The main characteristic of Venezuela: territory, population, natural resources, industrial potential. The activities of Hugo Chávez before the presidency. Geographic characteristics, political structure, cultural features and economic state of Venezue

On Venezuela

Prepared

Ilya Mr.

1 Welcome to Venezuela

Venezuela is located in the north of South America. In the West and Southwest, it borders with Colombia, in the south and south-east - with Brazil, in the East - with Guyana, in the north is washed by the waters of the Caribbean and in the northeast - the Atlantic Ocean. She owns about four dozen islands in the Caribbean Sea. The largest of them is Margarita Island. In the northeast, narrow, topped with sharp rocks of the straits, still called the serpentine mouth and a dragon mouth, separate Venezuela from the largest of the small Antille Islands - Trinidad. In terms of territory (916.4 thousand square meters) of Venezuela more than England, France, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland, combined. Its population is 24.66 million people (2003).

With tremendous natural resources, Venezuela in the last 30 years is experiencing noticeable economic growth, and, since the late 80s - the beginning of the 90s, starts playing an active role in the political life of Latin America. In terms of economic development and economic potential (2005 data), Venezuela ranks 3rd in Latin America (after Brazil and Argentina).

According to the Constitution of 1961, Venezuela is the federal republic. The head of state and the government is the president, elected for 5 years. He is the commander-in-chief armed forces. The posts of vice president, and the temporarily absent president replaces the minister appointed by him. The legislative power is carried out by the National Congress consisting of two chairs - the Senate (52 senator) and the Chamber of Deputies (207 deputies). Senators and deputies are elected for 5 years. All citizens who have reached 18 years have enjoyed the election right, with the exception of military personnel. The Constitution proclaims a number of democratic rights and freedoms, some of which, however, are cut off by various reservations. The capital of the country is the city of Caracas. State language - Spanish. Venezuela is a member of the UN, IMF, WHO, OPEC. Currency: State Monetary Unit - Bolivar, consists of 100 Sentimo. Money tickets are produced in advantage of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 Bolivar, as well as coins worth 1, 2 and 5 of Bolivarov. Time: Looms from Moscow for 7 hours. The Venezuelan Army is about 90 thousand people. In 2006, Venezuela signed a contract with Russia to buy helicopters, fighters and machines Kalashnikov for their army.

2. Nature

Venezuela calls the country of mountains, plains and forests. It can be divided into four distinguished on the relief, climate and vegetation of the area: the mountainous region of the Andes, Wpadina Maracaibo, Llanos (plains in the pool of the rivers Apura and Orinoco) and Guiangian plateau. Almost all West and the North of the country are busy with Andes Venezuela - the northeast spurt of the Grand Mountain System of South America. Eastern Cordillera Colombia, entering into the limits of Venezuela, splits on two ridges: Sierra de Periha, on the ridge of which the border passes with Colombia, and deviating to the northeast high double ridge of Cordillera de Merida. Between these ridges lies in Wpadina Maracaibo.

The central part of the Cordillera de Merida Range is covered with eternal snow and glaciers, for which is called Sierra Nevada, that is, snowy. Here is the highest point of the country - Peak Bolivar (5007 m). At the top of the peak there is a bronze bust of this outstanding fighter for the independence of Venezuela. To the northeast, the Ridge of Cordillera de Merida decreases to 2000 m, again splits and, taking a sub-lift direction, stretches to the east along the coast of the Caribbean. These are Caribbean Andes - one of the most susceptible to earthquakes of South America regions. The earthquake of 1812 was so strong that the first underground joke of Caracas was turned into a pile of ruins. For one minute, almost a quarter of its population died - 10 thousand people. In 1900, he was again destroyed by an earthquake.

The lowland Maracaibo, at the bottom of which lies the lake of the same name, is formed by the nanos of numerous mountain rivers and in the southern part is very frustrated. The area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is one of the richest oil fields in the world. Central part of Venezuela, between Andes and r. Orinoco in its middle and lower current, represents an extensive minina - Llanos, stretching 900 km long and 300 km wide. Almost half of the entire territory of the country takes up to the south of the lower Orinoco Guiangic Plateau (Venezuelan Guayan) with a height of 100-800 m. In its central part there are insulated vertices and flat remaining hills - Mesias or "Table Mountains", rising to 2000 m and more. In the southern part of the plateau, they go into sandstone - cool and flat-walled ridges of Pakaraima, Paris, etc., the watershed of pools of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers and the border of Venezuela with Brazil passes.

At the junction of the borders of Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana, one of the highest solutions of the plateau with the mountains of Roraima and the cokenam, and north of him, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe origins of P. Corony, is one of the highest mountains of Venezuelan Guayana - Appa-Tempui (3100 m). In this deaf and weakly studied area, the area is very difficult to penetrate: the mountains and impassable virgin wedlotropic forests are raised with the gorges and impassable virgin wets. On the flat vertices of Mesias, reaching 30-40 km in length and completely cut off from around the world, cliffs up to 2000 m high, almost never had a person. It is here "the events described in the famous Roman A. Konan-Doyle" Lost World "occur. There is also one of the largest Mesias - Ayan-Tempui, called the Indians of the Mountain Devil.

Since the time of the conquistadors, there was a legend that somewhere in these places there is a huge waterfall, the overthrow "right from the sky". For centuries it was considered fiction. But in the early 1930s, the American pilot Jimmy Angell, flying over dark sheer cliffs, against the background of which his fragile aircraft seemed dragonfly, saw a giant waterfall. A huge pillar from water, foam and couple with a powerful roar lit off somewhere because of the clouds, almost from the top of the "Devil Mountain".

A few years before the Second World War, Angell made a new flight there. Choosing a smooth glade on a flat top of Ayang-Tempui, he planted his little plane there. However, the green surface turned out to be deceptive: the wheels of the aircraft were tied in the swamp, and the Angello hardly managed to escape. Since then, this place and the waterfall itself called "Salto Angel" - an angel jump (the game of words: in English "Angel", and in Spanish "Anhel" - Angel). Only in the 50s it was possible to establish that the height of this waterfall is 1054 m, i.e. it is 21 times higher than Niagara.

2.1 Climate

Located in low latitudes, Venezuela has a sub-screen roast climate. The difference between the average temperatures of the coldest and warm month does not exceed 5 °. In the summer, the territory of the country is under the influence of wet equatorial air masses, and in the winter - dry northeastern trade winds. Therefore, with the exception of a significant part of the Gwianky Plateau, which has abundant year-round sediments, the dry period is characteristic of Venezuela (from October to March) and the wet period (from April to September). In the Mountain Stroke of the Andes climate depends not only on seasonality in the fallout of precipitation, but also from height, as well as from the location of the mountainside.

Falcon-Lara plateau, coastal strip and caribbean islands are distinguished the greatest dryness. This is the area of \u200b\u200bthe highest air temperatures in American tropics. The port of La Guaira, for example, where only 280 mm of annual precipitation falls, the Venezueles are jokingly called the Thightedness of hell. In the area of \u200b\u200bOz. Maracaibo precipitation falls 6 times more (up to 1800 mm), and the average annual temperature (28 °) is the highest for Latin America. The bad "ventilability" surrounded from three sides by the Mountain Lowland Mountains leads to a large relative humidity, very heavy by a person to the person, in combination with exceptional heat.

2.2 Minerals

Venezuela has reserves of many minerals. It occupies one of the prominent places in the world by oil reserves. Its reliable stocks in 1977 were determined at 2.5-2.6 billion tons, and in 2003 - almost 3.5 billion tons. Oil deposits are drawn throughout the northern part of the country. Three oil-bearing basins are distinguished: Maracaibo Pool (Sulia and Falcon State) in the North-West; States Guarico, Monagas, Anseliategi, Federal Delta-Amakuro - in the central and eastern parts of Llanos; Apurate in the west of Llanos (there are also large reserves of natural gas). Recently discovered huge (estimated at 9.5-13.5 billion tons) oil reserves in the so-called Orinoco oil belt, stretching at 600 km along the lower flow of the river, as well as the deposit on the continental shelf of the Venezuelan Gulf. In the areas of Maracaibo, the Orinoco delta and in the extreme northeast there are deposits of natural asphalt, and in Andes, in the area of \u200b\u200bOz. Marakaybo and south of Barcelona, \u200b\u200b- coal.

The country is rich in many metals. Thus, iron ore reserves are estimated at 12 billion tons. It was found in different areas, but the North Territory deposits of the Gwianky Plateau, south and east of Ciudad Bolivar (in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Imatak Range), are particularly important. Here, almost entire mountains consist of high-quality iron ore. There are also deposits of manganese, nickel, titanium, chromite ores, tungsten, copper, zinc, lead, silver, gold, tin, antimony, mercury, vanadium, magnesite, bauxite, high-quality asbestos, gypsum, phosphates, mica, rock crystal, precious stones . But their mining is either conducted in the most modest sizes, or is not carried out at all. In the Gwianky Plateau and in the region of Caracas, deposits of the Torian and uranium ores were found.

After the Second World War on the river. Paraguay and her tributaries were opened diamond deposits. About Venezuelan Guayanes spoke as "geological sensation". A genuine "diamond fever" flashed, similar to the "Golden Fever" in Klondike described at one time in Klondike. Thousands of people rushed into the Debres of Guiang Plateau: adventurers, mining agents of mining companies, prospectors. But only very few returned from there with good luck. The new outbreak of the "diamond fever" in the area occurred in 1971

2.3 rivers and lakes

Almost half of the thousands with excess rivers of Venezuela runs away from the Andes and Guiang Plateau in Orinoco, the third largest River of Latin America. The pool it covers an area of \u200b\u200babout 1 million square meters. km. After Diego Ordas and other Spanish conquistadors, repeatedly rising up the river in the vain search for the legendary Eldorado, many tried to find her origins. However, it was possible to be done only in 1951 by a special Franco-Venezuelan Expedition, which was finally accurately the exact length of the river - 2740 km.

In the upper course, Orinoco carries its waters to the north-west. Below the village of Esmeralda, reaching 700 meters of the width, it stumbles into a large rocky threshold that breaks it into two streams. At the same time, the main flow retains the former direction - to the north-west, the smaller - p. Kasikiaar - turns into the southwest. And since here it begins the slope of the surface to the southwest, then Casiciaar does not return to Orinoco, but carries its waters to Rio-Nehru, one of the major bortions of Amazon. This is the famous Orinoco bifurcation - the world's largest split river, in which each of the two sleeves belongs to different river systems. Casiciaar in a number of places is similar to a channel with a width of about 400 m, and there are even assumptions that the water bridge connecting Orinoco with Amazon is the work of the oldest inhabitants of this area.

On average, the Orinoco breaks through the waters in the crystal breeds of the outskirts of the Gwianky Plateau and, breaking through the thresholds through the system, forms numerous waterfalls and rolling. Below the mouth of the largest left tributary - meta thresholds disappear and the river becomes shipping. In the place where another large left influx - apuro, Orinoco turns into the east and is widely poured into it. Gradually expanding (in some places up to 25 km), she flows to the southern outskirts of Llanos. Below the Ciudad Bolivar, the depth of the river reaches 30 m, marine tides penetrate here and for 400 km, the Orinoco is available for ocean courts. Moving Barrancas, it is spilled in huge, intertwined numerous sleeves and a very wetrated delta, which extends almost along the entire Atlantic coast of Venezuela.

Orinoco is the most important trading and transport artery, which plays a huge role in the economic development of Llanos and the northern part of the Gwianky Plateau. The left tributaries of it on the Llanos plain have a slow flow, and in the period of rains there are spilled, flooding large spaces. Running the right tributaries from Gwianky Plateau - Vatuari. Kaura, Karony (with Paraguay's influx) and others - rapidly, violent, replete with thresholds and waterfalls. They are unsuitable for shipping, but have great energy potential.

Lake Marakaybo The largest in Venezuela: It is about 15,000 square meters. km, length - 155 km, width - 120 km, depth on average 20-30 m. In the north, it is connected by four ducts with the Venezuelan Bay of the Caribbean, and its water is brain. Lake Valencia, located in the Interior Valley of the Caribbean Andes, the second largest in the country. From the east, p. Aragua, and from the southwest it is still in the XIX century. There had a flow to Llanos Plain. But since then the level has decreased, and now it is frantically.

Only 10% of rivers are suitable for navigation, but by reserves of hydroenergy resources, estimated at 40 million kW, Venezuela ranks third (after Brazil and Colombia) a place in Latin America.

2.4 Venezuela's floral world

For a hot belt, in which most of the country is characterized by an extreme variety of vegetation. The wild flora includes 7 thousand species here. In the forests, occupying 40% of Venezuela territory, over 600 wood species are three times more than in all of Europe. "Nowhere is the magnificent tropical forests with their hundreds lian ... they do not differ in a large variety of plant forms than in the extensive archipelago of the mouth of Orinoco or around the circle of Oz. Marakaybo, at the foot of the Sierra Nevada de Merida Mountains," wrote E. Rec; For these forests, an exceptional density is characterized, and the highest trees reach 45-50 m. Pour through the thickets of the wedgeotropic forest almost impossible even with an ax. Sometimes stretching for hundreds of forest kilometers, especially in the east and south of Gwianky Plateau, where they are adjacent to the Equatorial forests of Amazon's pool, still staying in a wild state. Rare paths mostly go along rivers, which serve here the only real "roads". The central and northern part of Venezuelan Guayans are covered with less wet and high-ranking, but also in difficult forests with many valuable trees, as well as spots of Savannes in leeward areas.

More than a third of Venezuelan Square occupy Savannah Plains Orinoco, called Llanos. In the rainy season, when rivers leave the banks and flood huge spaces, the llanos are covered with abundant and juicy cereal herbs reaching 2 m of heights. In November-December, the flood falls out, and in January, drought begins without a single drop of rain until the end of March. The streams dry, small rivers gradually turn into a chain of swamps and puddles. The sun almost completely burns herbal cover. The low-spirited trees forming shrub forests are losing the foliage; Evergreen remains only the crowns of Mauritius Palm.

The climate and soil of Venezuela are favorable for growing a variety of crops. The main agricultural zone is located at a height of 300 to 1800 m above the UR. seas. In the hot belt are cocoa plantations, coconut palms, sugar cane, rubber glasses, cotton, tobacco, citrus, mango tree, bananas.

The most important culture of the average "moderate" high-rise belt is coffee. Here the main food cultures are grown: corn, manica, yams, beans, butat. There are also rice crops, sugar cane, tobacco, but, in addition, Oats, barley, potatoes and various vegetables appear. In the gardens next to bananas, palm trees and papaya grow plums, quince, peaches. For a cool mountain zone, barley, wheat and other bread cereals, peas, horse beans and various vegetables, as well as fruit plants of moderate climate are characterized. Above other cultures (up to 3000 m), the famous Andean potatoes are closed.

2.5 animal world of Venezuela

Extremely rich and diverse animal world of rainforest and savannah, rivers and Venezuela lakes. In the forest, most mammals live on trees. This is a sloth, about two dozen species of highly cloudy monkeys who make devastating raids on plantations and gardens. On the edges and on the shores of the rivers there are tapir and watervators. Wild pigs live here - bakers. In the forests and savannah, small and large rodents are found, including the Golden Hare - Aguti, various types of small deer, foxes, opossum, woody dike, amusing and armadiole. From the predatory, the most typical South American chain raccoon - kinku, jaguar, "American lion" - Puma and other, smaller species and cats.

There are many poisonous snakes here, the bite of which is mortals, including several types of rattle snakes, Mapanar, Yellow Kumai Snake. Among the major snakes are distinguished by Anaconda, Break and "Royal Break". The latter is known as a fighter of rats, and it is kept not only in warehouses and barns, but sometimes in residential buildings. At night, the Break hunts, and in the afternoon sleeping or heated in the sun. He is tied to the house if he is taken away, often returns back.

From other reptiles are found iguana, caymans and turtles. La Tortuga Island is especially famous for large sea turtles. Of the amphibians are interesting toad-giant (up to 1 kg weighing).

Among freshwater fish, the tembalador is common, the electric discharge of which is capable of stunning a bull, passing a river, two-way fish, having a lungs, and piranha (otherwise by caribbean) - a carp-like fish 30-40 cm with sharp, like a razor, triangular teeth . Piranhas live with huge flocks and, if a drop of blood appears in the water, come in fury. Thousands of them attack any animal, and after a few minutes one skeleton remains from it. Even a crocodile, wounded by a spear of an Indian-hunter, prefers to get ashore if Piranhas are nearby. The sea of \u200b\u200bthe Venezuelan coast is replete with fishing fish (Spanish mackerel, kefal, sardine, tuna, herring, sea bass, etc.), as well as lobs, shrimps, crabs, various mollusks.

The world of feathered has thousands of views and subspecies. Numerous and varied insects (there are hundreds of types of butterflies, beetles, ants, termites, mosquitoes), as well as spiders and scorpions.

3. Economy

Venezuela was the first in the history of the exporter of "black gold" - back in 1539, the barrel of oil was sent to Madrid. But in the colonial era, the main articles of the country's export of the country were indigo and sugar, and in the XIX - early XX century. - Coffee and cocoa. However, after in 1922 near the village of Cabimas, at Oz. Maracaibo, a powerful oil fountain hit the sky, "oil boom" began here. Venezuela has become one of the world's largest producers of "black gold", and since then it has almost always been 9/10 of the cost of its exports.

The proximity of the deposits to the sea, facilitating the transportation of oil, a high flow of wells and a low standard of living of the population, which has ensured the cheap labor, made Venezuela bait for oil companies. During the Second World War, the operation of new oil fields opened in the Eastern, and in the 50s and in the western part of Llanos. By 1958, the total area of \u200b\u200boil, mostly North American and British, concessions reached 68 thousand square meters. km, exceeding the area of \u200b\u200bBelgium, Holland and Luxembourg, combined.

After World War II on the right bank of the Orinoco, in its lower current, the richest deposits of iron ore were opened, the development of which was captured by the US monopolies. They also penetrated into the manufacturing industry, agriculture, the scope of services. In 1967, foreign investments in Venezuela reached $ 5.5 billion, of which 11% belonged to the United States. More than half of all foreign investments were invested in petroleum, 2% - to the processing and 4% in the mining industry. Only from 1960 to 1970, American companies were transferred from Venezuela to the United States in the form of profits $ 7.2 billion. The manufacturing industry in the country was developed very weak, and agriculture turned out to be in such a state that most of the food had to be imported.

The exclusive unevenness of the development of the economy was reflected and including in geographical location: almost all industrial production was focused in the north and northwest - in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Caribbean Andes and the pool, T. Marakaibo. Only in the 50s and 1960s there were new growing industrial foci in the eastern regions of Llanos and on the right bank of the lower orinoco.

But in the public production still retained by multipleness: along with highly concentrated production in a number of industries in the village of in some places there are semi-feudal remnants, and even primitive relationships have been preserved in some outskirts.

Meanwhile, in the 60s and 1970s, Venezuela, in terms of economic development, came out at one of the first places in Latin America. The increase in oil production and exports that provided large tax revenues and influx of solid currency allowed the Venezuelan government to create significant accumulations to finance the economy. The state sector of the economy has developed both in the field of infrastructure (road-transport, hydraulic construction, electric power industry) and in the petrochemical, metallurgical and metalworking industries. Already in 1973, 30% of large industrial enterprises accounted for its share. And after the nationalization of the iron ore and especially the Oil Industry of Venezuela, which previously occupied the first place in Latin America in terms of foreign investment, turned into a country, the economy of which is controlled by the state to a greater extent than in any other country of the Western Hemisphere.

The state company Petrolros Venezojanos became the ninth largest oil company in the world, the owner of 12 thousand active wells, 10 thousand km of oil and gas pipelines, 12 oil refineries, as well as sea berths and warehouse structures.

Soon the government banned foreign investments in utilities, power supply, communications, broadcasting and television, passenger and freight transport, publishing and advertising. Foreign companies in a number of industries were invited for three years at least 80% of their shares to convey to Venezuelas.

All these measures were an important step forward in the struggle for national independence and sovereignty. However, oil monopolies still retain the right to market and transport Venezuelan oil and technology supply, it pays compensation in the amount of more than $ 1 billion, the creation of mixed enterprises in the oil industry with the participation of foreign capital is allowed.

According to the magnitude of the gross national product of Venezuela in the 70s, it ranked fourth, and his per capita is per capita - first place in Latin America. Approximately 30% of the GNP accounts for industry, 25% - to the sphere of trade, and only 8% - to agriculture.

In the 60-70s, Venezuela's economy developed to a large extent on plans developed by the Central Coordination and Planning Office. In particular, the Fifth National Development Plan (1976-1980) set the purpose of further decline in oil exports and the use of increased income from it to diversify the economy and creating a solid industrial and agricultural base in the country. To this end, the main investments were sent to iron ore, steel, aluminum, machine-building, chemical, shipbuilding industry and the construction of ports. However, as a rule, these plans are completely and for the intended deadlines did not manage.

Noticeable shifts occurred in the structure of the economically active population, in particular the number of people employed in industry from 1950 to 1975 increased almost three times.

One of the fastest growing industries is the electric power industry: in the 60-70s, the annual increase in electricity generation exceeded 10%. More than 30% of it produce HPP. Venezuela held the fourth (after Brazil, Mexico and Argentina) a place in Latin America at the installed capacity of power plants (8.2 million kW in 1979) and electricity generation (31 billion kWh), and for the production and consumption of it The soul of the population is first.

3.1 Export

Foreign trade plays a huge role in the life of Venezuela. Exports of the country at cost reaches 1/3, and imports - 1/6 gross national product. In the cost of Venezuelan exports, more than 90% make up oil and petroleum products, 4% - iron ore, the rest - coffee and cocoa, gold, asbestos, sugar, bananas, vegetables, rice, skins, livestock, forest products. In imports, various equipment, cars, mechanisms, vehicles and spare parts for them, various raw materials and materials, including metal structures, gas and oil pipelines, as well as various consumer industrial goods and food are predominantly.

In recent years, food imports grow, as agriculture remains the most backward industry and cannot meet the needs of the country in agricultural products. A significant part of the exported oil is sent to the United States. Only crude oil is imported to the Dutch Islands of Aruba and Curaçao from Venezuela, which, after processing on plants located there, the plants of American and English companies is re-exported to the United States, England, Germany, Japan and other countries. The US share accounts for most of the value of Venezuela imports - about $ 3 billion a year.

3.2 Mining industry

The extractive industry occupied an important place in the country's farm. In 1970, 194 million tons of oil were mined in Venezuela. Since the 70s, the government conducts policies to reduce oil production in order to preserve its stocks. Due to the sharp increase in world oil prices during the energy crisis, the country's revenues from its exports increased markedly, despite the reduction of its volume. In 2005, 140 million tons were produced.

More than 4/5 of the entire Venezuelan oil is mined in the lake basin. Marakaybo, about 20% - in the east, 3% - in the south-west. Along with oil, 95% of the explored natural gas reserves. In 2005, its prey was 35 billion cubic meters. m.

Unlike oil production, the products of the mining industry grew pretty quickly. The lion's share is iron ore. The main deposits are San Isidro, Serro Bolivar and El Poo - are located in the north of Guiangian Plateau. Ore is mined in an open method and contains 60-70% iron. In the late 90s, mining was 12-15 million tons per year, of which more than half were exported in the United States and 2/5 to Europe.

In the Gwianky Plateore (in the area of \u200b\u200bUphal) and near Valencia in small quantities, manganese is mined, and in the Caribbean and nickel ore, zinc, lead, silver, asbestos. Near the city of San Cristobal is the mining of phosphael ores, including those containing uranium, as well as stone coal. Magnezit is mined on Margarita Island, in Naricale (near Barcelona) and in Guasar - stone coal.

Gold mining is carried out in El Cagliao on Gwianky Plateau. In the same area, mining of diamonds is growing (700-800 thousand karats are produced annually). Opening of new deposits in the pool r. Kuchievero (accompanied by another "diamond fever"), turned Venezuela to the largest diamond supplier in Latin America.

3.3 Processing industry

The manufacturing industry, especially its new industries - chemical (including petrochemistry), refineries, mechanical engineering (including car assembly), metallurgy, develops in the post-war period almost twice as fast than the country's economy as a whole. However, the lion's share of gross production costs still give food, textile-sewing, leather-shoe, woodworking and other "old" industries.

More than 25% of the value of gross production of the manufacturing industry falls on oil processing. Venezuela is a major exporter of petroleum products. In addition to oil reference, the leading industries include: food, textile, sewing, chemical, metalworking, mechanical engineering.

The development of richest deposits of iron ore served as the basis for creating a metallurgical industry in the country. In 1962, the first State Metallurgical Plant with a full cycle, using electric blast furnaces, on the Right Bank of Lower Orinoco - in the Sue-Dad-Guayana area has entered into operation. There, there are two aluminum factory, iron ore briquette factory and two plants for the direct restoration of iron from ore.

3.4 Production

The country develops mechanical engineering, the basis of which was the car assembly industry. There are plants for the production of tractors and agricultural equipment, transport and construction equipment, tools and other metalworking enterprises. There are also enterprises for the production of electrical, radio and television equipment. Due to large construction in the oil, mining and manufacturing, city and road construction, building materials are growing rapidly.

There is an intensive process of production concentration: 80% of all workers are occupied on large and medium factory factory enterprises.

3.5 Agriculture

The country has a significant number of lands convenient for processing, but only a small part of them is processed. In addition, until recently, the lagged form of land tenure and land use dominated the country, in which 2% of farms owned by the largest landowners accounted for 80%, and half of all farms were only 1% of the landfill underway. This led to an extremely low level of use of land and labor productivity. As a result, agriculture was the most backward branch of the economy. In 1950, the imports of food and agricultural raw materials were half, in 1960 - a third of their consumption in the country.

The position began to change in the 60-70s as agricultural reform. Due to the repurchase of the Government of the Latifundists not used by them, as well as from the State Land Fund, a significant part of the peasants received land plots.

Production relations in the Venezuelan village are still a great variety. In the largest farms, the work is used not only by hired workers, but also tenant tenants and barracks-pemonies. At the same time, a significant detachment of agricultural workers occupied on plantations and farms was formed with the development of the farm in the village.

Agriculture gives 45% of the cost of agricultural products. The main agricultural district is the mountainous region in the north and northwest of Venezuela. There are 2/3 of all arable land, including the majority of large plantations and peasant farms. In Llanos, agriculture developed mainly at the foot of the Andes and in some places along the rivers. The Beach of this area is droughts, and in connection with this, the government is carried out here a 30-year plan for the development of water management, providing for the construction of dams and irrigation of 2 million hectares of land.

More than 20% of the entire area being processed is occupied under the main export cultures - coffee and cocoa. The best coffee goes from the Northwestern Mountains. High quality cocoa is made in the states of the Caribbean coast. We have grown noticeably, including in Llanos, cotton crops, giving two harvest per year, as well as sisal and tobacco. Main food crops - corn (30% of all seeds), rice, manica, potatoes, yams, legumes, bananas, sugar cane, peanuts and other oilseeds. Various vegetables and fruits are grown.

3.6 animal husbandry

The share of animal husbandry, the main branch of which is the breeding of cattle, accounts for 55% of the cost of agricultural products. The main animal husbandry district of the country has been considered to be Llanos, where it grates up to 5 million cattle heads and 200-300 thousand horses.

The main areas of dairy animal husbandry are the pools of Marakaybo Lakes and Valencia and the Caracas Valley. Here, unlike Llanos, where cattle belongs mainly to the owners of huge cattle breeding latifunds, most livestock farms are medium and large farms. In the same areas, farms have emerged, supplying cities with eggs and bat. On the dry caribbean coast and in Lara is breeding goats and sheep. In general, over the past 10-15 years, animal husbandry developed faster than agriculture. The proportion of large-scale farms that use modern methods of care for livestock and technique has increased significantly.

At the north coast of Venezuela and in Oz. Maracaibo developed fisheries (but the most valuable product of marine crafts - shrimp). The value of forest fishery has decreased. Nevertheless, in small quantities, billets of tanning substances are underway, rubber collection, guayab resin, vanilla, as well as a Kopai Balzam and other product rainforest products used in medicine and perfumery.

3.7 Transport

Ways of communication are distributed over the territory of Venezuela extremely unevenly: almost all iron and most of the highway roads are focused in the north and northwest. The total length of the railways is about 1.4 thousand km, but they represent short, non-interconnected lines. Almost all passenger and 75% of freight traffic comes to motor vehicles. In 1997, the total length of roads was about 71 thousand km (including about half - with a solid coating).

The main inner water highway of the country - r. Orinoco. The total length of shipping paths according to it and its tributaries is 12 thousand km. The shipping message is also supported by Lakes Valencia and Maracaibo. The coastal transportation along the sea coast is developed, which are partly filming the lack of land routes. Ocean Venezuela's Ocean Fleet for general displacement ranks third in Latin America. There are more hundreds of marine, lake and river ports in the country, including 23 ports on the removal of oil and petroleum products (Maracaibo, Amouai, La Salina, Carpito, Puerto de la Cruz, etc.) and 8- for export and Importing other goods. The main ports for imports - La Guaira, Puertojio, Marakaybo.

Of particular importance for the development and development of remote, almost inaccessible eastern and southern regions of the country has acquired air transport. Regular airplanes link the capital with a large number of cities, with oilfields in Llanos and mining centers in the Gwianky Plateau. There are about fifty airfield in the country, more than 200 landing sites and eight international airports.

4 Culture

Spanish conquerors brought their tongue, customs, religion, architecture into a new light. The influence of Spanish culture in Venezuela affects everything - from the names and appearance of cities to music and spectacle. However, Venezuelan culture is the result of many influences. And the most significant of them, in addition to Spanish, were Indian and African. Many toponyms in the country of Aravaksky (Paraguiana, Kumabro), Caribbean (Kuman, Pirita) and other Indian origin, and such as Ganges, Birongo, Taria, African origin. The names of the states are also told about the same name: Barinas, Sulia, Tachir - Names Indian, Anseliategi, Merida, Miranda - Spanish, and the monahas is connected with African influence.

Area: 912 thousand km2

Population: 26.8 million people.

Capital: Caracas

Form of Board: Republic

Official language: Spanish

Monetary unit: Bolivar

Geographical position and nature

Almost half of the country occupies a Guiangian plateau, whose slopes in the south are covered with wet equatorial forests. Located in the central part of the country, is highly harvested savanna. In the North-West, the sangs are drawn. In the intermountain depression, Lake Maracaybo Lake, which has important economic importance. In the northern part of the country, huge stocks are concentrated.

Population

The main feature of the population of Venezuela is the extreme unevenness of its placement and a very high proportion of citizens. It is more than 90% - this is one of the highest indicators in the world.

Only a narrow coastal strip and territory around Lake Maracaibo are tightly populated. Almost all cities of the country are located here. At the same time, major cities are located in the mountains stretched along the Caribbean coast. This is explained by the fact that the climate is much better in the mountains than on the coastal lowland, where it is hot and very dry.

Economic activities

Venezuela is known in the world as a large oil power. Most of the oil is mined in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Maracaibo. It is connected to the sea with a narrow strait. Through the strait tankers export oil into different areas of the world. In addition to oil, iron and aluminum ores are mined in Venezuela. Spinning rivers have large energy reserves.

Industry of Venezuela Focusing in three main areas: Oil District of Lake Maracaibo, the metropolitan area, where enterprises of the manufacturing industry (including car consumers) are placed, and the metallurgical area in the east of the country where steel and aluminum are paid.

Agriculture plays a small role in the country. Large allow growing rice and corn. However, food is missing, and Venezuela is forced to import about 1/3 of food consumed.

On Venezuela

Prepared

Ilya Mr.

1 Welcome to Venezuela

2. Nature

2.1 Climate

2.2 Minerals

2.3 rivers and lakes

Only 10% of rivers are suitable for navigation, but by reserves of hydroenergy resources, estimated at 40 million kW, Venezuela ranks third (after Brazil and Colombia) a place in Latin America.

2.4 Venezuela's floral world

2.5 animal world of Venezuela

From other reptiles are found iguana, caymans and turtles. La Tortuga Island is especially famous for large sea turtles. Of the amphibians are interesting toad-giant (up to 1 kg weighing).

3. Economy

Noticeable shifts occurred in the structure of the economically active population, in particular the number of people employed in industry from 1950 to 1975 increased almost three times.

3.1 Export

3.2 Mining industry

3.3 Processing industry

3.4 Production

There is an intensive process of production concentration: 80% of all workers are occupied on large and medium factory factory enterprises.

3.5 Agriculture

3.6 animal husbandry

3.7 Transport

4 Culture

Spanish migrants adopted their agricultural skills in local Indians, many elements of their life and housing, and even some superstitions, etc., and even some superstitions, etc., did not know later methuses, from where there are certain fishing methods or Hunting, labor skills and customs that they have passed their children. So far, for example, the peasants in some areas of Venezuela use Indian methods of fishing fish, hunting iguana or armadire, cooking some dishes, as well as "American bread" - cassab. Hamamak became a lie and rocking chair for Venezuelan. As a vehicle, the peasant often uses canoe and pie, and Llano catches cattle with Lasso.

Indian languages \u200b\u200bhave had a noticeable impact on vocabulary, phonetics and syntax of the Spanish language of Venezuela. It has up to three thousand Indian words. Some of them are widely used in the works of Venezuelan Prosaikov and Poets. Until now, the Indian influence in Venezuelan folk art and oral folk art. The image of the Indian appears in many folk dramas and pantomimes. The popular folk dance "Mare Mare" dates back to the ancient Indian ritual dance in honor of the ancient deities of Jaguar and the Moon. Indian origin has another popular dance - "Tour". Many Indian fairy tales (domestic and animals), legends and tales switched to modern Venezuelan Folklore.

4.1 Effect of Africans and Europeans on Culture

Africans-slaves brought in Venezuela many features of their homeland culture, which affected the language and in the peculiarities of the kitchen and life, and in folklore. Black slaves performed almost all types of work, and this contributed to the survivability of labor skills and techniques that came from Africa. One dishes of Venezuelan peasants lead their origin directly from Africa, and in other local dishes, Africans only made some changes. So, the coconut milk began to add coconut milk to the widespread cornpage (mas-live).

The Africans were introduced into the use of a camp-wrapper from a banana leaf, as well as the use of bananas for the preparation of delicacy.

On the African fairy tales about the uncle Rabbit and Uncle Yaguar, not one generation of Venezuelan was brought up. Some Catholic holidays in rural areas are a clear imprint of African influence. For example, the celebrations on St. John's Day essentially the festival of solstice, has long been stretching here with a Catholic cult. Play this day usually on African instruments. Popular holidays in Venezuela Devil's holidays and tenetinate lead their origin from the Congo.

Finally, the Africans and Indians had similar features of culture and life, such as using palm leaves when building housing, like a pylon - stupa for grain, drum, or Maraca, some customs. All these similar features of different crops merged in Venezuelan Earth and preserved to this day.

In addition, over the past one and a half years, Venezuelan culture has absorbed some new elements that have come from both different - in addition to Spain - European countries and from the United States in particular, in recent decades of the XIX century. Many Venezuelan, mainly in the cities, sought to speak French, prepared French kushans, followed French fashion. In the second half of the XX century. The stream of North American newspapers and magazines, bestsellers, movies, plates, and so on. Wide immigration into the country in the 40s-50s of the Italians and Portuguese, undoubtedly also had an impact on the development of Venezuelan culture.

4.2 Rural population

The rural population lives mainly in the villages. In almost every village there is an area, in the center of which a tree-giant is usually minced - Seiba. The houses of the peasants, as a rule, global buildings, covered with tiled or palm leaves. Floor - earthy or cemented - covered with mats. In the Indian Guarahunov, living in the swamp delta Orinoco, and the Indians on the shores of Oz. Maracaibo huts are built on stilts.

Field of rural dwelling is usually quite modest: table, chairs, kitchen utensils. Beds are rare here, as it is cool to sleep in the air in Amaka - a hammock of dense tissue. In Venezuela, they enjoy almost all the rural population. In the courtyard of stones, stunned clay, a small focus for cooking is arranged. The house is usually fenced with a lively elevation from cacti, yellow acacia bushes and other plants. Often there is a neckside of the beds of the battoo, pepper, beans and, of course, manioki. In rural dwellings and small shops of Venezuelan cities, you can always see the stacks of large grayish-white fragile lepts cooked from Manioki. This is the Kalba. Indians Gauhiro prefer manica in boiled and fried.

But most traditional dishes are prepared from corn. These are corn cubes - the treasury, the allyakit - flour from fried corn and the vyakka - a typically national and almost ritual dish, as they eat it only for Christmas and New Year. Love in the villages also SankaCee - Summaging from beef and vegetables, Ichich is a strong drink from corn. An important place in the diet of the peasant family is occupied by beans, yams, potatoes, bars, as well as bananas, papaya and other tropical fruits, the use of which is very diverse. The pictureo is also popular - a refreshing drink from rice or corn, cooked with sugar, and guarapo - sugar cane juice. In many areas, the peasants complement their diet fish and wild animal meat. They hunt for battleships, hares, pigeons and ducks, iguan and turtles.

The Venezuelan peasant usually dressed in a white cotton shirt and the same pants. On top of the shirt in a cool time, a short cape is put on. On the head necessarily protecting the Sombrero Sombrero, woven from straw or grass "way". On the horns of Al'Pargatas - wicker shoes similar to Napti. Women wear wide long dresses, and on top of Sombrero sometimes throw a handkerchief. In the last decade, however, rural residents have increasingly began to wear shirts, pants and jackets of European cutting, which have long been distributed in the city. At the same time in areas where Africans live, clothing prevails very bright colors, especially highlights red.

One of the favorite spectacles of Venezuelan is a bull fight. Previously, keen battles were organized everywhere in the country, but in the last and five years, baseball acquired enormous popularity in the country, and it can be called the main sport. Football and running on the racetracks are very popular. Venezuelan love music and dancing. In cities and villages you can see and hear guarage - Venezuelan songs and dances, performed in a rapid pace under the accompaniment of Coatro - four-string guitar, and sometimes accorder. Among the many holidays, the carnival is allocated, which is usually ten days filled with fun and dancing. Streets and squares these days are flooded by crowds of people in folk costumes, masks of animals, with jewelry of feathers, ribbons and brilliant tinsel.

4.3 "Rustic" Indians

In the villages, metis and especially the Indians are engaged in craft - weave from herbal fibers and palm leaves mat, belt, hammocks, produce on homemade weaving machines. Multicolored fabrics with images of domestic and wild animals, birds and plants. For water storage and food, the vessels of various shapes are selected from clay. Decorate with thin carving dishes from the pulled fruit of the bottle tree. On city markets you can meet skillfully made handicraft products: bizarrely painted tubes, carved canes, ceramics with beautiful ornament. The peasants buy various household items, agricultural equipment, clothing of factory production and other industrial goods.

"Civilized" Indians tend to live community and bilinguals: in everyday life, communicating with each other, they speak in their own language, and when intercourse with the "external world" - in Spanish. The main occupation of their agriculture. Men harvesting are engaged in the preparation of soil and north - women, but outdated land processing methods - the cause of low yields. Indians also engage in craft, hunting, fishing, picking up wild fruits, dilute pigs and poultry.

The community helps the Indians to preserve not only their lands, but also some ethnic traits. However, although the Earth is considered to be community property, it is processed by groups of several families, and this system is gradually inferior to the actual section of community land on individual use sites.

Guahiro Indians, pushed to the desert Peninsula Guahir, to ensure themselves with water are forced to dig wells up to 10 m depth. Agriculture due to constant droughts is developed weakly and is limited to small areas under corn and maniola. The main classes of Guahiro became cattle breeding, catching turtles, crafts. Skin and other products they sell in Maracaibo, as well as on the islands of Aruba and Curaçao.

4.4 "Forest" Indians

"Unassimilated", or "forest", the Indians live mainly in the border with the Colombia of the mountain forests of Sulia and in the Guiangian plateau. The main occupation of the Motilons living in the forests of the Sierra de Periha Range, is a hollow-firing agriculture. But unlike most other tribes, Motilov is almost not familiar with corn. They grow manica, batt, bananas. The most important food is fish.

In the forests and savanna of Gwianky Plateau, on the banks of the rivers can be found scattered on the distant distance from each other settlements of the Indians of the Caribbean Language Family - tribes of Makiritar, Kariny, Yavarana, Pernare, Panare. Indians of these tribes are distinguished by large growth and brighter skin. The Makiritar tribes are at the stage of decomposition of the primitive community. Among them, European-type clothing and modern tools are spreading increasingly. Indians Piaroa, leading half-blood lifestyle, as well as the Aravak language family Indians - Guaibokuibo, Kurripako, Guard Ken and others - less growth and almost do not wear clothes. For hunting, they use not only onions, but also arrow-throwing tubes up to 3 m long, as well as small arrows, lubricated poison coarse. Some of the oldest Aborigines of this Area are Yanoama Indica, or Vaka, are divided into a number of tribes and lead a half-hour lifestyle. Most of them are engaged in lit-firing agriculture, hunting, fishing. A feature of their settlements are big houses - "Maloki", or "Shabono". The number of relatives living in them often exceeds 100 people.

But although the Indians of Venezuelan Guayans as a whole also retain a traditional lifestyle, modern civilization and culture are increasingly penetrating into this area of \u200b\u200bthe country. A part of the Indians is assimilated by the emergence of the population and gradually loses some elements of original culture. Among them are subject to modern housing construction skills, new labor tools, European clothing, utensils, etc.

4.5 Education

In Venezuela, there has been a law on free and compulsory primary education for a long time, but until now 25% of the population over 15 years of age is illiterate, the gloves of thousands of children remain out of school. Higher education workers are almost inaccessible. Government spending on education is less than 5% of national income.

Of the six universities in the country, the oldest are central to Caracas (founded in 1725) and Andean in Merida (1785). There are also Catholic University, pedagogical and other institutions. Back in the XIX century. National Library, Venezuelan Academy of Language, National Academy of History, in the first half of the XX century were founded. - National Medical Academy, Academy of Physical, Mathematical Sciences, Association for the Development of Science, in 1960 - Institute of Economic and Social Research, etc. There is a number of scientific societies and museums.

On passport; valid passport; payment of collection; Check back ticket or ticket to the third country; mail envelope with brand and own return address, if the tourist sends an application statement; Characteristic from the place of work and from the bank. To obtain a business visa, everything is necessary, only instead of characteristics from the place of work and from the bank, you need to submit a letter from the employer, ...

... (coffee, cocoa, sugar cane, sisal, soy, oranges, bananas, pineapples, etc.). The second large state of this region - Argentina is one of the most economically developed countries of Latin America (especially if they keep in mind its high average per capita performance). The accelerated development of the manufacturing industry (metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemistry) in recent decades is essential ...

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Economic and geographical position of Venezuela. Official name: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, República Bolivariana de Venezuela (Sp.), Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (English). The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is located in the northern part of South America, in the Orinoco River basin and Lake Maracaibo, and occupies an area of \u200b\u200b912.1 thousand square meters (32th place in the world). In the north is washed by the waters of the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean, Venezuela belongs to the islands from the archipelago Small Antilles. Nearby from Venezuelan Coast are the island states of Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, as well as the Netherlands of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On land, it borders in the West and the southwest - with Colombia, in the south - with Brazil (Amazonas and Roorima), in the East - with Guyana (Venezuela places territorial claims to neighboring Guyana). The population of the country is 22.6 million people. In the capital - Caracas (Caracas), - there are over 3 million people. The Republic of Venezuela is the sixth and fifth state of South America and the fifth population. The population of the country is divided into methots (67%), Europeans (21%), Mulatov and Africans (10%) and Indians (2% of the population). The official language of Venezuela is the Spanish, the dominant religion - Catholicism. Monetary unit - Bolivar (100 Sentimov). (1 USD ~ 2250 Bolivars). Venezuela is the federal republic and divided into 22 states, the Federal District and 72 federal possessions. States - Amazonas, Anselategi, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Guarico, Delta-Amakuro, Karabobo, Kohedes, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monahas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguez, Sucre, Sulia, Tachir, Trujillo, Falcon, Yarakui. States have their own legislative assemblies and governments headed by governors. Governors are also representatives of the federal government in their state. The state governors are elected in accordance with the special laws of states. Governors of the Federal District and federal territories are appointed by the President of the Republic. The head of state (currently hugo Chavez) is the president, elected for a period of 5 years. The legislative power is carried out by the Congress consisting of the Senate (two senators from each state and the federal district for a period of 5 years) and the Chamber of Deputies. The Senate also includes senators from minorities (their number is determined by law) and the former presidents who were elected during general elections and were in this post more than half the term of office. Deputies are elected by the population by universal direct and secret voting on a system of proportional representation for a period of 5 years. The chairmen of both chambers of the Congress are elected for a period of one year.

Economy Venezuela.In terms of economic development and economic potential, Venezuela is among the leading states of the region. The country has extensive oil reserves (in terms of proven stocks - about 300 billion barrels), gas, iron ore, coal, gold, bauxite and other minerals. With the coming to power of Hugo Chávez in 1999, the economic structure of Venezuela has undergone significant changes. President Hugo Chavez conducts policies to strengthen state control of the economy - in 2007, he nationalized the enterprises of the oil, communication and energy sectors. In 2008, the enterprises producing steel and cement were nationalized. In July 2008, Chavez issued a decree on further strengthening the subordination of the economy within its plan of "Socialism of the 21st Century".

Venezuela industry. The decisive role in the farm of the country traditionally plays oil production. According to OPEC, Venezuela ranks first on proven oil reserves in the world. According to official data, about 3.0 million barrels are produced in Venezuela and about 2.3 million barrels of oil and petroleum products per day are exported. Annual oil mining made Venezuela by one of the richest Latin American states. Since the 70s of the 20th century, the Government conducts a policy of reducing oil production in order to preserve its stocks. Due to the sharp increase in world oil prices during the energy crisis, Venezuela income from its exports increased markedly, despite the reduction in oil production. The main areas of oil production - lake Maracaibo and the Caribbean shelf - 77%. Rich oil fields are also located in the Orinoco River basin (near the city of Barinas) - 3% and along the northeast coast - 20%. Along with oil, 95% of the explored natural gas reserves. Gold and diamonds are mined on Gwianky plateau, the MANGANTER ore, phosphates and coal deposits are being developed. Aluminum is the next source of foreign revenues after oil. Every year more than 12 million tons of iron are produced in Venezuela. The manufacturing industry, especially its new industries - chemical (including petrochemistry), refineries, mechanical engineering (including car assembly), metallurgy, develops in the post-war period almost twice as fast than the country's economy as a whole. However, the lion's share of the value of gross manufacturing industry is still giving food, textile-sewing, leather-shoe, woodworking and other "old" industries. More than 30% of the value of gross production of the manufacturing industry falls on oil processing. Venezuela is a major exporter of petroleum products. The country develops mechanical engineering, the basis of which was the car assembly industry. There are plants for the production of tractors and agricultural equipment, transport and construction equipment, tools and other metalworking enterprises. There are also enterprises for the production of electrical, radio and television equipment. Due to large construction in the oil, mining and manufacturing, city and road construction, building materials are growing rapidly.

Venezuela agriculture. 13% of the working-age population is employed in agriculture, although only 4% of the land are used under the crops. The country imports 60% of food consumed. In all regions, household farming developed, but commodity cultures (mainly coffee, cocoa, cotton, bananas, rice and sugar cane) are grown on the plains. In the Andes they sow wheat, plant corn, potatoes and legumes. More than 20% of the entire area being processed is occupied by the main export cultures - coffee and cocoa. The best coffee goes from the Northwestern Mountains. High quality cocoa is made in the states of the Caribbean coast. Agriculture gives 45% of the cost of agricultural products. The share of animal husbandry, the main branch of which is the breeding of cattle, accounts for 55% of the cost of agricultural products. The main livestock area of \u200b\u200bthe country has been considered to be Llanos, where grazing to 5 million goals of cattle and 200 - 300 thousand horses. At the north coast of Venezuela and in Lake Maracaybo, fisheries are developed. The most valuable product of marine crafts is shrimp.

Major economic indicators of the state. Due to its high prices for oil, GDP growth has been observed since 2005 to 2008 (approximately 23%). But in the period 2009-2010, due to the global financial crisis, there is a decrease in GDP. However, in 2011, the country successfully overcame the consequences of a serious global crisis, demonstrating the obvious signs of sustainable recovery in the third quarter of 2011. By the end of 2011, Venezuela GDP increased by 4.2% and amounted to $ 359.71 billion. In the period from 2005 to 2007. Investment growth was observed, however, since 2008, the receipt of investments in the economy of Venezuela has decreased in connection with the nationalization of several industries, including the energy, communication and oil sector of the economy, as part of the plan for the construction of the Socialism of the XXI century. In the period from 2005 to 2008, the unemployment rate in Venezuela gradually decreased. The fall in the unemployment rate was achieved by Chavez due to the active expansion of the public sector. In 2007 - 2008, not only the oil industry, but also black metallurgy, cement industry and mobile communications were nationalized in the country. The company's states ended in the hands of the company are not an increase in efficiency, but an expansion of employment on the Soviet model. But in 2009, in connection with the global financial crisis, there is a small increase in unemployment in the country. However, already in 2010 as the country exits the crisis, the unemployment rate in Venezuela is re-reduced (by 1.3%). In order to curb the growth of inflation since 2003, prices are centrally established by 400 types of goods, including food, "to combat inflation and protection of the poor". Their result was a periodic deficit of products (in the state with tropical agriculture) and a sharp rise in prices. For example, there is a restriction on the vacation of milk and a constant shortage of chicken eggs. In general, in the country, in the past decade, inflation was 21% per year, however, food in the black market was increased by 50% annually.

Large companies in Venezuela market. The largest state-owned companies in Venezuela are Citgo Petrolium Corporation and Petroleos de Venezuela SA. Among international companies operating in the Venezuela market should be highlighted BP P.L.C., Chevron Corporation, Total SA and China National Petroleum Corporation. All these companies are engaged in oil production and oil refining.

Export and import of Venezuela. Foreign trade plays a huge role in the life of Venezuela. Exports of the country at a cost reaches 1/3, and imports - 1/6 GDP. In the cost of Venezuelan exports, more than 80% make up oil and petroleum products, 4% - iron ore, the rest - coffee and cocoa, gold, asbestos, sugar, bananas, vegetables, rice, skins, livestock, forest products. In imports, various equipment, cars, mechanisms, vehicles and spare parts for them, various raw materials and materials, including metal structures, gas and oil pipelines, as well as various consumer industrial goods and food are predominantly. In recent years, food imports grow, as agriculture remains the most backward industry and cannot meet the needs of the country in agricultural products. A significant part of the exported oil is sent to the United States. Only crude oil is imported to the Dutch Islands of Aruba and Curaçao from Venezuela, which, after processing on plants located there, the plants of American and English companies is re-exported to the United States, England, Germany, Japan and other countries. The US share accounts for most of the value of Venezuela imports - about $ 3 billion a year. Venezuelan's foreign trade turnover in 2010 amounted to 102.3 billion dollars (exports - 64.2 billion dollars, imports - 38.1 billion dollars). Against the background of export growth (including not a raw material per 1.1%), a tendency towards reducing imports (by 1.0% compared with 2009) continued. The main trading partners of Venezuela both in exports and imports are USA, China, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, EU countries (Spain, Italy, Germany, France), Belarus, Central America and the Caribbean, Japan, Iran.

Venezuela and international organizations and associations. Venezuela is a member of such international organizations and associations as an OPEC (Organization of Oil Exporting Countries), WTO (World Trade Organization), Unasur (Union of South American Nations), Mercosur (General Market of South America), Alba (Bolivarian Alliance for Peoples Our Alliance countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.)

Venezuela and Belarus. A large distance between Belarus and Venezuela does not interfere with countries to actively cooperate and achieve weighty results in the economy, science, social sphere and in other destinations. Dozens of joint Belarusian-Venezuelan enterprises have been created, with the participation of Belarusian specialists are built housing in Venezuela, workplaces are created. According to Belorusneft and the Venezuelan State Oil Company PDVSA since 2007 cooperate in the field of oil production, seismic exploration, supply of vibration sources of seismic signals and overhaul wells. In November - December 2007, the joint venture on seismic surveys - JSC "Sismik Beloveneesolan" and oil production - Petrolra Belovenesolan JSC "were registered. Belarus and Venezuela as part of a project to cooperate in the field of oil production are planning to begin joint oil production on the Khunun-1 block in the Orinoco River basin. Previously, the specialists of Belorusneft in the Belarusian-Venezeloel JV "Petrolra Beloveneesolan" carried out geological support of oil production work. At the moment, they completed counting oil and gas supplies of the Khunun-1 block in the Orinoco River basin. In March 2011, 2 oil fields were attached to the assets of Petrolra Beloveneesolan - Centro Block VIII and Lagunilas Block XII. Thus, in the assets of the joint venture at the moment - 7 fields of oil (block X Lago Medio, Guaro Euthe, Lagunilas Block II, Northern Nortine, Ortre, Centro Block VIII and Lagunilas Block XII), as well as 6 natural gas deposits transmitted joint ventures in March 2010. The actual mining of the enterprise for 2008-2011 amounted to more than 3.2 million tons of oil. In 2012, the SP expects to get about 1.5 million tons of oil. In recent years, the trade turnover between the two countries has increased significantly. If in 1998 it amounted to $ 3.6 million. US, in 2005 - $ 15.6 million, then in 2007 - already $ 100 million, with a predicted increase of up to $ 650 million, which puts Venezuela to second place in the region in terms of economic cooperation (first place Keeps Brazil with turnover of 1.3 billion dollars.). Venezuela exports to Belarus oil and imports potash fertilizers from Belarus and complex high-tech products.

Output.The Venezuela's economy is based on oil production, which gives 80% of export revenues, more than 50% of the revenue part of the state budget and about 30% of GDP. On February 2, 1999, with the coming to power of the President of Hugo Chávez, in Venezuela begins the process of change aimed at the implementation of the National Project "Simon Bolivar", which has become dynamically developing since 2007 with the beginning of the construction of the Socialism of the XXI century. Over the past 10 years, the Venezuelan economy has evolved, demonstrating a tendency to increase. In the period from 2005-2008 The country's GDP rose by approximately 23%. But in the period 2009-2010, due to the global financial crisis, there is a decrease in GDP. However, in 2011, the country successfully overcame the consequences of a serious global crisis, demonstrating the obvious signs of sustainable recovery in the third quarter of 2011. By the end of 2011, Venezuela GDP increased by 4.2% and amounted to $ 359.71 billion.

This is the sixth in the area (over 900 thousand square meters) the state is located in South America and is washed by the Caribbean Sea in the north (the length of the coastline is about 2000 km). On land, Venezuela borders with Colombia in the West and the southwest, with Brazil in the south and south-east and with Guyana in the East. The entire territory of the country is located within the tropical zone of South America, the extreme southern point of the country is 80 km north of the Equator. However, due to different heights above sea level, the climate in various regions varies from suffocating heat in the Caribbean coast to a constant cold in the belt of eternal snow in Andes in the west of the country.

Relief Countries mainly mountainous, although there are extensive plains. There are four main geographic areas: the mountain region of the Andes in the north-east of the country (the highest mountain range - Sierra Nevada, or Cordillera de Merida), surrounded by three sides of the mountains of Wpadina Maracaibo (there is a lake of the same name), Guiangsky plateau in the south and the area of \u200b\u200bhighly erased Savannan Llanos. The main river of the country - the Orinoco River, originates on the Gwianky Plateau, and forms a huge delta when the south of the Trinindad is in the Atlantic Ocean.

Most large cities are located in the mountains stretched along the Caribbean coast. This is due to the fact that the coastal lowland has too hot and dry climate, and with the removal from the shore, the conditions for life are improved. Agricultural areas of the country with fertile lands (Wpadina Valencia, R. Tui Valley) are lowered between the ridges of the coastal Sierra, reaching the height of 2150-2700 m. But, on the other hand, above 1800 m climate is much cooler (closer to the climate of temperate latitudes), Conditions for life worse and farming is difficult. Therefore, all major cities are located at a height from 600 to 1850 m above sea level. In the northeast, where many rains falls out, the human influence is not very noticeable: the mountain slopes are covered with dense tropical forests, and only on small cleared areas there are cocoa plantations.

Flora Venezuela

The territory of Venezuela, as well as most countries of South America, is diverse in absolute altitudes, the number of precipitation and other environmental conditions. This explains the heterogeneity of the vegetation cover and wealth of the country's flora: Tropical rain forests, the area overgrown with cereals, shrubs and cacti ... The most interesting from the floral point of view is a small area that occupies the plane peaks of the sandstone Mountains Serra Pakaraim, walking along the southern border of the country. There are many heather, marlay, bromelle and cypress trees, which are no longer found anywhere.