Effective arrangement of the site Advice Select highly compact projects of garden houses that allow, with a smaller building plan, to receive a larger useful building volume; block out various functional rooms and recreation areas in

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation.

Buryat State Agricultural Academy named after V.R. Filippov.

Department of Land Management

COURSE WORK

Completed: st-you gr. 1309.

Bednov V., Dorzhiev A.,

Lobanov D, Lobanov D.

Checked by: V.Kh. Darzhaev

ulan-Ude

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………… ..3

CHAPTER I. PREPARATION OF WORKS ON LANDSCAPING FACILITIES ... .6

CHAPTER I I. ENGINEERING TRAINING OF THE TERRITORY ………… ... 8

INTRODUCTION

Greening of populated areas is a whole range of issues related to the formation of a full-fledged human environment. The solution of these issues is of particular relevance and urgency due to air pollution, soil pollution, the presence of a large number of underground utilities and structures, and a large specific weight of asphalt pavements of streets and squares. The creation of green zones in the form of landscaping objects is a complex creative process associated with the volumetric-spatial organization of an urban or village territory, competent design of objects based on knowledge of landscape art, the implementation of projects: the construction and competent operation of landscaping objects based on biologically based care of vegetation in the process of her life.

According to the existing classification, all landscaping objects are subdivided, first of all, on a territorial basis into intracity and suburban. Intra-city landscaping objects are located within the urban development boundaries and include green areas with artificially created or existing plantings, reservoirs, equipped recreation and sports grounds, united by a road network. They are subdivided into: public facilities, including city parks and gardens, squares and boulevards; objects of limited use, including plantings of residential and industrial territories, children's institutions, sports complexes and grounds; special purpose objects, including plantings of storage areas, sanitary protection zones, streets, squares.

Suburban landscaping facilities are designed to organize mass out-of-town recreation on the basis of existing or artificially created plantations. These include suburban forests, forest parks, ornamental nurseries, flower farms, cemeteries, reclamation plantings, as well as wind and water protection plantations.

The largest share in the greening of the city is occupied by objects of city-wide and regional significance - city gardens and parks, squares and boulevards; residential building plots - gardens of residential groups, adjoining strips, areas of schools and kindergartens.

Parks and gardens - the largest and most important landscaping objects, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich ranges from 6-10 hectares (gardens) to 15-25 hectares (district parks) and 50-150 hectares (parks of planning areas, citywide). By design, they are multifunctional (parks of culture and recreation) and specialized (children's, sports, walking). Gardens and parks are created on undeveloped areas with rugged terrain, both with vegetation or water bodies, and free from them; Usually, land that is inconvenient for building houses is allocated for parks - ravines, slopes, river floodplains, hills, etc., that is, territories that require a large amount of engineering preparatory work. All construction work is carried out in accordance with the stages of development of the territory. Planting material of various standards is used as trees and shrubs: from large-sized - for planting individually and in groups to standard seedlings - for planting in clumps and massifs. The parks have a significant number of open lawn areas, playgrounds and areas with various types of coverings.

Squares- relatively small greening objects (0.5-1.5 hectares), located at street crossings, in indentations from residential buildings, in squares. They are intended mainly for short-term rest of pedestrians of the streets and the population of adjacent buildings. In addition, they are of great decorative and planning significance (squares in squares). The plantings of squares are exposed to a wide variety of anthropogenic influences: air pollution, dustiness, high vibration and noise levels, fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity. During the construction of squares, large-sized planting material, durable and highly decorative coatings for paths and playgrounds, sustainable decorative herbaceous flower plants that meet increased aesthetic requirements, garden and park equipment are used. The highest requirements are imposed on the operation and maintenance of public gardens (systematic fertilization, replacement of the soil layer for lawns and flower beds, timely irrigation of plantings, etc.).

Boulevards - objects of landscaping, placed in the form of stripes along highways and streets and intended for transit traffic of pedestrians and short-term recreation of the population living in adjacent neighborhoods. High requirements are also imposed on the planting material during the construction and operation of boulevards.

The objects of greening of residential buildings are adjoining strips, gardens of residential groups of houses, areas of kindergartens, nurseries, areas of schools, clinics and hospitals, areas in front of cultural and social institutions. The green areas of the microdistrict and residential area are intended for short-term recreation of the population and to meet their household needs. During their construction, large-sized planting material of trees and shrubs from the first school of the nursery is used; the lawn is designed to be resistant to recreational loads; paths and platforms - from durable low-wear coatings.

CHAPTERI... PREPARATION OF WORK ON LANDSCAPING OBJECTS

At all greening objects, gardening works on the main structural elements - the arrangement of paths, playgrounds, flat structures, lawns, flower beds, planting trees and shrubs - are preceded by:

Preparatory measures (allotment of land plots on the ground, fencing the area for landscaping, cleaning it from construction waste and debris);

Engineering preparation of the territory of the object (vertical planning with the organization of a new relief and ensuring surface runoff of precipitation; partial or complete drainage of the territory; laying of underground engineering networks; construction of reservoirs, strengthening their banks and steep slopes; tearing off pits, planting holes, trenches for planting trees and shrubs );

Agrotechnical preparation of the territory (reconnaissance surveys of the territory to identify biologically and aesthetically valuable trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants; preservation of valuable specimens of old-growth trees, areas with valuable coniferous species, with herbaceous cover; improvement of local soil grounds or preservation of existing soils suitable for landscaping works; creation of substitutes for fertile soils in the absence of a soil horizon on the territory).

The exact allotment of the boundaries (red lines) of the object of landscape gardening is carried out by representatives of the construction organization at the preliminary request of the owner of the territory. This is especially important if there are no visible snapping landmarks near the object. When deflecting the boundaries of the site, all turning points of the boundaries and roads are marked by driving metal tubes with a diameter of 3-5 cm, a length of 50-70 cm; on the long sides, after 50 m, an additional benchmark is placed. When building large objects, you can simultaneously take out the centerlines of the future park central road highways, from which you can then continue the removal of the stake out points of all other garden and park elements. Along the boundaries of the site, outlined by the benchmarks, it is necessary to install a temporary fence made of standard wooden structures to ensure the safety of work inside the facility, as well as to exclude the walking of unauthorized persons on the territory, trampling the completed landscaping and removing the stake pegs.

CHAPTER I I.ENGINEERING TRAINING OF THE TERRITORY.

The planning compositional method of building the future garden and park facility chosen during the design determines the scope of work on the engineering preparation of the site:

Regular reception, including the symmetrical distribution of parts of the object at right angles of intersection of roads, sets the task of leveling relief sections, which, as a rule, is accompanied by large volumes of work on vertical planning;

The landscape technique, which conditions the free placement of planning elements, sets the task of using complex relief with minimal earth movements.

In design practice, a combination of regular and landscape techniques is generally accepted, which requires the use of vertical planning calculations in the project.

The vertical layout solves the problem of organizing a new relief, which provides surface runoff of precipitation and conditions that exclude water and wind erosion of the soil, preserves the soil cover and prevents the deterioration of conditions for the growth of green spaces. In addition, the vertical layout creates favorable conditions for the movement of visitors and the placement of buildings and structures. Areas with existing trees and shrubs should be preserved whenever possible. Here it is necessary to ensure only surface runoff of precipitation, which excludes waterlogging of the soil, an increase in the level of groundwater and waterlogging of the territory. Slopes in these areas are set at least 0.004.

The volume and nature of work on vertical planning are determined by the functional purpose of the object, its location in the settlement, the size and natural conditions of the allocated area. When performing vertical planning, it is necessary to achieve the maximum effect of expressiveness with minimal changes in the relief and movement of earth masses. This significantly reduces the estimated cost of construction and allows you to save capacity for other work.

Technical and economic indicators of the efficiency of earthworks are as follows:

The smallest amount of work;

Earthwork balance;

Indicator of soil movement from excavations in the embankment according to the optimal transport scheme.

The main methods for designing a vertical layout of a garden and park facility are:

Vertical layout scheme;

Project profile method;

Method of design (red) contours.

The solution of the problems of vertical planning should be preceded by the study and analysis of the existing relief of the territory as the basis for design. The relief is depicted in the form of a plan in horizontals - conditional lines, which are projections of imaginary lines of intersection of the natural relief with horizontal planes. These planes are placed (in height) at certain distances from one another. The horizontal lines indicate their elevation, measured from absolute zero (the level of the Baltic Sea) or from another conventionally accepted level. The projection onto the horizontal plane of the line between adjacent marks is called the horizontal placement. In terms of the distance between the contours of one vertical section of the relief:

On slopes with the same incidence of the surface - equal;

On steep slopes, steep banks and slopes - they approach each other;

On flat surfaces, they increase.

The contours of different elevations, merged on the plan, show the vertical drop of the relief (cliff, wall). The marks of the existing relief, reflected on the contours of topographic and geodetic plans and subbases, are called black.

The difference in elevation between two adjacent contours is called the step of contour lines or the height of the relief section. The step of the contour lines in the relief depicted on the plan depends on the steepness of the surface and the scale of the plan. For landscape gardening objects, the accepted contour lines step is 0.5-1 m, since the scale in which their plans are executed is 1: 2000, 1: 1000, 1: 500. The elevation of any point on the plan is determined by interpolation. To do this, a straight line is drawn through this point, perpendicular to the nearest horizontal, and the distances between the horizontal and the underlying horizontal and the point are measured along it. The desired mark is determined by the formula

H \u003d H a + (H b - H a) l 1 /l

where H and - the mark of the underlying horizontal; Н b - mark of the overlying horizontal; l 1 - distance between the required point and the underlying horizontal, m; l - distance between contours, m

The elevations of the new surface relief are called red or design elevations, and the contours passing through them are called red or design contours.

Work on the design of the vertical planning of the territory of a garden or park is carried out, as a rule, when developing master plans for a horizontal layout and only in the most difficult terrain can they be corrected by detailed planning projects. This work is preceded by the receipt of a sub-basis with the initial materials: an architectural and planning task and a solution; survey materials (geodetic, hydrological); data on the types of engineering networks, underground communications and ground structures and their location in the plan; description of the external situation and the main location of the plantations - their compliance with the future concept of the project.

Vertical layout scheme are developed on a geodetic basis and a master plan of the object, taking into account the survey materials. The scale of the scheme for gardens and parks is taken 1: 1000 or 1: 500.

When drawing up a vertical layout scheme, the design (red) marks are found at the points of intersection of the axes of the tracks and at places where the relief changes along the route of the tracks, as well as the design longitudinal slopes. The design longitudinal slopes are determined by the formula

i \u003d (H b - H a) l,

where H and - the low mark of the intersection of roads or relief fracture; H b - the same, high; l - the distance between these points, m.

The value of the resulting slope is determined up to thousandths, according to it, the marks at the points in question are specified. The slopes of the surfaces often do not correspond to the design slopes, then they are created by cutting the soil in some areas and filling in others. The difference between the red and black marks is defined as the working mark. A positive mark (+) means backfill, and a negative (-) mark means cutting.

With this calculation of earthworks, the best option for the location of all elements on the plan is selected. The final vertical planning scheme is developed at the second, main stage.

Profile method consists in designing the longitudinal and transverse profiles of individual parts of the object. The method is used, as a rule, when designing linear structures: park roads, streets, embankments, etc. It is also applicable in the presence of particularly difficult natural conditions: slopes, stairs, ramps, retaining walls, etc. The method allows you to determine / the height location of elements in relation to the existing surface of the site. On the plan of the park area, first of all along the axes of the roads, a grid of lines is applied, which determines the direction of the profiles. The distance between the individual profiles is taken to be 20-50 m. The profiles are made in the directions indicated by the grid. To apply black marks on the profiles, horizontal lines or leveling data are used, along which longitudinal profiles are made. Red marks on the profiles and their mutual reference at the intersection points of profiles of different directions form a grid with the marks of the future relief. The intermediate marks within the grid are determined by interpolation. The volume of earthworks is found by profiles, after drawing design lines on them and calculating working marks. The volume of a cut or fill in the area between two parallel profiles is equal to the sum of all areas of the cut or fill multiplied by the distance between the profiles. The total volume of earthworks throughout the entire territory of the object is determined by the sum of the volumes of excavations and embankments for sections of all profiles. The greater the distance between adjacent profiles, the less accurate the calculation of the volume of earthworks. The profile method is long and laborious in execution and requires the construction of two drawings:

A horizontal layout plan with vertical layout design data;

Longitudinal and transverse profiles of the vertical layout (when making any amendments to the profile, all projected profiles must be recalculated, and hence the volume of earthworks).

Design (red) contour lines method combines the plan and profiles in one drawing, which shows the future relief in the design contours. At the first design stage, the main thalweg and the directions of the secondary thalweg, which form a system of lines connected by the main thalweg line, are determined on the plan using the existing contours. The lines of watersheds and thalweg on the plan express the main characteristic of the relief. On their basis, a design scheme for the future planned surface is built. For the design, it is necessary to determine the altitude position of individual points, descents along steepness, slopes of thalweg and platforms, accepted directions of tracks and other main elements. The volumes of excavations and embankments are calculated by the squares that make up the cartogram of earthworks. A grid of squares with sides of 5, 10, 20 m and more, oriented depending on the urban planning situation, is applied to the plan in the horizontals. The points of intersection of the grid lines indicate black and red elevations interpolated horizontally, as well as operating elevations. If there are working marks with plus and minus at the corners of the square, then by interpolation, the zero points are determined through which the contour of the cuts and embankments passes. In each square, the volume of the cut and the volume of the embankment are separately determined by calculating the average working elevation and multiplying it by the area of \u200b\u200bthe corresponding part of the square. Based on these data, a list of the volume of earthworks is compiled, in which the volumes of excavations and embankments are compared for all squares and the difference between these volumes is determined

In this case, the loosening of the soil of the excavations and the residual loosening of the soil during the construction of embankments are taken into account. The balance of earthworks should take into account, separately from the cartogram, the surplus of soil obtained from the structural elements of landscape gardening, excavations for buildings and structures, when laying engineering networks, preparing the base for paths and sites and soil for planting trees, shrubs and flowers.

The method of profiles and design contours (combined) is a method of design contours, supplemented by design profiles along the most characteristic directions and elements (edges of paths and areas, artificial reservoirs). A vertical combined layout is at the same time a layout method of profiles with project horizontals applied along it in plan.

Work on the vertical leveling in nature begins after cleaning the area from debris by rough leveling the surface with the movement of earth masses in accordance with the cartogram of earthworks. Depending on the volume and distance of movement of earth masses, work is carried out either by bulldozers or dump trucks with excavators. If there is vegetative soil in the area to be cut or dumped, then before the start of the vertical planning, it is piled up and stored in piles away from the work site.

After a rough leveling of the surfaces, work is carried out on the laying of all underground communications, except for outdoor lighting, since due to the small laying (50-70 cm), the electrical cable can be damaged when performing work on the arrangement of paths and lawns. At the same time, ditches for buildings and structures are dug out with the laying of foundations and backfilling of sinuses, as well as holes and trenches for planting trees and shrubs, backfilling them with vegetative soil and installing pegs in the center of the holes and borders of the trenches. In addition, work is performed on the arrangement of the foundation of future road pavements. Milestones are set along the axes of the main roads, at intersections, in places of relief fractures, indicating the working marks. Then the work on the vertical planning is carried out in accordance with the cartogram of earthworks. If it is necessary to import soil from the outside for the final vertical layout of the site, the following recommendations should be followed:

a) for backfilling the site under the structures, clay soils with a thickness of no more than 1 m can be used. Within the zone of the main development of the subsoil, only loamy or sandy loam soils should be used;

b) when adding soil in order to raise the territory over 1 m, the soil should be laid in layers no more than 25-30 cm thick and compacted, depending on the working conditions, with rollers, ramming plates or tracks of heavy machinery - bulldozers;

c) soils containing a large amount of lime, impregnated with bitumen, various combustible lubricants, asphalt, and also consisting of construction and household waste are completely unsuitable for the vertical leveling of a site.

Soil samples are taken from the territory falling under green spaces to determine the composition and amount of nutrients in them, after which the required amount of fertilizers recommended by the analysis of soil samples is added to the subsoil.

Drainage measures... As a rule, the territories allotted for a garden and park facility are either waste land: swamps, dumps, ravines, etc., or contain neglected plantations of former forests and forest parks. All of them are partially or completely waterlogged and need to be drained with a simultaneous drainage of groundwater, lowering their level. High groundwater levels impair the physical and agronomic qualities of the soil, creating unfavorable conditions for the growth of plantations. For intensive use, the road and path network, sports and playgrounds must be constantly dry, which is possible with a certain standing of groundwater. The drainage rate of the territory is understood as the smallest distance from the groundwater level to the earth's surface under the given design conditions. For landscaping, the drainage rate of the site is 1 -1.5 m.

In cases where the entire territory has excessive moisture, reclamation measures are developed, which consist in a continuous lowering of the groundwater level with an open drainage system. Such a system is a network of open ditches of different widths, depths and lengths, consisting of dehumidifiers, collectors, main canals and water intakes. The main element of the network is dehumidifiers, covering the entire drained area; the distance between them (10-25m) and the shallow depth of laying (0.5-1m) allow lowering the groundwater level to 1-1.5 m.Gatchers and main canals are mainly used to move excess water into water intakes: ponds, lakes , rivers; although in places of passage they also play a drainage role. The walls of the ditches are strengthened with sod or grass-sod crumbs, which promote the growth of the grass cover. At the pipe crossings made of reinforced concrete pipes with a diameter of 0.5-1 m, special "heads" are arranged at the ends so that the flood does not destroy the soil in this place. One of the disadvantages of an open drainage system is the need for systematic maintenance of pipe junctions, walls and the bottom of the ditches, especially after heavy floods or prolonged heavy rains. In this regard, at urban gardening facilities, an open drainage network is either used to a limited extent (one or two ditches), or not at all. The main method of draining such an area is closed drainage, which is a system of drains embedded in the soil at different depths. Drain is a technical structure that removes excess groundwater from a certain area. A closed drainage network is arranged following the example of land reclamation. The efficiency of drainage depends on the distance between drains-driers, which is determined by the depth of the drains at a given drainage rate according to the Rote formula

l \u003d 2 (H-S) K / P,

where l - distance between drains-dryers, m; H is the height of the groundwater level above the water-resistant horizon, m; S is the required lowering of the groundwater level, m; K is the soil filtration coefficient, m / day; Р - the highest intensity of infiltration, infiltration of precipitation into the ground, m / day.

Drainages are arranged according to a specially developed project, which gives: the route of the laying with the indication of the slopes and their directions, the structural section of the drain body and the depth of its foundation. With the minimum permissible slopes from 0.003 to 0.01, it is customary to lay the base of the drain at a depth of 0.7-2 m.

In the construction of flat sports facilities, a transverse system of suction drainage lines is used with water drainage into a water intake or sewer network. In this case, the area to be drained is covered by drainage from all sides (ring system) with surface water discharge into one or more water intakes. For sports grounds, another drainage system is also used ("herringbone" drainage), when drainage drains are placed at an angle to each other and are thus brought to the collectors. From the collectors, water enters the drainage network.

When using organic-synthetic materials in the upper layers of flat sports facilities (rubber-bitumen mixture, recortan, etc.), an open water-receiving tray is arranged around sports arenas, through which water enters the viewing wells and goes through pipes to the water intake, which creates the possibility of immediate removal atmospheric precipitation from the non-draining surface of structures.

The designs of drainage inspection wells are similar to those of drainage and sewer. The wells are located along the network in the same way: at the junction of the drains to the collector or sewer drain, at bends or when the diameter of the pipeline changes.

For the drainage device, inert materials are used: gravel, crushed stone, coarse sand. With deep drains (1-2 m), drainage pipes are also used: ceramic socketless and bell-shaped, concrete, pottery and asbestos-cement. The most convenient in laying are asbestos-cement pipes 2-4 m long, connected by couplings. To receive water at the bottom of the pipes or on the sides, holes with a diameter of 8-12 mm are made, 40-60 pcs. per 1 m. In concrete and ceramic pipes, water enters through the joints, which must be tightly sealed with burlap, matting or glass wool. Around the pipes, a backfill is arranged, consisting of two or three layers of inert materials. The diameters of the drainage pipes depend on the slopes: at i\u003d 0.01-0.005 d \u003d 100-200 mm; at i \u003d 0.003 d \u003d 200-300 mm; at i \u003d 0.002 d\u003e 300 mm, but not more than 350 mm.

At a shallow depth of drainage, pipes are not used. In this case, the drain is filled to the entire depth layer by layer with inert materials with a gradual decrease in particle fractions from 50-70 to 2-5 mm from the bottom to the surface.

Trenching work for drainage is performed using trenchers in the case of loose soil or drilling rigs in frozen soil. When the drains are deeply laid (up to 1-2 m), a special excavator with a profile bucket is used for digging trenches, which allows you to complete the established profile of both the bottom and the walls of the trench without additional fastening during further work on laying the drainage body.

Plumbing device... To supply gardens and parks, a special type of plumbing system is arranged. The following issues are resolved in the project: the place of connection to the city water supply network is determined, the water supply scheme of the facility and the diameters of pipelines for the transportation and distribution of water throughout the facility are selected.

First of all, they determine the total need for water, which is necessary for irrigating plantations, road and path networks, sports flat structures, as well as for filling fountains and other water devices. According to the total water demand, the daily and second water consumption is calculated, which is necessary to find a source of water supply sufficient in terms of power - a natural reservoir, an artesian well, a city water supply system.

The diameter of the pipes depends on the flow rate, therefore it is determined by hydraulic calculation (minimum size 38 mm). The pipes are laid in trenches, which are pre-profiled, and the bottom is compacted. Before laying, pipes are treated with insulating materials: bitumen, mastic, asphalt varnish, etc. This protects them from corrosion and increases their service life. I test the field of installation of the entire water supply network, pipes and joints / under a pressure of at least 2.5 atm for suitability and strength. All detected defects are eliminated. The tests are repeated, after which the trenches are filled with soil with a bulldozer. Before backfilling, an act for hidden work and testing of pipelines is drawn up.

The water supply system is an integral structure of maintenance of each garden and park facility and, depending on its size, performs various functions: utility - it is used throughout the year for the needs of residential, public and utility buildings located at the facility, as well as for filling skating rinks and others winter games and sports facilities; watering - to ensure irrigation of green spaces, garden paths and playgrounds, flat sports facilities. The water supply network works under pressure. For its construction, steel, cast iron, asbestos-cement and reinforced concrete pipes are used. The depth of laying the pipes for the utility water supply should be 0.2-0.3 m below the horizon of soil freezing. The irrigation water supply is made of steel or cast iron pipes. Depth of occurrence from 25 to 50 cm or directly on the soil surface. In the first case, the pipelines are given a slope from 0.001 to 0.003 m in the direction of the drainage wells, which are necessary for draining water from the I system in the winter. The surface water supply network for the winter is disassembled and stored indoors. This significantly increases the terms of use of such scarce elements as pipes.

Both types of water supply are arranged in accordance with the project. Pipes are laid along the edges of lawn areas, along paths or areas. The entire network is built on a ring system so that any part being repaired can be turned off without interrupting the operation of the entire water supply system. For this purpose, mechanical valves are installed in the wells located on the water supply network every 300-500 m. Two dead-end pipes from the nearest well are laid to a utility building or structure that needs a water supply. Subsequently, the network is "looped back".

On the distribution water supply network there are "wells for various purposes with a depth of 0.7-2 m, made of brick or concrete or in the form of cast-iron columns. Inspection wells are installed every 100-120 m, firefighters with a hydrant - after 70-100 m, watering wells with the presence of watering outlet taps - after 40-50 m.

Water pipe crossings through obstacles are organized in different ways: they cross ravines with a siphon; under the bridge, the pipeline is laid in an insulated case; at the intersection of a high dam road or railway embankment, pipes are placed in a metal casing; across the river, pipes are laid below the bottom in two lines.

In areas with an arid climate, a special irrigation system is used, which is arranged following the example of an open reclamation or closed drainage network. Its main goal is to provide green spaces with water.

An open irrigation system consists of irrigation canals (irrigation ditches) laid along the surface of the site. Designed for irrigation of street plantings.

A closed irrigation system is a special irrigation pipes (drains) laid at a certain depth. For this, pottery, ceramic or concrete pipes with holes are used through which water seeps to the roots of plants. A closed irrigation system is very expensive and can be applied to smaller and more important urban facilities.

When designing a closed irrigation system, an irrigation rate is established that depends on the irrigated area, soil characteristics (its filtration capacity), and the placement of green spaces. Then calculate the depth of the supplying water drains and sprinklers, the distance between them and the frequency of occurrence. The irrigation scheme, depending on the terrain conditions, can be branched or closed.

Sewerage device... Sewerage is a system of pipes and canals laid underground at a certain slope to each other. Through them, rain, melt and waste water are removed by gravity. An important indicator in the development of a sewage project is water consumption

Sewerage and water supply are closely related to each other, since the fecal household sewage system cannot function without running water. The difference between their design is that the water supply network (ring or dead-end) operates mainly under pressure, and the sewer (separate) one is almost always gravity-fed and only if necessary arrange pressure lines and structures.

Sewerage can serve: 1) to remove industrial or domestic wastewater - household and fecal; 2) for the removal of atmospheric precipitation from buildings and structures, roads and sites with a hard or soft top surface - storm. The sewer and stormwater network is calculated so that, predominantly by gravity in the shortest direction, drain the drain from the object. Sometimes, due to the peculiarities of the local topography and waste collection points in the city sewage system, pressure transfer pipelines with a pumping station are arranged to supply wastewater to the watershed point, from where they can go by gravity along the continuation of the pipeline.

The sewerage and stormwater network consists of:

Intra-yard, collecting runoff from the territory of the yard near the building, structure (pipeline diameter 125-150mm, i = 0,006-0,008);

United, collecting runoff from the territory of several yards and ending at the outlet control well (pipeline diameter 150-250 mm; i = 0,004-0,005);

Connecting branch directed from the control well of the united network to the inspection well of the main channel (pipeline diameter 200-250mm, i = 0,005).

Across the entire sewer and stormwater network, concrete wells of various purposes are installed:

Sightseeing - for clearing blockages in the network and collectors. They are located with pipes with diameters of 100, 125, 150-600 mm every 35, 40 and 50 m, respectively. The wells must be closed from above with a cover without holes;

Stormwater or storm water - for receiving (intercepting) surface waters (the location is the same).

In addition, when installing sewerage, rotary or angular, nodal, flushing, overflow, waste and plunger wells are used. The material for the pipelines of the network is ceramic, pottery, asbestos-cement, concrete and reinforced concrete pipes. In the case of isolated work, the storm sewer can also have an outlet into an open water intake: a pond, river, lake, etc., which is arranged in the form of a concrete or stone open tray with drops to damp the speed of the spillway. The release usually ends with a head, arranged in the form of a vertical brick or concrete retaining wall: the side walls and the bed of the external drain chute are covered or concreted to a height of 5-10 m. Work on the installation of sewer networks is carried out by specialized construction organizations, under the supervision of the general contractor for the construction of a garden and park facility according to a special project, which determines the routes of the networks, the depths of pipelines and wells, construction materials.

Artificial lighting of gardens and parks... Lighting is designed to ensure the safe movement of pedestrians in the evening along the paths and alleys, thereby creating comfortable conditions for evening walks in a picturesque environment of trees, bushes and flowers. Lighting should play one of the main roles in creating the landscape and architectural appearance of the evening park. At the same time, all lighting elements should be aesthetically attractive during the daytime. All types of lighting installations must work in cooperation with each other, taking into account the tasks of illuminating different elements of the object.

Bright illumination of water surfaces or wet asphalt also creates discomfort for humans. When designing lighting, they use such lighting concepts as luminous flux (lm), luminous intensity (cd), illumination (lx) and brightness - (cd / m 2).

The norm of the average horizontal illumination of elements of a garden or park ranges from 2 to 6 lux.

Course work

Engineering arrangement of the city of Blagoveshchensk

Introduction. 3

SECTION 1.4

Initial data for the engineering arrangement of the city of Blagoveshchensk. 4

SECTION 2.5

Organization of transport, pedestrian traffic and engineering support of the microdistrict. five

1. Determination of the width of the carriageway of the street .. 5

. 6

. 10

. 12

1. Checking the throughput of the highway and the intersection. 13
2. Establishing the width of the sidewalk. fifteen
3. Selection of the type of cross-section. sixteen

4.1 Outline of the cross-section of the carriageway. 17

4.2 Placement of green spaces. 17

1. Engineering improvement of settlements. 20
2. Methods for laying underground engineering networks. 26

Conclusion. 28

List of used literature .. 29

Introduction

The main purpose of writing this term paper is: to design the transverse profile of the main street of city-wide significance, to determine the width and position of its elements, roadways, sidewalks, strips of green spaces.

The development and improvement of the territories of populated areas is an important urban planning problem. Any city, village, rural settlement, architectural complex or a separate building is built on a specific territory, a site characterized by certain conditions - relief, groundwater level, the danger of flooding by flood waters, etc. Make the area the most suitable for the construction and operation of architectural structures and their complexes without excessive costs can be means of engineering training.

During the construction and operation of populated areas and individual architectural structures, tasks inevitably arise to improve the functional and aesthetic properties, which is ensured by means of improving urban areas. Improvement of cities and settlements includes a number of measures to improve the sanitary and hygienic conditions of residential buildings, transport and engineering services for the population, artificial lighting of urban areas and equip them with the necessary equipment, and improve the urban environment with sanitary cleaning facilities. The city's transport network should provide speed, comfort and safety of movement between the functional zones of the city and within them, communication with external transport facilities and highways of the regional and all-Russian network. The network of streets, roads, squares and pedestrian spaces should be designed as a single city-wide system, in which the functions of its components are clearly delineated.

SECTION 1

Initial data for the engineering arrangement of the city of Blagoveshchensk

Climatic region: I А

Humidity zone: 2 normal

Design temperature of the coldest five-day week: -34 Сº

Wind pressure region (wind region): II, 0.30kPa

Area by weight of snow cover (snow area): I, 0.8 kPa

Prevailing wind direction: NW

The wind rose, which characterizes the annual recurrence of the direction and speed of the winds based on long-term observations, is built in accordance with Table 1 and is shown in Figure 1.

Table 1

Repeatability of wind direction,%

Fig. 1 Wind rose
SECTION 2

Organization of transport, pedestrian traffic and engineering support of the microdistrict

1. Determination of the width of the street carriageway

table 2

Initial data

The width of the street carriageway depends on the width of one of its lanes and the number of traffic lanes required to pass a given traffic flow.

To establish the width of the carriageway, you need to calculate:

The capacity of one lane for each type of transport;

The required number of lanes;

The width of each lane.

Determine the total duration of the traffic light cycle

T c \u003dt to + t f + t s + t f, from

T c \u003d15 + 5 + 30 + 5 = 55 (from)

Where t to - red phase of traffic light operation, (from); t f - yellow phase, (from); t s - green phase (from). The average distance between regulated intersections is 800 m.

1.1 Calculation of the capacity of one lane

We find the capacity of one lane by the formula

, units / hour

Where V - the speed of movement of various types of transport, (m / s); L - dynamic dimensions, or safe distance between transport units moving along the way in a column (including its own length), (m).

The safe distance between transport units is determined by the formula

Where t - the time interval between the moments of braking by the front and the following car, equal to the driver's reaction time, depends on the driver's qualifications and is taken within 0.7 - 1.5 s;

φ - coefficient of adhesion of a pneumatic tire of a wheel with a coating, varying depending on the condition of the coating from 0.8-0.1 (0.6 by assignment);

g - acceleration of gravity, (m / s 2);

i - longitudinal slope, taken when driving uphill with a plus sign, when driving downhill - with a minus sign;

l - the length of the crew, (m) (see table 3);

S - the distance between cars after stopping, we accept S \u003d 2m.

Table 3

Vehicle length

cars

trucks

buses

trams and trolleybuses

cars

trucks

buses

trams and trolleybuses

When determining the throughput of mass route transport lines, including buses, one should proceed from the fact that it is practically determined by the throughput of stopping points.

The throughput of a bus stop can be calculated using the formula:

, units / hour.

Where T - the full time during which the bus is at the stopping point, (from):

T \u003dt 1 + t 2 + t 3 + t 4 , from

Where t 1 - the time taken to approach the stopping point (braking time), (from);

t 2 - time for boarding and disembarking passengers, (from);

t 3 - time for signal transmission and door closing, (from);

t 4 - time for the bus to release the stopping point, (from).

Find the individual terms

t 1 \u003d, c

Where l - "safety gap" between buses when they approach the stop, equal in length to one bus, l 3 \u003d 10 m;

b - deceleration when braking is taken equal to 1m / s 2.

Where β \u003d coefficient taking into account what part of the bus is occupied by outgoing and incoming passengers in relation to the normal capacity of the bus, for stopping points with a large passenger turnover, β \u003d 0.2;

λ - the capacity of the bus is 60 passengers;

t 0 - the time spent by one passenger entering or leaving, t 0 \u003d 1.5 s;

k - the number of doors for the exit or entry of passengers, we accept for buses k = 2, for trams and trolleybuses k = 3.

Time for signal transmission and door closing t 3 taken according to observation data equal to 30 s.

Time to release by bus, trolleybus of the stopping point

t 4 =, c

Where a - acceleration equal to 1m / s 2.

buses trolleybuses

buses trolleybuses

buses trolleybuses

When calculating the throughput of the lanes of the carriageway used by cars and trucks, it must be borne in mind that the estimated speed on the stretch is not equal to the actual speed of traffic along the street. The actual traffic speed depends on traffic delays at intersections. Thus, the estimated throughput of the carriageway between the intersections is defined as the throughput of the stretch with the introduction of the throughput reduction factor α according to the formula

The capacity reduction factor, taking into account the delays at the intersections, is calculated by the formula

Where L n - the distance between the controlled intersections, equal in accordance with the task, L n \u003d 800 m;

and- average acceleration when starting off, and = 1 m / s 2;

b - average deceleration of movement speed when braking, b \u003d 1 m / s 2;

t Δ - the average duration of the delay before traffic lights.

The average delay in front of a traffic light is calculated using the formula

For routed transport, the traffic delay factor α is not determined.

cars

trucks

Thus, the estimated throughput of one lane of the carriageway for cars and trucks, taking into account the traffic delay coefficient α, will be

N α = (N lay down+ N cargo) Α, auto / hour

1.2 Determination of the number of lanes of the carriageway

The number of lanes for all types of transport is calculated by the formula:

n =

where AND - the specified intensity of traffic along the street in one direction during rush hour.

cars

trucks

buses

trolleybuses

Passing a vehicle of a given traffic intensity can be provided by:

n \u003d n 1 + n 2 + ... n i

If there are two lanes, then such a decision will inevitably cause a decrease in the speed of cars forced to move along the same lane with trucks, as well as parts of trucks, which, in turn, will move in the same lane with buses. Therefore, based on the composition of the traffic flow, it is advisable to take three lanes in each direction.

If the capacity of a street is calculated not for specialized lanes of the carriageway, but as for a mixed traffic flow in general, it is necessary to reduce the mixed traffic to a single-lane (passenger car) using the following reduction factors µ .

Table 4

Reduction coefficient value

On a multi-lane carriageway, the capacity does not increase in direct proportion to the number of lanes, therefore, the capacity of the carriageway with multi-lane traffic on the tracks should be determined taking into account the coefficient γ multiband received depending on the number of lanes in one direction:

One lane -1

Two stripes -1.9

Three stripes -2.7

Four bands -3.5

Given the multiband ratio 2 * 1.9 \u003d 3.8≈4 lanes

1.3 Establishing the width of the carriageway of streets

The width of the carriageway of streets in each direction is determined by the formula:

B \u003db · P

Where b - the width of one lane, (m);

p -the number of lanes.

For the main street of the city-wide value, the lane width is assumed to be 3.75 m. The smallest number of lanes for streets and roads is indicated in the table without taking into account lanes for temporary parking. In this regard, and taking into account that the street on both sides is built up with administrative buildings, at which a large number of cars can stop, we envisage a special lane 3 m wide for their parking.

The total width of the carriageway in each direction of travel will be:

B \u003db N + 3, m

We set the width of the carriageway of streets and roads by calculation, depending on the traffic intensity.

Thus, the width of the carriageway will be 36 m.

2. Checking the capacity of the highway and the intersection

We carry out a verification calculation of the throughput of the highway in a narrow section and at an intersection in a section of a stop line. The throughput in this section depends on the regulatory regime adopted at the intersection.

The calculation is performed according to the formula:

, bus / hour

Where N n - throughput of one lane of the carriageway at the intersection in the section of the stop line, bus / hour;

t n - the time interval for cars passing the intersection, taken on average 3 s;

V n - the speed of passing the intersection by cars (we take 18 km / h), m / s.

Taking into account the need to ensure left and right turns at the intersection, requiring special lanes of the carriageway, to determine the throughput of the highway, we use the following formula:

N m = 1,3 N P(n-2), bus / hour.

Where N P- throughput of the main line in the section of the stop line, bus / hour;

1.3 - coefficient that takes into account right and left turning movement;

p- number of bands.

To compare the throughput in this case, we bring all the specified modes of transport to one (car) using the formula:

N \u003d A µ, car / hour

Where AND -set traffic intensity on the street in one direction during rush hour;

µ - coefficient of reduction.

Cars 540 · 1=540

Trucks with carrying capacity up to 2 tons 300 · 1,5 =450

Buses 16 · 2,5=40

Trolleybuses 25 3 \u003d 75

TOTAL ΣN: 1105 vehicles / hour.

Thus, N m\u003e ΣN (1560\u003e 1105) and the throughput of the highway in the section of the stop line ensures the passage of the traffic flow with a given intensity.

3. Establishing the width of the sidewalk

The prospective intensity of pedestrian traffic on the sidewalks in each direction is 7000 people / hour. The throughput of one sidewalk lane is 1000 people / hour.

Required number of lanes p \u003d 7000/1000 \u003d 7 stripes

The width of one lane of the undercarriage of the sidewalk is 0.75 m.

Thus, the width of the sidewalk undercarriage is B \u003d 0.75 * 7 \u003d 5.25 m.

4. Selecting the type of cross-section

Due to the fact that the main elements of the street in terms of cost and complexity of the device are the roadway and sidewalks, we first outline the diagram of the cross-section of the street using the calculated width of the roadway and sidewalks. After that, it will be possible to proceed with the placement of strips of green spaces, lighting masts and underground utilities.

For the traffic conditions specified in the task, we consider the transverse profile of the street in two versions:

Cross-section of a street without a lane to separate oncoming traffic;

Cross-section of the street with a lane to separate oncoming traffic.

The width of the dividing lines and other street elements is shown in Table 5.

Table 5

Sizes of elements of city streets

For better organization of traffic, it is desirable to have an axial dividing strip, however, taking into account the need to create the most complete isolation of residential buildings from noise and vibration caused by passing traffic, we choose the first variant of the cross-section of the street.

According to this option, in addition to a strip of green spaces between the roadway and the sidewalk, we outline another one - between the sidewalk and the building line.

4.1 Outline of the cross-section of the carriageway

The transverse profile of the carriageway is assumed to be parabolic. Such a profile best meets the drainage requirement, as it provides a quick drain of water from the roadway to the gutters and rainwater wells.

In the first version, the sidewalk is separated from the roadway by a single-row area of \u200b\u200btrees and from the building line by a lawn.

In the second variant, the carriageway is divided by a lawn (dividing strip), and the sidewalk adjacent to the building line is separated from the carriageway by a single-row planting of trees.

4.2 Placement of green spaces

The minimum width of strips of green spaces, m, is taken according to the following data.

Tree planting:

Single row 2 m

Double row 5 m

Shrub planting:

Short 0.8 m

Average 1 m

Large 1.2 m

We design the marked green stripes in the transverse profile with a width of 2 m.

In the first case, the lighting masts can be located in the area of \u200b\u200bgreen spaces near the sidewalks on both sides of the street, in the second - in the middle of the median strip.

Table 6 shows the largest and smallest transverse slopes of the roadway.

The average transverse slope of the carriageway is assumed to be 20%. To break the cross-section, divide the width of the carriageway into ten equal parts of 3.6 m each and determine the value of the ordinates for the intermediate points.

Table 6

Placement of underground engineering structures

Table 7

Minimum distances from underground networks to buildings, structures and green spaces

5. Engineering improvement of settlements

Due to the rapid development of industry, energy, transport, the territories of populated areas are increasingly beginning to experience negative effects from harmful emissions and effluents, noise, electromagnetic emitters and other adverse phenomena. As a rule, engineering measures are the basis for combating these phenomena. Therefore, the engineering foundations of environmental protection can also be considered an essential component of the improvement of urban areas.

Engineering support of a modern city is a complex system of engineering communications, structures and auxiliary devices. Engineering communications are underground, aboveground and aboveground.

Underground engineering networks, mainly used in cities, are one of the most important elements of the engineering improvement of urban areas. Urban underground networks are designed for comprehensive and complete service of the needs of the urban population, cultural and domestic enterprises and the needs of industry. Underground engineering networks include pipelines, cables and collectors.

Water supply to cities is of great importance due to the fact that water consumption for household, drinking, communal and industrial needs is increasing more and more. It is expected that water consumption for household, drinking and communal needs reaches 400-500 liters and more. Water consumption in cities is different and depends on the category of the city (population), the presence and development of industry, the degree of urban amenities, climatic conditions and a number of other factors.

When designing water supply networks, it is very important to provide for maintaining the required water temperature in the pipes. Therefore, it should not be excessively cooled and heated. Therefore, it is accepted that water supply networks are usually laid underground. But with a technological and feasibility study, other types of placement are also allowed.

To exclude hypothermia and freezing of water pipes, the depth of their laying, counting to the bottom, should be 0.5 m more than the calculated depth of penetration into the soil of zero temperature, i.e. the depth of freezing of the soil. To prevent water heating in the summer season, the depth of pipelines should be taken at least 0.5 m, counting to the top of the pipes.

Water supply networks are made circular and in rare cases dead-end, since they are less convenient for repair and operation and water can stagnate in them.

The diameter of the pipes is taken by calculation in accordance with the instructions of SNiP 2.04.02-84. The diameter of the water supply pipes, combined with the fire-prevention one, for urban areas is not less than 100 mm and not more than 1000 mm. The minimum free head in the city water supply network for household and drinking water consumption at the entrance to the building above the ground is taken for a one-story building of at least 10 m, with a higher number of floors, 4 m is added to each floor, which makes it possible to use the water supply network to extinguish fires. For this purpose, along the entire length of the water supply network, after 150 m, special devices are installed for connecting fire hoses - hydrants. The norms stipulate that for external fire extinguishing, a water flow rate of 100 l / s is required.

Sewerage. Modern city improvement requires a well-developed sewage system for the timely removal of wastewater from the urban area, which, depending on the composition, is subdivided into household, industrial and storm (rain and melt) drains. For the disposal of wastewater in cities, combined, separate, semi-divided and combined methods are used.

The common method of sewerage is that all city wastewater is discharged through one pipe system. This type of sewerage is not widely used due to the significant rise in the cost of treatment facilities, but is used in St. Petersburg, Tbilisi, Samara, Riga, Vilnius and other cities.

With a separate method, two pipe networks are arranged. Through one pipe network, domestic and waste water is discharged, and through the other - rain and conditionally clean industrial waste water. In the cities of our country, the separate sewerage method is most common. However, it should be noted that at present it has a significant drawback, which is that surface runoff is discharged into water bodies, as a rule, without sufficient treatment, thereby contributing to their pollution. This method should be considered the most progressive, but it requires a high degree of storm water treatment.

The diameters of the sewer pipes of the system depend on the amount of wastewater, which is determined by the degree of improvement, i.e. water consumption rate, availability of hot water supply. So, the rate of waste water consumption with centralized hot water supply and the presence of a bath is 400 liters per day for 1 person, and with gas heating installations - 300 liters per day.

The sewerage route is selected using a technical and economic assessment of possible options. When laying pipelines, the distance from the outer surfaces of pipes to structures and utilities should be taken in accordance with SNiP 2.04.03-85, based on the conditions for protecting adjacent pipelines and performing work.

The smallest laying depth is taken in accordance with SNiP 2.04.03-85 for sewer pipes with a diameter of up to 500 mm by 0.3 m, for pipes of large diameter - 0.5 m less than the maximum depth of penetration into the ground of zero temperature, but not less than 0, 7 m to the top of the pipe, counting from the planning marks.

Power supply. Electricity supply to consumers is carried out by thermal power plants (TPP), hydroelectric power plants (HPP). The most promising nuclear power industry.

The main direction in the field of providing consumers with electricity is the creation of energy systems, such as the unified energy system of the European part of the country, united into the Unified energy system. The main consumers of electricity are cities. Their electricity consumption accounts for almost 80% of the total electricity consumption in the country. At present, about 20% of the consumed electricity is used for public utilities in the city, the rest falls on industry.

The city's power supply system consists of an external power supply network, a high-voltage (35 kV and higher) city network and medium and low voltage network devices with corresponding transforming installations. Electric networks are made in the form of overhead power lines (PTL) and cable gaskets. At present, the replacement of overhead high-voltage lines within the city limits with cable ones has been carried out, since the area occupied by overhead lines is hundreds of hectares.

Gas supply. The share of gas in the fuel and energy supply of cities continues to grow. Gas supply to cities is determined by the costs of industrial and housing and communal needs, and the latter are growing all the time, since the number of gasified apartments is increasing.

The gas supply system of a large city is a network of various pressures in combination with gas storage facilities and the necessary facilities to ensure the transportation and distribution of gas.

Gas is supplied to the city via several main gas pipelines that end with gas control stations (GDS). After the gas control station, gas enters the high-pressure network, which loops around the city and from it to consumers through the head gas control points (GRP).

To ensure the reliability of gas supply, urban networks are usually solved by circular and only in rare cases by dead ends. Gas pipelines, regardless of gas pressure, are usually laid underground along streets, city roads and inter-trunk areas.

Heat supply to cities provides for heat supply to housing and communal and industrial consumers. In cities, district heating is mainly used. District heating improves the environment as small boiler houses are eliminated with its development.

Heat consumption in a city depends mainly on climatic conditions, the degree of improvement, the number of storeys of development, the volume of buildings. Heat is consumed mainly for heating, hot water supply, ventilation and air conditioning, while in the city up to 40% of the total heat consumption is spent on housing and communal needs.

The main sources of heat for district heating of cities are combined heat and power plants (CHP), which generate both heat and electricity. In the future, for heat supply to cities, nuclear-fueled nuclear power plants or nuclear boilers, which will replace steam-turbine power plants and fossil fuel-fired boiler houses, can be widely used. Other energy sources, such as solar and geothermal energy, can also be used to supply heat to cities. City CHPPs and district boiler houses are located outside the residential area, in industrial and communal storage areas.

In accordance with SNiP 2.07.01-89 *, heat supply to cities and residential areas with buildings with a height of more than two floors must be centralized.

Trunk networks are located in the main directions from the heat source and consist of pipes of large diameters from 400 to 1200 mm. Distribution networks have a diameter of branch pipelines from the main ones from 100 to 300 mm, and the diameter of pipelines leading to consumers from 50 to 150 mm.

The route of heating networks in cities is laid in the technical strips allocated for engineering networks parallel to the red lines of streets, roads and driveways outside the carriageway and a strip of green spaces, but when justified, it is allowed to locate the heating mains under the carriageway or street sidewalk. Heating systems must not be laid along the edges of terraces, ravines or artificial excavations in case of subsiding soils.

The slope of heating networks, regardless of the direction of movement of the coolant and the method of installation, must be at least 0.002.

In SNiP 2.04.07-86 and SNiP 3.05.03-85, special conditions are given for the arrangement of intersections by heating networks of other underground structures.

6. Methods for laying underground engineering networks

There are several ways or techniques for laying underground networks:

Laying of underground networks separately in separate trenches;

The laying of underground networks is combined in a common trench;

The laying of underground networks is combined in through and semi-through collectors and channels;

Laying underground networks in impassable canals.

Distances from underground networks to buildings, structures, green spaces and to neighboring underground networks are regulated. The minimum values \u200b\u200bof these distances are given in SNiP 2.07.01-89 *.

When the width of the streets is more than 60 m within the red line, the water supply and sewerage networks are laid on both sides of the streets. When reconstructing carriageways of streets and roads, usually the networks located under them are transferred under dividing strips and sidewalks. An exception may be gravity-flowing networks of household and storm sewers.

Table 8

The smallest depth of nets, counting to their top

Conclusion

Thus, in this course work, I designed the transverse profile of the main street of city-wide importance, determined the width and position of its elements, roadways, sidewalks, strips of green spaces. The width of the carriageway is 36 m.

Bibliography

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