Environmental Services Market Article. Formation of the market for environmental services. Ways to develop the ecological market

One of the strategic directions for the implementation of environmental transformations is the development of entrepreneurship. An important element in ensuring environmental safety and improving the quality of the environment is the formation of the direction of environmental entrepreneurship. Environmental entrepreneurship refers to the production and sale of goods, the implementation of works and services aimed at preventing negative impact on the environment.

With the development of the processes of greening the economy and the introduction of an economic component into environmental protection, the production and sale of environmental goods and services is a promising and profitable activity. Already today, activities for the production of products that do not harm the environment. Promotes business development and makes a profit. For example, in Canada, more than 3.5 thousand companies produce environmental protection equipment and provide related services. These companies employ more than 150 thousand people. In Japan, since the late 1980s, an expert council on environmental business has been operating, which coordinates various issues related to the development of environmental entrepreneurship. More than 10 thousand companies engaged in environmental entrepreneurship successfully exist in the EU countries. Their total sales volume exceeds 40 billion euros per year. In recent years, green business has affected all sectors of the US economy. In economically developed countries, there is an increase in the number of firms specializing in environmental consulting and design, as well as the number of companies involved in waste management and recycling. Eco-friendly products in the United States have a strong position in the production of both industrial equipment and consumer goods. The production of these types of products is considered not only prestigious, but also profitable.

One of the most important areas of ensuring further environmental transformations in Russia is environmental entrepreneurship, which is the activity of producing and selling goods, carrying out works and services aimed at preventing harm to the environment and public health.

Russian and foreign economic practice shows that environmental factors are increasingly affecting the goals of entrepreneurial activity. Therefore, environmental protection is an important economic challenge.

Environmental activities support business and generate profits from both improved technologies and the sale of green products based on them.

As already noted, in many developed countries, environmental regulation has given impetus to the intensive development of a new and very profitable sphere of capital investment. Environmentally friendly products are gaining an increasingly strong position in the production of both industrial and consumer goods.

Competitiveness in the national and world markets is determined, among other things, by the environmental parameters of production technologies, manufactured goods, as well as the costs of environmental protection, which directly affect the level of total costs. This accordingly affects the price of goods, sales market, prospects for further production.

In developed countries, there is a gradual alignment of the requirements of environmental legislation, which has a positive effect on the structure of commodity flows and investment directions. According to expert estimates, environmental technologies will represent one of the means of competitive struggle.

Changes in the attitude to property and the widespread development of entrepreneurship in Russia as an element of state policy have determined the emergence of business entities with a diverse sphere of interests.

To date, Russia has already developed several independent directions, the main of which is: the production of ecological equipment, devices for monitoring the state of the environment, the creation of environmentally friendly and resource-saving equipment and technologies, the expanded use of secondary resources and ecological reproduction, ecological education and upbringing, as well as performance of various types of work and services. Today, the market for environmental works and services is provided by a number of commercial banks.

In creating the ecological infrastructure of the market, the following levels can be distinguished: enterprise, region, state and international level. So the enterprise level includes specialized divisions (services) for the reproduction and environmental protection. The regional level includes specialized enterprises and environmental control services in the region. The state level represents associations and services for solving interregional (nationwide) problems. In turn, the international level encompasses organizational and economic structures for solving interstate environmental problems.

Currently, solutions to expand tax incentives aimed at strengthening incentives for environmental protection are actively used in economically developed countries. Accelerated depreciation of fixed assets is especially widely used. Accelerated depreciation, i.e. an increase in depreciation charges, on the one hand, makes enterprises interested in updating environmental protection equipment, since it pays off in a shorter time, and on the other hand, increased depreciation through the cost of production allows you to reduce the taxable base of income tax.

Germany has a system of accelerated depreciation of wastewater treatment plants and equipment, as well as equipment that allows you to reduce noise exposure. For purification equipment in Canada, a two-year depreciation period is provided, in the UK, Germany and the United States - a five-year period. In France, 50% of wastewater treatment equipment is depreciated in one year, and in Italy in three years. In many countries of the world, there are systems of economic incentives for environmental protection. Excise environmental taxes are included in the price of products that pollute the environment at the stage of production and consumption. In France, Germany, Italy, there is a tax on lubricating oils. Norway and Sweden have introduced a tax on mineral fertilizers and pesticides. The EU countries have excise taxes on single-use packaging and containers, lubricants, oil and oil products, mineral fertilizers and pesticides, batteries containing cadmium and mercury. The countries of Eastern Europe - Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary - are also pursuing a fairly active policy in this area. The development of the market for environmental goods, works and services is currently relevant both for economically developed countries of the West and for states with economies in transition. The target program for the development of the market for environmental goods, works and services in Russia should provide for the development of new legislative acts to ensure effective market development. It is necessary to provide for preferential taxation of the profits of enterprises performing work and services of an environmental nature or producing products for environmental purposes. And also introduce an additional tax on environmentally hazardous products or technologies that use hazardous substances as raw materials or semi-finished products.

One of the effective institutions of a mixed economy is entrepreneurship based on private property, a market method of organizing the economy and product turnover. A flexible, dynamic, responsive, profitable business is needed as a driving force for sustainable economic development and at the same time as a source of providing the technical and financial resources required to solve economic and inextricably linked environmental problems.

If we consider the development of entrepreneurial activity from the standpoint of environmental safety, then we should note the negative and positive aspects of this process. Negative ones include the frequent ignorance of environmental legislation by entrepreneurs in order to maximize income by saving on environmental costs; concealment of the facts of environmental pollution, the volume of real man-made waste; multiplicity of point sources of emissions, poorly controlled by government services. In addition, as follows from the world development experience, in the early stages of the formation of entrepreneurship, there is a kind of environmental expansion of business, due to the fact that in the absence of the necessary mechanism of legal regulation, the emerging market relations provoke super-profits due to wasteful exploitation of natural resources. Prevention of these negative aspects requires the creation of an appropriate economic and legal mechanism that stimulates and encourages beneficial entrepreneurial activity, on the one hand, and leads to inevitable responsibility and punishment in case of deviations from the requirements of environmental legislation, on the other.

The positive side of entrepreneurial activity from the standpoint of ecology is the creation of the proper environmental entrepreneurship. There are different definitions of the concept of "environmental entrepreneurship". The most complete is the following: environmental entrepreneurship (eco-business) is an independent, risky production, research, credit and financial and other activities aimed at systematic profit from the use of property, production and sale of goods, performance of work and provision of services by registered persons. in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law for:

• conservation, restoration of the natural environment and its biological diversity;
• reducing the negative (harmful) impact of man-made and natural factors on the environment;
• assessing their impact on the state of the natural environment and ensuring environmental safety.

The following areas of environmental entrepreneurship are distinguished:

• production of special ecological equipment, devices, devices and apparatus for monitoring the state of the environment and cleaning discharges, emissions and waste;
• expanded use of secondary resources and ecological reproduction;
• creation of low-waste and resource-saving equipment and technologies;
• environmental education and upbringing;
• performance of specialized environmental services.

A separate direction of eco-business is also the production of "environmentally friendly" goods. Within each of the listed areas of activity, an independent market environment arises - ideas, patents, resources, goods, services, labor and capital.

The implementation of environmental policy has led to the emergence and development of the environmental market. The concept of "ecological market" (eco-market) is not among the terms enshrined in the legislation of Russia and other CIS countries. International organizations are still only developing its unified international classification. However, today the eco-market is rated as one of the most developing sectors of the world economy. Its formation is considered as one of the most important directions in solving the problems of sustainable development. In countries with developed market economies, environmental entrepreneurship is already an independent and highly visible branch of the economy, the presence of which is considered as a mandatory sign of a civilized market.

Ecological products, technologies and ecological equipment occupy from 1 to 4% of the volume of foreign trade of a number of developed countries, in connection with the tightening of standards for the protection of nature and the human environment, an increase in their production and exchange should be expected. In some ecologically unfavorable regions of the world, the development of these areas will proceed at an accelerated pace. German experts believe that soon the market for "environmental benefits" will take a leading place in the world economy, overtaking the production and maintenance of electronic equipment.

Ecological market can be determined as a mechanism for interaction between buyers and sellers regarding environmental goods (works) and services. Some authors argue that the market is not the right field for solving environmental problems. At the same time, other researchers note that the cornerstone of environmentally sustainable development and environmentally oriented business is precisely the system of open competing markets, when prices reflect the value of natural and other resources. The ecological market is characterized by the following functions:

• sanitizing (cleans social production from economically unstable, non-viable economic entities);
• informational (provides production participants with objective information about the socially necessary quantity, range and quality of supplied environmental goods (works) and services);
• intermediary (promotes the establishment of technological and economic ties between specific participants in social production);
• pricing (forms prices based on socially necessary costs);
• regulatory (provides management of the processes of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection through the “invisible hand of the market”).

The ecological market as a part of the “big” market is characterized by the allocation of segments according to the object of market relations, which are natural resources; labor force (people); capital; scientific and technical developments; spiritual benefits; means of production; consumer goods; services. Thus, the ecological market is represented by a system of “small”, private markets (table 19.1).

"Ecological products" is not highlighted in a separate column by either international or national statistics. To date, it has not been determined which goods (works) and services relate to it. There are no criteria for classifying them as environmentally friendly products, for example, pollution prevention technologies. While direct abatement technologies can still be relatively identifiable, new products, technologies and industrial designs developed with environmental concerns are usually referred to as the relevant industry rather than the environmental industry. Thus, in different countries, the concept of ecological includes different products.

In order to determine it, it is necessary to highlight the criteria for classifying goods (works), services as ecological. These include:

• 1) the presence of an environmental effect obtained from the use of products, or the absence of harmful effects (the quantitative measurement of the effect should be based on a comparison of the cost assessment of environmental impacts with and without taking into account the use of environmental products);
• 2) production, consumption, disposal of these products should not harm the environment, the health of the present and future generations.

Characteristics of the sectors of the ecological market

Table 19.1

* OPS - natural environment. ** PP - nature management.

Thus, environmental goods (works), services can be defined as economic goods that meet the following conditions:

• their production, consumption, disposal does not harm human health throughout his life and does not adversely affect the health of future generations and the state of the environment;
• their purpose is to control, measure, prevent or reduce harmful effects on humans and the environment.

Functionally, ecological products (goods, services) can be classified as follows:

• work on the study of the state of the natural resource potential of the environment (collection and processing of information, analysis and forecast of environmental management activities, environmental monitoring, environmental inventory, expert and consulting services, etc.);
• works and services for the restoration and reproduction of the natural environment;
• works and services ensuring the functioning of the ecological market;
• environmental, resource-saving equipment and technology;
• environmentally friendly consumer goods.

In countries with developed market economies, environmental entrepreneurship is an independent and highly visible sector of the economy, the presence of which is considered as a mandatory sign of a civilized market. Eco-business has become a very profitable investment of capital, covering large volumes of production.

The growing demand for purification equipment has attracted not only numerous small companies, but also large industrial corporations to its production. In the late 1980s. The production of purification equipment in the United States was carried out by 500 thousand companies, while the share of 15-30 largest companies specializing in the production of gas and water purification equipment accounted for 60-80% of its total sales. The production and foreign trade of the United States in equipment for combating environmental pollution is not inferior in terms of its volume to the production of other groups of machinery and equipment (for example, chemical equipment, metal-working machines, etc.). Canada has over 3,500 environmental equipment and related service companies employing more than 110,000 people. There are more than 10 thousand firms in the EU that are involved in environmental entrepreneurship. Their total sales volume exceeds 40 billion euros per year. There has been an increase in the number of firms specializing in environmental consulting and waste management companies.

Environmentally oriented products hold a strong position in all economically developed countries both in the production of industrial goods (purification equipment, ecotechnology and environmental technologies, new materials, control and measuring devices, etc.), and in the production of consumer goods - from food to safe household products. The production of such products is very prestigious and quite profitable; at the same time, companies create for themselves advertising and a favorable image in the market. Profitability can be judged by the fact that the rate of return of US companies in environmental entrepreneurship does not fall below the industry average for US industry. Currently, the competitiveness of goods in the world market is determined not least by their environmental characteristics, as well as by the costs of environmental protection, which affect the level of total production costs. It is believed that environmental technologies in the future will represent one of the main means of competition. According to expert estimates, the international market for environmental goods and services is estimated at $ 280 billion annually. Firms pursuing an active environmental policy achieve significant benefits by saving raw materials, modernizing production technologies, and gaining a positive image among consumers.

An essential feature of environmental entrepreneurship is that using the potential of small and medium-sized businesses, it is an effective way to stabilize the environmental situation, which does not require additional budgetary allocations. However, on the part of the state, it is necessary to take a number of measures that contribute, on the one hand, to support the development of eco-business, on the other, to legislative regulation of entrepreneurial activity in the interests of the whole society. Environmental entrepreneurship in the conditions of the emergence of market relations in the CIS countries is at the very beginning of its path. As world experience shows, it can become an attractive, profitable business if the state constantly supports it, using all available levers of economic and, in particular, financial regulation. Such levers, as noted, include preferential financing and lending, tax exemptions or preferential taxation of profits (in terms of creating eco-equipment, switching to low-waste technologies), incentives for companies that carry out complex waste processing, etc.

The development of entrepreneurial activity in environmental activities is also facilitated by the tightening of environmental standards and control over emissions into the environment. So, as a result of the introduction of stricter emission standards in the EU countries in the 1990s. the market for environmental technologies and equipment has grown to 3 billion euros and is forecast to grow further. Obviously, in the future, the main area of \u200b\u200bdevelopment of environmental entrepreneurship will be the production of purification equipment, control and measuring devices, the development of utilization, energy and resource-saving technologies, environmentally friendly equipment, and this will ultimately lead to the creation of a competitive environment in the market for selection of the most economical types of equipment and technologies with a comparable environmental effect.

In the post-Soviet republics, the market for environmental services is in its infancy. The market for research and development work is beginning to take shape, in particular, in the development of methodological materials for the preparation of environmental and economic tools, the fulfillment of tasks for the preparation of targeted environmental programs, strategic documents of environmental orientation, etc. At the same time, there is no target program for the development of the ecological market in the territory of the former USSR.

In order to form an ecological market back in the early 1990s. The State Ecological Committee of Russia has compiled a list of paid works and services that are within the scope of its divisions. This list includes:

• licensing and certification of the environmental characteristics of goods, technologies, equipment, materials, raw materials, etc .;
• creation of databanks of resource-saving technologies, processes, environmentally friendly goods, equipment, works and services;
• ecological certification, ecological listening, ecological expertise;
• provision of technical assistance in the coordination, examination of regulatory and technical documentation and the issuance of permits for the use of natural resources;
• training, retraining, professional development;
• participation in the development of environmental regulation and standardization;
• development and substantiation of environmental forecasts for industrial and agricultural territories of cities and recreation areas, etc .;
• regulation of the activities of environmental entrepreneurship through certification, licensing, auditing and accreditation of enterprises, organizations, firms in the field of production of environmental goods, works and services;
• information services, etc.

However, the market for environmental goods and services in the Russian Federation is developing extremely slowly, there is no necessary regulatory framework for its functioning, as well as an effective mechanism to support and stimulate entrepreneurship in the environmental sphere. It is obvious that in order to attract entrepreneurs to the development of eco-business, it is necessary to create a flexible mechanism for the interaction of environmental and market structures, to ensure material interest and support for entrepreneurial activity on the part of the state.

TEST QUESTIONS

1. What forms of ownership of natural resources exist in

2. What is the difference between private ownership of land and “ownership for

private use "land?

• 3. What are the negative aspects of entrepreneurship from the standpoint of environmental safety?
• 4. What is environmental entrepreneurship?
• 5. What are the criteria for classifying goods, works, services as ecological?
• 6. What types of activities unites the market of environmental services on

ANNOTATION

The textbook examines topical issues related to the control of the negative impact of economic activities on the environment and the implementation of market mechanisms that ensure such a decrease.

The tutorial is an electronic version of the book:
Kovalenko V.I., Kuznetsov L.M. Environmental Services Market Research: Educational. allowance. - SPb .: SPbGIEU, 2007 .-- 170 p.

INTRODUCTION
1. MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT
BUSINESS
1.1. Formation of the market for environmental services
1.2. Types of environmental services
1.3. Greening international relations and mass consciousness
1.4. Sustainable development concept
1.5. The main contradictions of the concept of sustainable development
1.6. Environmental policy as a factor in the international competitiveness of states
Self-check questions

2. LEGAL AND REGULATORY-METHODOLOGICAL BASE
MARKET OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
2.1. Environmental doctrine of the Russian Federation
2.2. Provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection"
2.3. Provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Expertise"
2.4. Environmental control
2.5. Environmental certification
Questions for self-control

3. ECOLOGY AND MARKET ECONOMY
3.1. Environmental policy instruments
3.1.1. Administrative and control tools
3.1.2. Economic instruments
3.1.3 Instruments of moral and ethical influence and persuasion
3.2. Evolution of environmental policy instruments
3.3. Greening tax systems
3.4. Selection and adoption of environmental decisions
3.4.1. Assessment of environmental performance of projects
3.4.2. Market-based methods for assessing the environmental performance of projects
3.4.3. Quantitative methods for assessing economic damage from environmental pollution
Questions for self-control

4. The main types of services in the environmental market of the Russian Federation
4.1. Analysis of water, air, soil
4.2. Certification of workplaces
4.3. Waste disposal and storage services
4.4. Natural resource use limits
4.5. Drawing up a passport of hazardous waste
4.6. Environmental audit
4.7. Environmental certification
4.8. Environmental insurance
Questions for self-control

5. FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING OF THE MARKET OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES IN THE RF
5.1. Financing environmental programs and plans
5.2. Payment for negative impact on the environment
5.3. Natural resource payments
5.4. The state of environmental policy in Russia
5.4 Costs of environmental protection
Questions for self-control

6. Information support of the environmental services market
Questions for self-control
CONCLUSION
LIST OF REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

The growth of the world's population and technological progress will inevitably lead to environmental pollution, which by the beginning of the XXI century reached global proportions.

In this regard, issues of environmental protection have acquired particular relevance in the modern world. The term "environmental protection" in a broad sense means a set of measures designed to limit the negative impact of human activity on living and inanimate nature.

Such measures may in particular be:
Limiting emissions into the atmosphere and hydrosphere in order to improve the overall environmental situation;
Creation of reserves, sanctuaries and national parks in order to preserve natural complexes;
Restriction of fishing, hunting in order to preserve certain species;
Limitation of unauthorized waste disposal.

In addition to the general measures listed above to reduce the negative anthropogenic load on the environment, there are a large number of legislative requirements and environmental regulations that must be observed in the process of economic activity. All this creates limited difficulties in the work of enterprises, since it requires managers and personnel to have a deep knowledge of environmental legislation and to prepare all the necessary documentation and carry out the necessary work. The current situation has generated a demand for environmental services in the service market. In turn, this led to the emergence of numerous organizations capable of competently and in a short time to prepare all the environmental documentation required by law, to provide environmental support for the activities of enterprises and organizations.

Thus, a market for environmental services was formed - one of the youngest existing markets. There is still no final international classification of this market, clear statistics of its development. But it exists and is gaining strength, especially in developed countries. Experts assess the global market for ecological goods as very large (at least $ 500 billion) and one of the most dynamically growing. Its annual growth is more than 5%, in some countries the growth rates are predicted to be even higher. In the first half of the 21st century, according to forecasts, up to 40% of world production will be products and technologies related to ecology and energy. The situation in the market for environmental services changes under the influence of demand, which in turn depends on the general economic situation, environmental conditions and is under the regulatory influence of the state. The successful development of the market for environmental services, its scale and content depend on the state influence on nature users in order to comply with environmental requirements. In this regard, today it is extremely important to study the market of environmental services that actually exists in the world and, first of all, in Russia, and determine the main directions of its development. Today, without analyzing the market for environmental services, it is impossible to imagine an effective system for managing the quality of the environment, due to which the foundations of knowledge about the market of environmental services and the main trends in its development should be laid in the training of future environmental specialists in various fields. This manual examines the main types of environmental services on the Russian market and a number of issues directly related to the topic under consideration.

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The economic, social and institutional processes taking place in all developed countries of the world have led to a conflict between the objective need for further industrial development and the preservation of the human environment. The policy and practice of using natural resources of both individual regions and the country as a whole, formed in our country over the years of economic reforms, built on the conceptual foundations of environmental management laid down in the Soviet period, according to most researchers, leads not only to the degradation of the natural environment, but also accompanied by changes in biodiversity.

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1. SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARKET OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4
1.1 Environmental services as a promising direction for the development of the service sector. ... ... ... ... ... 4
1.2 Scientific foundations of ecological and economic relations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .6
2. ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES MARKET. ... ... 7
2.1. Assessment of the ecological situation in Russia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7
3. WORLD COMMODITY MARKET. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... nine

Files: 1 file

Federal State Educational Budgetary Institution

Higher professional education

"Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation"

(Financial University)

Perm Financial and Economic College

(Perm branch of the Financial University)

World and Russian ecological market of goods and services

Completed by female students

Groups 209 DB

Ilkaeva

Elvina and Tolstikova Olga

Teacher:

perm, 2012

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1. THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARKET OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4

1.1 Environmental services as a promising direction for the development of the service sector. ... ... ... ... ... 4

1.2 Scientific foundations of ecological and economic relations. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .6

2. ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES MARKET. ... ... 7

2.1. Assessment of the ecological situation in Russia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7

3. WORLD COMMODITY MARKET. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... nine

Introduction

The economic, social and institutional processes taking place in all developed countries of the world have led to a conflict between the objective need for further industrial development and the preservation of the human environment. The policy and practice of using natural resources, both in individual regions and the country as a whole, formed in our country over the years of economic reforms, built on the conceptual foundations of environmental management laid down in the Soviet period, according to the testimony of most researchers, leads not only to the degradation of the natural environment, but also accompanied by changes in biodiversity. In this regard, specific services rendered by specialized enterprises to other economic entities, aimed at visualizing environmental pollution in the course of their economic activities, are of particular relevance.

The solution of environmental problems is one of the priority directions of the socio-economic development of any modern state. This is due to the increased requirements for the quality of the environment as a result of the increased man-made impact of man on the biosphere and is manifested in the greening of the economy not only through direct government intervention, but also through the organization of the market sector - the market for environmental services.

The formation of the market for environmental services in the Russian Federation began in the 90s of the last century, so now it is already possible to substantiate the features of this market and the entities operating on it. A study of the market for environmental services will reveal promising directions for its development, which will contribute not only to a more complete implementation of measures to protect the environment, but also to the introduction of economic mechanisms for rational environmental management.

1. SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARKET OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

1.1 Environmental services as a promising direction for the development of the service sector

According to the forecasts of K. Clarke, made back in the early 40s of the XX century, the progressive development of the economy will have a pronounced priority of the "tertiary" sector (by which he understood the service sector, the "primary" sector - agriculture, mining, "secondary" - manufacturing industry). Statistical data (not only for the Russian Federation) confirm K. Clarke's forecast and indicate that over the past 50 years, the integration of services into the system of economic and social relations has accelerated significantly, their transformation into an active and integral part of the general economic complex.

An analysis of the processes in the service industries that have been taking place over the past two decades convincingly shows that the contribution of environmental protection measures to the formation of long-term production potential, which serves as a qualitative basis for economic development, is steadily increasing. Ties and interdependence of service industries and material production are strengthening, and there is a tendency to combine them as part of unified intersectoral complexes. The reproduction of the labor force, the consumption of the population, the qualitative aspects of the standard of living are increasingly determined by the degree of development of the service sector. Services are included in the production process not only indirectly, through the formation of the labor force, but also directly as an element of the current costs of enterprises.

Among the diverse needs for services, there is a special kind of them - the need for environmental services. Such services can be of different assortment and quality, but at the present stage of development of society, their appearance is one of the dominants of sustainable development.

Before characterizing the process of formation of supply and demand for environmental services, the development of their market, it is necessary to clarify the concept of "service" as an economic category.

Currently, there are different points of view on the economic content of the term "service". In the literature, the following definitions are found: a service is work performed to satisfy someone's needs, needs, while serving someone.

A service is an activity, the results of which satisfy any needs of people.

A service is something intangible, but with a certain value

Service - something that is intangible (invisible) and in exchange for which the consumer, company or production is ready to provide something of value

A service is a specific product of labor that does not acquire a material form and the use value of which, in contrast to the material product of labor, consists in the useful effect of living labor.

Of the above definitions, the concept of "service" as an economic category characterizes the latter most fully. Other definitions, according to the author, do not quite accurately reflect the essence of the service, since they mainly characterize its intangible side. However, a service can also have a material form, therefore, a service is a useful action of the use value of a product (if the service is carried out in a material form) or directly labor in its specific form (a service in an intangible form) aimed at meeting specific human needs. By its economic nature, a service is a social relationship between the producer and the consumer, arising on the basis of the useful action of labor consumed not as an activity, but as a useful effect, by appropriating its results by a certain individual, group, or collective.

The useful effect of a service does not exist separately from the process of its production in the form of any thing. For this reason, a service, unlike a material product of labor, cannot be accumulated, and the processes of its production and consumption coincide in time. However, the consequences of consuming a service can be material and long-term.

1.2 Scientific bases of ecological and economic relations

In the scientific study of the categories reflecting the essence of environmental and economic relations, we proceed from the fact that they are one of the forms of expression of environmental and economic laws, being at the same time theoretical abstractions of production relations in the environmental sphere.

Environmental relations in a broad sense is the interaction of organic systems (including human populations) with their natural environment. In this interpretation, ecological relations include economic relations, because through the former, the whole complex of human interactions with nature is realized. The ecological-economic system is a set of economic and environmental relations regarding the effective use of natural resource potential in the production of material goods for the purposes of economic growth and development of human well-being. The ecological and economic system is the main component of the interaction between nature and society.

The economy is not about developing an environmental strategy based on economic benefits alone. The environment, its quality is increasingly acting as an independent value, consumer good. The current state of the problem requires precisely the ecological and economic analysis of the relationship between production and the environment, the introduction into economic theory of conceptual provisions and generalizations expressing the cause-and-effect relationships between economic and natural systems. Taking into account the global trends in environmental pollution, it is obvious the need to develop a new, environmentally oriented strategy for the development of society and its economy. We are talking about a new paradigm of the economy - its transition to the solution of external, first of all, environmental and economic tasks, tasks of eco-development, in which the interests and requirements of the economy and the environment are coordinated and combined. A distinctive feature of the current stage of economic development in the world is a more complete account of the state of the environment and ecological benefits in the system of social reproduction.

2. ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES MARKET

2.1. Assessment of the environmental situation in Russia

Environmental protection is one of the most pressing problems of our time. Scientific and technological progress and an increase in anthropogenic influence on the natural environment inevitably lead to an aggravation of the ecological situation: natural resources are depleted, the natural environment is polluted, the natural connection between man and nature is lost, aesthetic values \u200b\u200bare lost, the physical and moral health of people deteriorates, the economic and political struggle for commodity markets, living space.

As for the Russian Federation, it belongs to the countries of the world with the worst ecological situation. Environmental pollution has reached unprecedented levels in recent years. Only economic losses, not taking into account the environmental damage and human health, according to experts, annually in Russia amount to half the national income of the country. More than 24 thousand enterprises today are powerful polluters of the environment - air, subsoil and waste water. From the standpoint of the current criminal legislation, their activities are criminal. But in this sphere of human activity, despite all the declarations on the human right to a favorable environment for life and health over other interests in the hierarchy of social values, economic interests still prevail over environmental ones.

The most acute environmental problem in the modern Russian Federation is environmental pollution. The health of Russians is significantly deteriorating, all vital functions of the body suffer, including reproductive. The average age of men in the Russian Federation in recent years has been 58 years. For comparison, in the USA - 69 years, Japan - 71 years. Every tenth child in the Russian Federation is born mentally or physically disabled due to genetic changes and chromosomal operations. For some industrially developed Russian regions this figure is 3-6 times higher. In most industrial areas of the country, one third of the population has various forms of immunological deficiency.

By the standards of the World Health Organization at the UN, the Russian people are approaching the brink of degeneration. At the same time, about 15% of the country's territory is occupied by zones of environmental disasters and environmental emergencies. And only 15-20% of residents of cities and towns breathe air that meets the established quality standards. About 50% of the drinking water consumed by the Russian population does not meet hygienic standards.

This sad list is quite extensive. But the above data also show that it is time for all citizens of Russia, immense and rich in resources, to realize that the time of unregulated, unlimited use of the environment is irrevocably gone. You have to pay for everything: with money, the introduction of severe restrictions, the establishment of criminal liability. Otherwise, a person pays not only with his health, but also with the health of the entire nation, the well-being of future generations, since an uncontrolled negative impact on the natural environment is the self-destruction of a person as a species.

Ecological goods A. Environmental pollution reduction Air basin protection Water basin management Solid waste treatment Remediation and cleaning of contaminated objects Protection from noise pollution and vibration Environmental monitoring, analysis, assessment B. Clean technologies and products Low-waste / resource-saving technologies and processes Low-waste / resource-saving products C. Use of natural resources Indoor air quality control Water supply Reuse of materials Renewable energy Energy saving Sustainable agriculture and fisheries Sustainable forestry Disaster risk management Eco - tourism

Environmentally friendly goods The goal is to expand the exports of developing countries, balance of interests There is no generally agreed definition of EST non-wood products of forestry products of traditional crafts products from natural materials (jute, natural rubber) organic agricultural products Non-tariff barriers to trade in traditional crafts registration, certificates of safety eco - labeling The task of national states is to ensure to their manufacturers the availability of certification consistent with international requirements. Biofuels - an ecological commodity Brazilian proposal

Ecoprom Production of gas cleaning equipment in 1985 in% Minkhimmash 56.7 Mintsvetmet 13.1 Ministry of Building Materials 12.5 Minenergo 8.8 Ministry of Light and Food Machine Building 4.6 Ministry of Internal Affairs 4 Ministry of Coal Engineering 0.25 Total 100% 62.4 mln. rub. (in 1985 prices) Protection of the domestic eco-industry in the transition period Liberalization of trade in other types of cleaning equipment and low-waste technologies

Environmental services Water management Waste management Engineering, project management services Environmental consulting, training, testing, eco - design, risk assessment Pollution remediation, reclamation, pollution prevention activities Reasonable opening of the market for environmental services leads to higher environmental and health standards , increased investment, technology transfers

Water management Water supply is a politically and socially significant area of \u200b\u200bactivity The private sector currently provides 5% of the world's population with water Water supply is a natural monopoly When these services are transferred, partial or full, to the private sector, the latter functions under a monopoly: rising prices, unsustainable use of water resources, loss of public control, predominance of profit-making interests, social tension Services are excluded from the scope of the GATS when water is provided by municipal authorities
Waste management Industrial waste and household waste Expansion of the market for the treatment of industrial waste is expedient Methods of utilization of solid waste - technological complexity and high cost In Russia and Moscow, the volume of processing is -3%. Lack of funds and domestic technological equipment. The process of forming a service sector for the treatment of household waste should consist in finding a compromise between the technical tasks and financial needs of service providers, on the one hand, and the effective demand of the population, on the other. A detailed study of the policy of opening the market for services for the treatment of household waste is required, coordinated with the stages of the reform of housing and communal services.