrialization led to increased trade and investment between the European powers, their colonies, and the United States. During this period, unfair trade with developing countries was in the nature of imperialist exploitation [ ] .

There are also large regional zones economic integration. In 1992, the European Union became a single economic area with the conclusion of the Maastricht Accords. This space provides for the abolition of customs duties, the free movement of labor and capital, and a single monetary system based on euro. Less integration is seen between members of the North American Free Trade Area: the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Most of the former Soviet republics joined the Commonwealth of Independent States after its collapse, providing elements of a common economic space [ ] .

Politics and management[ | ]

Globalization is closely connected with the process of centralization of control subjects (centralization of power) [ ] .

In politics, globalization is the weakening of nation-states and contributes to the change and reduction of their sovereignty. There is a process of transformation of nation-states into post-modern ones. On the one hand, this is due to the fact that modern states delegate more and more powers to influential international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the European Union, NATO, the IMF and the World Bank. On the other hand, by reducing state intervention in the economy and lowering taxes, the political influence of enterprises (especially large transnational corporations) increases. Due to easier migration of people and free movement capital abroad also reduces the power of states in relation to their citizens [ ] .

In the 21st century, along with the process of globalization, the process of regionalization is taking place, that is, the region is exerting an increasing influence on the state of the system of international relations as a factor, the relationship between the global and regional components of world politics is changing, and the influence of the region on the internal affairs of the state is increasing. Moreover, regionalization is becoming characteristic not only for states with a federal form of organization, but also for unitary states, for entire continents and parts of the world. A clear example of regionalization is the European Union, where the natural development of the process of regionalization has led to the development of the concept of "Europe of regions", reflecting the increased importance of regions and aimed at determining their place in the EU. Organizations such as the Assembly of the European Regions were created, as well as the Committee of the Regions [ ] .

Economy [ | ]

The globalization of the economy is one of the patterns of world development. The immeasurably increased interdependence of economies compared to integration various countries associated with the formation of an economic space, where industry structure, the exchange of information and technology, the geography of the distribution of productive forces are determined taking into account the global situation, and economic ups and downs acquire planetary proportions [ ] .

The growing globalization of the economy is expressed in a sharp increase in the scale and pace of the movement of capital, outpacing the growth of international trade compared to GDP growth, the emergence of world financial markets operating around the clock in real time. Created over the past decades Information Systems immeasurably increased the ability of financial capital to move quickly, which contains, at least potentially, the ability to destroy sustainable economic systems [ ] .

The Economic Dictionary notes: “Globalization of the economy is a complex and contradictory process. On the one hand, it facilitates economic interaction between states, creates conditions for countries to access the advanced achievements of mankind, ensures resource savings, and stimulates world progress. On the other hand, globalization leads to negative consequences: the consolidation of a peripheral model of the economy, the loss of their resources by countries that are not included in the “golden billion”, the ruin of small businesses, the spread of competition to weak countries of globalization, a decrease in living standards, etc. To make the fruits of globalization accessible to the maximum number countries is one of the tasks facing the world community.

To make the positive effects of globalization available to the maximum number of countries, while at the same time mitigating the negative consequences, is one of the declared goals of international politics [ ] .

culture [ | ]

Cultural globalization is characterized by the convergence of business and consumer culture between different countries of the world and the growth of international communication. On the one hand, this leads to the popularization of certain types of national culture around the world. On the other hand, popular international cultural phenomena can displace national ones or turn them into international ones. Many regard this as a loss of national cultural values ​​and are fighting for the revival of national culture [ ] .

Modern films are released simultaneously in many countries of the world, books are translated and become popular with readers from different countries. The ubiquity of the Internet plays a huge role in cultural globalization. In addition, international tourism is becoming more widespread every year [ ] .

Americanization[ | ]

Globalization is often identified with Americanization, which is associated with the increased influence of the United States in the world in the second half of the 20th century. Hollywood releases most of the films for worldwide distribution [ ] . Global corporations originate in the USA: Microsoft, Intel, AMD, Coca-Cola, Apple, Procter & Gamble, PepsiCo and many others. McDonald's, due to its prevalence in the world, has become a kind of symbol of globalization [ ] . By comparing prices across countries for a BigMac sandwich from a local McDonald's restaurant, The Economist analyzes purchasing power different currencies(Big Mac index) [ ] .

Although McDonald's often symbolizes globalization, upon closer inspection, the menus of these eateries take into account local customs and very often include a wide variety of local dishes. For example, in Hong Kong it is Shogunburger (pork teriyaki with salad on a sesame bun), in India it is Makalu Tikkiburger, a veggie burger with potatoes, peas and spices, MacShawarma in Israel, MacArabia in Saudi Arabia, and so on. Many other international corporations do the same, such as Coca-Cola.

However, other countries are also contributing to globalization. For example, one of the symbols of globalization - IKEA - appeared in Sweden [ ] . The popular instant messaging service ICQ was first released in Israel, and the well-known IP telephony program Skype was developed by Estonian programmers.

Global Society[ | ]

The ideas of a global society were expressed by the ancient Greek thinker Diogenes, he used the concept of cosmopolitan, that is, a citizen of the world or a citizen of the cosmopoly (society of the world) [ ] . In the worldview of the inhabitants of China, Central Asia, the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan, an important place was occupied by the idea of ​​the Celestial Empire - the whole Earth (under the Sky) and the human society that exists in its expanses [ ] . Recently, the theory of global society has been actively developed by I. Wallerstein.

What will globalization lead to?[ | ]

If you take a survey, it turns out that some people vaguely understand that the process of globalization is underway, but other than that there is no clear idea that the civilization of the Earth is moving towards any specific goal.

Michio Kaku believes that with an average economic growth rate, the earth civilization over the next 100 years will move into the status of a planetary civilization, the energy consumption of which is comparable to the energy received by the planet from the Sun (about 10 17 W).

emerging planetary economy (EU and other trade blocs), unified planetary culture, planetary news, international tourism, international efforts to combat diseases and environmental threats are also, according to Michio Kaku, features of an emerging planetary civilization [ ] .

Criticism [ | ]

Attention is also drawn to the fact that globalization, characterized by the liberalization of trade and capital flows, increases international competition. To win the competition, business representatives are beginning to demand that their states simplify labor laws, arguing that too rigid labor laws do not meet the requirements of globalization, which requires a flexible labor market. This leads to a "race to the bottom", that is, to the fact that the rights of workers in developed countries become less protected. In developed countries, there is a tendency to turn previously guaranteed labor relations into insecure and unprotected, which includes such types of employment as contract work, a labor contract for a limited period, part-time employment with little or no social guarantees, allegedly self-employment, work for call, etc. In this regard, they speak of the precariat. Some Russian sociologists believe that unemployment in developed countries as a result of global competition and the transition to a post-industrial society in the coming decades will be from 40 to 70% able-bodied population. For example, in Russia, according to Rosstat estimates, about 20% of the economically active population is already in “shadow employment”, more than 40% of the working-age population do not have official employment.

Some authors point out that globalization contributes to falling birth rates. Others argue that globalization is being used by the US as a tool to weaken or destroy its geopolitical adversaries. Still others indicate that globalization contributes to the growth of the speculative economy, the monopolization of the production and sale of goods and the redistribution of wealth in favor of a small group of people ("the world's ruling class").

While supporters of globalization argue that all modern processes and the negative phenomena associated with them are natural and cannot be controlled [ ], critics of globalization, on the contrary, are convinced that large states are able to significantly reduce the negative impact of the latter. In their opinion, this can be achieved through a reasonable protectionist policy in all areas: in the field of foreign trade, the movement of capital, immigration, as well as through the reform of the world monetary system [ ] . An alternative to the modern global economy, in their opinion, could be the formation of 10-20 national or regional economies (“free trade zones”), which should be protected from negative impact global economy through protectionism and the gold (or "commodity") standard as the basis for setting exchange rates [ ] .

see also [ | ]

Notes [ | ]

1. Glebov G. I., Milaeva O. V. Modern international relations. Tutorial. - Penza: Ed. Penz. state un-ta, 2010. - 98 p.
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3. Attali J. Karl Marx. World spirit. M., 2008. S. 192.
4. Herlihy D. The Economy of Traditional Europe. Journal of Economic History, 1971, Vol. 31, no. 1, p. 160 (http://www.shpl.ru)
5. Wallerstein I. The Modern World System. Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York, 1974, pp.18-80 (http://www.shpl.ru)
6. Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Cambridge, 1989, Vol. VIII, pp. 1, 90-91
7. Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Cambridge, 1989, Vol. VIII, p. 94
8. Globalization // Economic Dictionary / A. I. Arkhipov et al.; resp. ed. A. I. Arkhipov. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Prospekt, 2010. S. 136. - 672 p.
9. Chapter 1. World economy: the subject of research // World economy. Textbook for universities / Ed. Doctor of Economics, prof. I. P. Nikolaeva. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2006. - 510 p. ISBN 5-238-00610-1
10. , With. 260.
11. , With. 262.
12. Skype - A Baltic Success Story Archived September 27, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
13. I. Wallerstein's Theory of Global Society - Scheme // Fenenko Yu. V. Short Course of Sociology in Schemes. - M.: MGIMO, 2005. - 154 p.
14. Stiglitz J. Globalization and its Discontents. London, 2002; Stiglitz J. Making Globalization Work. London, 2006
15. Labor movement after globalization: does it have a future?
16. Global Action Against Precarious Work Archived March 30, 2019 at the Wayback Machine International Metalworkers' Federation (IMF) 2007
17. Gilbo E. V. The end of the "golden billion" // World crisis - chronicle and comments, 08/08/2013
18. In Russia, they want to completely eliminate informal employment. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
19. Kuzovkov Yu. Globalization and the spiral of history. M., 2010, part 2
20. Platonov O., Reisegger G. Why America will perish: a view from East and West. M., 2008, part III
21. Harvey D. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. current reading. M., 2007, p. 46-51, 159, 206-220
22. chapter XX // Kuzovkov Yu. V. World history of corruption. M.: Anima-Press Publishing House, 2010
23. Preface to the English Edition Archived December 19, 2017 at the Wayback Machine // Brickmont J. Humanitarian imperialism. Using Human Rights to Sell the War. - New York: Monthly Review Press, 2006. - 176 p. (translation of the preface to the English edition)
24. Matthew, Stephen.