Economic analysis as a science and practice. Economic analysis as a science, its principles and connection with other sciences Economic analysis science is a system

The term " analysis”has its origin from the Greek language, where the word “analysis” means dismemberment, fragmentation of an object or phenomenon into separate elements in order to study this object or phenomenon in detail. The opposite is the concept synthesis" (it comes from the Greek word "synthesis"). Synthesis is a combination of individual components of an object or phenomenon into a single whole. Analysis and synthesis are two interrelated aspects of the process of studying any objects and phenomena.

Economic Sciences, including economic analysis, belong to the totality of the humanities, and the object of their research is economic processes and phenomena.

Economic analysis is included in a group of interrelated specific economic disciplines, which, in addition to it, includes control, audit, micro-and, and other sciences. They study the economic activity of organizations, but each from a certain point of view, characteristic only for it. Therefore, each of these sciences has its own, independent subject.

Economic analysis and its role in the management of the organization

Economic analysis(otherwise -) plays an important role in increasing the economic efficiency of organizations, in strengthening their financial condition. It is an economic science that studies economics of organizations, their activities in terms of assessing their work on the implementation of business plans, assessing their property and financial condition and in order to identify untapped reserves to improve the efficiency of organizations.

The subject of economic analysis is the property and financial condition and the current economic activity of organizations, studied from the point of view of its compliance with the tasks of business plans and in order to identify unused reserves to improve the efficiency of the organization.

Economic analysis is subdivided on the interior and external depending on the subjects of the analysis, that is, on the bodies that carry it out. The most complete and comprehensive is the internal analysis carried out by the functional departments and services of the organization. The external analysis carried out by debtors and creditors and others, as a rule, is limited to establishing the degree of stability of the financial condition of the analyzed organization, its liquidity, both at reporting dates and in the future.

Objects of economic analysis are the property and financial position of the organization, its production, supply and marketing, financial activities, the work of individual structural divisions of the organization (shops, production sites, teams).

Economic analysis as a science, as a branch of economic knowledge, and finally, as an academic discipline is closely interconnected with other specific economic sciences.

Laughter number 1. The relationship of economic analysis with various economic sciences

Economic analysis is a complex science that uses, along with its own, also the apparatus inherent in a number of other economic sciences. Economic analysis, like other economic sciences, studies the economics of individual objects, but from an angle peculiar only to it. It gives an assessment of the state of the economy of a given object, as well as its current economic activity.

Principles of economic analysis:

Scientific. Analysis must comply with the requirements of economic laws, use the achievements of science and technology.
Systems approach. Economic analysis must be carried out taking into account all the laws of the developing system, that is, to study the phenomena in their interconnection and interdependence.
Complexity. In the study, it is necessary to take into account the impact on the economic activity of the enterprise of many factors.
Research in dynamics. In the process of analysis, all phenomena should be considered in their development, which allows not only to understand them, but also to find out the causes of changes.
Highlighting the main goal. An important point in the analysis is the formulation of the research problem and the identification of the most important reasons that hinder production or hinder the achievement of the goal.
Concreteness and practical usefulness. The results of the analysis must necessarily have a numerical expression, and the reasons for the change in indicators must be specific, indicating the places of their occurrence and ways to eliminate them.

Method of economic analysis

The word "method" came into our language from the Greek language. In translation, it means "the path to something." Therefore, the method is, as it were, a way to achieve the goal. In relation to any science, a method is a way of studying the subject of this science. The methods of any sciences basically have a dialectical approach to the study of the objects and phenomena they consider. Economic analysis is no exception here.

The dialectical approach means that all processes and phenomena taking place in nature and society should be considered in their constant development, interconnection and interdependence. So economic analysis studies the indicators characterizing the activities of any organizations, comparing them over several reporting periods (in dynamics), as well as in their change. Further. Economic analysis considers various aspects of the organization's activities in unity and interconnection, as elements of a single process. So, for example, the volume of sales of products depends on its output, and the fulfillment of the planned target for profit depends mainly on

The method of economic analysis is determined by its subject and the challenges ahead.

Methods and techniques, used in , are subdivided into traditional, statistical and . They are discussed in detail in the relevant sections of the site.

In order to practically implement the use of the method of economic analysis, certain techniques have been developed. They are a set of methods and techniques used to optimally solve analytical problems.

The techniques used in economic analysis at individual stages of analytical work involve the use of various techniques and methods.

The key moment of the method of economic analysis is the calculation of the influence of individual factors on economic indicators. The relationship of economic phenomena is a joint change in two or more of these phenomena. There are various forms of interconnections between economic phenomena. The most significant among them is the causal relationship. Its essence lies in the fact that a change in one economic phenomenon is caused by a change in another economic phenomenon. Such a relationship is called deterministic, otherwise - a causal relationship. If two economic phenomena are connected by such a relationship, then the economic phenomenon, the change of which causes a change in the other, is called the cause, and the phenomenon that changes under the influence of the first is called the effect.

In economic analysis, those signs that characterize the cause are called factorial, independent. The same signs that characterize the consequence are usually called resultant, dependent.

See below:

So, in this paragraph, we examined the concept of the method of economic analysis, as well as the most important methods (methods, techniques) used in the analysis of the organization's activities. We will consider these methods and the order of their use in more detail in special sections of the site.

Tasks, sequence of conducting and procedure for processing the results of economic analysis

The most complete and deep is the internal (intraeconomic) analysis, carried out, as a rule, by the functional departments and services of a given organization. Therefore, internal analysis faces much more numerous tasks than external analysis.

The main tasks of the internal analysis of the organization's activities should be considered:

verification of the validity of the tasks of business plans and various standards;
determination of the degree of fulfillment of tasks of business plans and compliance with established standards;
calculation of the influence of individual on the magnitude of the deviation of the actual values of economic indicators from the base
finding on-farm reserves to further improve the efficiency of the organization and ways of mobilization, that is, the use of these reserves;

Of the listed tasks of internal economic analysis, the main task is to identify reserves in a given organization.

Before external analysis, in essence, there is only one task - to assess the degree both at a certain reporting date and in the future.

The results of the analysis carried out are the basis for the development and implementation of optimal ones that improve the efficiency of organizations.

In the process of conducting economic analysis, methods of induction and deduction.

Induction method(from particular to general) suggests that the study of economic phenomena begins with individual facts, situations and proceeds to the study of the economic process as a whole. Method same deduction(from general to particular) is characterized, on the contrary, by the transition from general indicators to particular ones, in particular, to the analysis of the influence of individual ones on generalizing ones.

The most important when conducting economic analysis is, of course, the deduction method, since the sequence of analysis usually involves the transition from the whole to its constituent elements, from synthetic, generalizing indicators of the organization's activities to analytical, factor indicators.

When an economic analysis is carried out, all aspects of the organization's activities, all the processes that make up the production and commercial cycle of the organization, are examined in their interconnection, interdependence and interdependence. Such a study is the key moment of the analysis. It bears the name.

After the end of the analysis, its results should be formalized in a certain way. For these purposes, explanatory notes to annual reports, as well as certificates or conclusions based on the results of the analysis are used.

Explanatory notes intended for external users of analytical information. Consider what should be the content of these notes.

They should reflect the level of development of the organization, the conditions in which its activities take place, it should be characterized, on it, data on product sales markets, etc. Information should also be provided on the stage at which each type of product is on the market. (These include stages of introduction, growth and development, maturity, saturation and decline). In addition, it is necessary to provide information about the competitors of this organization.

Then, data on the main economic indicators should be presented for several periods.

Those factors that have influenced the organization's activities and its results should be indicated. one should also cite those measures that are planned to eliminate shortcomings in the activities of the organization, as well as to increase the efficiency of this activity.

References, as well as conclusions based on the results of the economic analysis, may have more detailed content compared to explanatory notes. As a rule, references and conclusions do not contain generalized characteristics of the organization and the conditions for its functioning. The main emphasis here is on describing reserves and how to use them.

The results of the study can also be presented in non-textual form. In this case, the analytical documents contain only a set of analytical tables and there is no text characterizing the economic activity of the organization. This form of registration of the results of the conducted economic analysis is now being used more and more widely.

In addition to the considered forms of processing the results of the analysis, the introduction of the most important of them into certain sections will also be applied. economic passport of the organization.

These are the main forms of generalization and presentation of the results of the economic analysis. It should be borne in mind that the presentation of the material in explanatory notes, as well as in other analytical documents, should be clear, simple and concise, and should also be linked to analytical tables.

Types of economic analysis and their role in the management of the organization

Financial and managerial economic analysis

Economic analysis can be subdivided into different types according to certain characteristics.

First of all, economic analysis is usually divided into two main types - the financial analysis and managerial analysis- depending on the content of the analysis, the functions it performs and the tasks facing it.

The financial analysis, in turn can be subdivided into external and internal. The first is carried out by statistical authorities, higher organizations, suppliers, buyers, shareholders, audit firms, etc. The main the task of external financial analysis is , its and. It is carried out at the organization itself by the forces of its accounting department, financial department, planning department, and other functional services. Internal financial analysis solves a much wider range of tasks compared to the external one. Internal analysis studies the effectiveness of the use of equity and borrowed capital, explores, identifies reserves for the growth of the latter and strengthening the financial condition of the organization. Internal financial analysis, therefore, is aimed at developing and implementing optimal ones that contribute to improving the financial performance of a given organization.

Management analysis, as opposed to financial is internal. It is carried out by the services and departments of this organization. He studies issues related to the organizational and technical level and other conditions of production, using certain types of production resources (,), analyzes, her.

Types of economic analysis depending on the functions and tasks of the analysis

Depending on the content, functions and tasks of the analysis, the following types of analysis are also distinguished: socio-economic, economic-statistical, economic-environmental, marketing, investment, functional-cost (FSA), etc.

Socio-economic analysis examines the relationship and interdependence between social and economic phenomena.

Economic and statistical analysis used to study mass socio-economic phenomena. Economic-ecological analysis studies the relationship and interaction between the state of ecology and economic phenomena.

Marketing Analysis aims to study the markets for raw materials and materials, as well as the markets for finished products, the ratio of these products, the products of this organization, the level of prices for products, etc.

Investment analysis is aimed at choosing the most effective options for the investment activities of organizations.

Functional cost analysis(FSA) is a method of systematic study of the functions of a product, or any production and economic process, or a certain level of management. This method aims to minimize the cost of designing, mastering production, selling products, as well as industrial and domestic consumption of these products, given their high quality, maximum utility (including durability).

Depending on the aspects of the study, there are two main types (directions) of analysis of economic activity:

financial and economic analysis;
technical and economic analysis.

The first type of analysis studies the influence of economic factors on the implementation of business plans in terms of financial indicators.

A feasibility study examines the impact of engineering, technology and production organization factors on economic performance.

Depending on the completeness of coverage of the organization's activities, two types of analysis of economic activity can be distinguished: full (complex) and thematic (partial) analysis. The first type of analysis covers all aspects of the financial and economic activities of the organization. Thematic analysis studies the effectiveness of certain aspects of the organization's activities. Economic analysis can also be divided according to the objects of study. Microeconomic and macroeconomic analysis. Microeconomic analysis studies the activities of individual economic units. It can be divided into three main types: intrashop, shop and factory analysis.

Macroeconomic it can be sectoral, that is, to study the functioning of a particular sector of the economy or industry, territorial, which analyzes the economy of individual regions, and, finally, intersectoral, which studies the functioning of the economy as a whole.

a separate feature classification of types of economic analysis is a division of the latter by subjects of analysis. They are understood as those bodies and persons who carry out the analysis.

The subjects of economic analysis can be divided into two groups.

Directly interested in the activities of the organization. This group may include the owners of the organization's funds, tax authorities, banks, suppliers, buyers, management of the organization, individual functional services of the organization being analyzed.
Subjects of analysis indirectly interested in the activities of the organization. This includes legal organizations, audit firms, consulting firms, trade union bodies, etc.

Economic analysis depending on the timing

Depending on the time of the analysis (in other words, on the frequency of its implementation), there are: preliminary, operational, final and prospective analysis.

preliminary analysis allows you to assess the state of this object when developing a business plan. For example, the production capacity of the organization is assessed, whether it is able to provide the planned volume of production.

Operational(otherwise current) analysis is carried out on a daily basis, directly in the course of the current activities of the organization.

final(subsequent, or retrospective) analysis examines the effectiveness of the economic activities of organizations for the past period.

Perspective analysis is used to determine expected results in the coming period.

Forward-looking analysis is critical to ensure the success of the organization in the future. This type of analysis examines possible options for the development of the organization and outlines ways to achieve optimal results.

Types of economic analysis depending on the research methodology

Depending on the methodology used to study objects in the economic literature, it is customary to subdivide the analysis of economic activity into the following types: quantitative, qualitative, express analysis, fundamental, marginal, economic and mathematical.

Quantitative(otherwise) analysis is based on quantitative comparisons, measurement, comparison of indicators and the study of the influence of individual factors on economic indicators.

Qualitative Analysis uses qualitative comparative assessments, characteristics, as well as expert assessments of the analyzed economic phenomena.

Express analysis- this is a way to assess the economic and financial condition of the organization on the basis of certain signs that express certain economic phenomena. Fundamental analysis is based on a comprehensive, detailed study of economic phenomena, usually based on the use of economic-statistical and economic-mathematical research methods.

Margin Analysis explores ways to optimize the amount of profit received as a result of sales of products, works, services. Economic and mathematical analysis is based on the use of a complex mathematical apparatus, with the help of which the optimal solution for any economic and mathematical model is established.

Dynamic and static economic analysis

According to its nature, economic analysis can be divided into two following: dynamic and static. The first type of analysis is based on the study of economic indicators taken in their dynamics, that is, in the process of their change, development over time, for several reporting periods. In the process of dynamic analysis, indicators of absolute growth, growth rate, growth rate, absolute value of one percent growth are determined and analyzed, and dynamic series are constructed and analyzed. Static analysis assumes that the studied economic indicators are static, that is, unchanged.

According to the spatial basis, economic analysis can be divided into the following two types: internal (on-farm) and inter-farm (comparative). The first one studies the activities of this organization and its structural divisions. In the second type, the economic indicators of two or more organizations are compared (the analyzed organization with others).

According to the methods of studying the object of analysis, it is divided into the following types: complex, system analysis, continuous analysis, selective analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, etc. The most important is a comprehensive final analysis of the activities of organizations, comprehensively studying their work for the reporting period; the results of this analysis are used for both short-term and long-term forecasting.

Operational economic analysis

Operational economic analysis applied at all levels of government. The share of operational analysis in making optimal management decisions increases with approach to individual organizations and their structural divisions.

The most important feature of operational analysis is that it is as close as possible in time to the implementation of individual phases of the production and commercial cycle of a given organization. operational analysis promptly establishes the causes of existing shortcomings and their perpetrators, reveals reserves and promotes their timely use.

Final economic analysis

plays a very important role in the development of optimal final, subsequent analysis. The most important source of information for such an analysis is the reporting of the organization.

Final analysis gives a refined assessment of the organization's activities and its results for a certain period, ensures the identification of reasonable values of reserves to increase the efficiency of the organization's activities, seeks ways to mobilize, that is, use these reserves. The results of the final analysis carried out by the organization itself are reflected in the explanatory note to the annual report.

The final analysis is the most complete type of analysis of the economic activities of the organization.

The term "analysis" (from the Greek word analisis) means dismemberment, decomposition in this case of the object under study into parts, elements, into components inherent in this object (mental or real). Analysis in the broad sense of the word is understood as a way of knowing objects and phenomena of the environment, based on the division of the whole into its constituent parts and the study of them in all the variety of connections and dependencies. Without analysis, the conscious activity of people is generally impossible today. Analysis appears in a dialectical, contradictory unity with the concept of "synthesis" (from the Greek word sinthesis), meaning the combination of previously dissected elements of the object under study into a single whole. Analysis without synthesis is impossible, because conclusions and conclusions contain something new, which differs from previous concepts and ideas.

In practice, various types of analysis are used: physical; chemical; mathematical; statistical; economic. This course will focus on economic analysis.

The main goal of business management is to increase profits, increase the efficiency of activities, and the stability of the enterprise in the market. Economic analysis allows you to find opportunities and reserves to improve the work of the enterprise, increase competitiveness, improve the financial condition and results of its activities, optimize planning. The desire of enterprises to improve their own position and ensure the stability of the development of economic activity makes economic analysis relevant.

The economic activity of an organization is understood as any operation that leads to a change in its capital - this is economic activity. Therefore, the analysis of economic activity, in fact, is an economic analysis.

Economic analysis as a science is a system of special knowledgerelated:

With the study of economic processes in their interconnection, emerging under the influence of objective economic laws and factors (reasons) of an objective and subjective order;

With the scientific substantiation of investment strategies, business plans, with an objective assessment of their implementation;

With diagnostics - assessment of the state of different types and areas of economic activity according to various indicators and criteria;

With the identification of positive and negative factors and the quantitative measurement of their impact;

With the disclosure of trends and proportions of economic development, with the definition of untapped economic reserves for improving the work of the organization;

Risk minimization and management;

With the generalization of best practices, the adoption of optimal management decisions.

The following main tasks are set before economic analysis and analysis of economic activity in management practice:

1) increasing the scientific and economic validity of business plans and standards in the process of their development;

2) an objective and comprehensive study of the implementation of business plans and compliance with standards according to accounting and reporting data;

3) determination of the economic efficiency of the use of labor (human), material and financial resources (separately and in aggregate);

4) control over the implementation of the requirements of commercial accounting;

5) identification of bottlenecks and measurement of internal reserves at all stages of the production process;

6) minimization of economic risks;

7) testing the optimality of management decisions (at all levels of the organizational management hierarchy).

Bottlenecks of economic activity are called problem areas of the organization's work, which do not allow to achieve the desired results.

Like any science, economic analysis has its own subject - the economic processes of enterprises, the final results of their activities, which are formed under the influence of objective and subjective factors and are reflected in the system of economic information 1 .

Analysis in the system of planning and forecasting.

It is known that the management system consists of planning, accounting, analysis and management decision-making. In the process of scientific and practical development of the economy, analysis becomes more and more interconnected with the function of planning and forecasting. Reasonable planning and forecasting are impossible without deep analysis.

Economic analysis ensures the preparation of information for planning, assessment of the quality and validity of planned indicators, verification and objective assessment of the implementation of plans. At the same time, the results of the implementation of previous plans are taken into account, trends in the development of the enterprise's economy are studied, additional reserves are identified and taken into account, predicted results are calculated, the possibilities of positive or negative outcomes are considered when using certain areas, methods, techniques and means, management decisions in achieving goals and objectives business in the short and long term, minimization of probable losses is ensured, scenarios are developed to overcome possible negative outcomes.

Anti-crisis management is impossible without analysis. Analysis is a means not only of substantiating plans, but also of monitoring their implementation. Continuous control and analysis of planning is called monitoring of planned indicators.

Methods of economic analysis play an important role in the budgeting system. They are a set of management processes that ensure the life cycle of the organization's budget: budget development (including coordination and approval), control over its execution (assessment of compliance with planned and actual data), as well as analysis of the causes of deviations of actual data from planned ones. Budgeting forms a system of planning, accounting, control and analysis of purchases, sales and distribution costs, aimed at achieving planned indicators for costs and profits.

Thus, economic analysis is the main tool for planning, forecasting, budgeting. It increases the reliability and accuracy of budget calculations, planning and forecasts, making them scientifically sound.

The most important function in management is accounting, namely the collection, systematization and generalization of the data necessary to manage the activities of the enterprise and monitor the progress of the plans. But the accounting function cannot by itself provide management optimization. Evaluation of the data taken into account, identification of the best opportunities, use of strengths and achieved results of economic activity is required. It is necessary to identify priorities and directions in activities, to make conscious and economically sound decisions. For this, an economic analysis is carried out.

Complexity and consistency of economic analysis.

A set of methods of economic analysis is used in complex economic analysis. A comprehensive analysis includes the study of all aspects of the economic activity of the organization. However, it is necessary that specific data on different types of activities be organically linked to each other in a single integrated system.

Therefore, a comprehensive economic analysis is a systematic study of the economy of an enterprise (organization) as a single set of interrelated interacting elements. The systematization of elements is carried out on the basis of studying their interrelation and interdependence, i.e. consideration of individual divisions of the enterprise, areas of analysis, indicators, factors, trends, laws and patterns as part of a single economic mechanism. At the same time, a comprehensive search for reserves is carried out for individual and general performance indicators. If the requirements of complexity are not met, the analysis may turn out to be incomplete, incomplete, distorted. For example, an increase in sales revenue in the reporting period does not yet indicate an improvement in the work of the organization as a whole, since changes in costs, product prices, inflation, etc. have not yet been taken into account. And if the growth of costs exceeds the growth of revenue, the financial result worsens. The financial result may not improve even in the case when the increase in revenue was achieved only due to an increase in the inflation rate, which ensured an increase in prices for goods without an increase in the physical volume of sales. Thus, these indicators interact in the form of a single system that forms the result, and they need to be considered in mutual coordination.

Failure to meet this requirement leads to unilateral solutions that give rise to new contradictions (sometimes more serious than those being solved) or deepen existing problems. In a comprehensive analysis of the management system, one should also take into account the interconnection, the unity of political, economic and social, environmental conditions and consequences. Pursuing the goals of improving economic performance and at the same time ignoring the material condition of employees, the development of the social sphere, the management of the enterprise may miss the emergence of problems with personnel, which ultimately lead to a deterioration in the work of the enterprise.

Management accounting consists of systematic traditional and problem accounting aimed at developing management decisions in the interests of the owners and management of the organization. Management accounting is not regulated by the state, its organization and methods are determined by the management of the enterprise, it puts managerial tasks at the forefront in the activities of an accountant, the solution of which requires knowledge not only of traditional accounting, especially cost accounting, but also planning, statistics, analysis of economic activity, developed mathematical apparatus and modern computer technology. With this understanding, management accounting is actually accounting, planning, statistics and analysis of economic activity, which are considered as a whole.

The information base of management analysis is the entire system of official and unofficial information about the activities of the enterprise - regulatory, planning information, economic accounting, including operational, accounting and statistical accounting data, external public and the entire internal reporting system, other types of information.

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1. Subject, content and objectives of financial analysis

financial on-farm reserve economic

Economic analysis as a science is a system of special knowledge based on the laws of development and functioning of systems and aimed at understanding the methodology for assessing, diagnosing and forecasting the financial and economic activities of an enterprise. Economic analysis has developed in economic research as an independent applied special science, which has its own subject and method of research. Economic analysis as a science is a system of special knowledge about the methods and techniques of research used to process and analyze the economic activities of organizations (enterprises).

Economic analysis as a science is a system of special knowledge related to:

a) with the study of economic processes in their interrelation, emerging under the influence of objective economic laws and factors of a subjective order;

b) with the scientific substantiation of business plans, with an objective assessment of their implementation;

c) with the identification of positive and negative factors and the quantitative measurement of their action;

d) with the disclosure of trends and proportions of economic development, with the determination of unused on-farm reserves;

e) with the generalization of experience, with the adoption of optimal management decisions.

It should be noted that the economic activity of an organization is the object of study of many sciences, including accounting and auditing, statistics, macro- and microeconomics, management, etc. At the same time, each of them explores the economic processes of an organization with a certain, only her own point of view and only her own methods and techniques.

The identification of a specific and significant side in the objects and processes of research by a particular science makes it possible to single it out as an independent branch of knowledge and establish its subject. Defining the subject of science is one of the most difficult methodological problems.

It is far from immediately possible to find a formulation of the subject that does not cause objections and is equally acceptable to all researchers. This also applies to economic analysis. In the specialized literature, one can find various formulations of its subject. However, they all have common features, which allows us to distinguish several groups among them, where the subject is indicated:

* economic activity of the organization;

* business processes;

* detailed composition of objects;

* results of activities and goals of the analysis;

* information flow;

* changes in business processes;

* causal relationships of economic processes.

In almost all types of definitions, attention is focused on one or more objects (economic processes) chosen as the subject of analysis.

In the specialized literature on the analysis of economic activity, one can find dozens of very different formulations of the subject of economic analysis. Such diversity is inevitable because, as noted by a wide range of scientific researchers, the content of the subject is always richer than its most detailed definitions.

All definitions of the subject of economic analysis, which are contained in the works of Soviet and Russian economists, are usually divided into several characteristic groups.

The first of them includes “formulations by M.Z. Rubinova, P.I. Savicheva, M.F. Dyachkoy, M.I. Bakanov, according to which the subject of economic analysis is understood as the economic processes taking place in enterprises.

The second group of definitions is distinguished by the interpretation of the subject of economic analysis as the direct economic activity of enterprises, associations and higher levels. This “approach is typical for the works of I.I. Poklad, N.V. Dembinsky, S.B. Barngolts, who emphasize the need to reflect economic activity in planning, reporting, accounting and other sources of information. In other words, according to these authors, only documented events can be the subject of analysis.”

And finally, in the last group of definitions given by E.V. Dolgopolov, G.V. Savitskaya, N.P. Lyubushin, the subject of economic analysis is understood as the economy of enterprises, considered as a set of production relations in the process of production and distribution of the created product, the use of production resources. HELL. Sheremet connects the subject of analysis through production relations with economic accounting, the technical side of production, natural conditions and the social development of teams. His textbook defines:

"The subject of economic analysis is the economic processes of enterprises, their socio-economic efficiency and the final financial results of their activities, which are formed under the influence of objective and subjective factors and are reflected through the system of economic information."

The subject of economic analysis can be characterized as causal relationships of economic processes and adequate methods and techniques for measuring the strength of their impact. The most important, generalizing, essential thing that explores economic analysis is the movement of economic processes, the causes, factors that determine the situation in the organization's activities, and their consequences. Equally important is the choice of appropriate techniques and methods for measuring causal relationships. The use of adequate and modern methods and techniques of economic analysis makes it possible to objectively measure and evaluate the nature of the relationships, the quantitative parameters of the factors that influenced the change in indicators reflecting the development of economic processes, and on this basis to develop and make reasonable cost-effective management decisions.

Based on the variety of ongoing economic processes, various subject areas of economic analysis are distinguished. Usually these are:

* design solutions;

* investment activity;

* financial activities;

* industrial activity;

* other subject areas of analysis.

Given the differences in the subject areas of economic analysis, we can talk about specific types of analysis, for example, economic analysis of design solutions, economic analysis of investment activities, economic analysis of financial and economic activities, etc.

The subject of the theory of economic analysis are methods, rules, techniques for assessing, diagnosing, predicting the behavior of business entities.

The purpose of the theory of economic analysis is to study and improve the methodology for assessing, diagnosing and forecasting the activities of an enterprise. This goal involves, on the one hand, the study of the laws of development and functioning of systems for their subsequent use in economic analysis, and on the other hand, the development of analysis methods adequate to various states, stages, stages of development of systems and specific tasks of analysis. The goals of the theory of economic analysis are achieved as a result of solving problems, which primarily include the task of providing the analyst and manager with a system of special knowledge on the choice of methods, methods and techniques for economic analysis of certain situations.

* studying the nature of the action of economic laws, establishing patterns and trends in economic phenomena and processes in the specific conditions of the enterprise;

* monitoring the implementation of plans, forecasts, management decisions, the effective use of the economic potential of the enterprise;

* study of the influence of objective and subjective, external and internal factors on the results of economic activity, which allows you to objectively evaluate the work of the enterprise, make the correct diagnosis of its state and development forecast for the future, identify the main directions for searching for reserves to increase its efficiency;

* search for reserves to improve production efficiency based on the study of best practices and achievements of science and practice;

* assessment of the degree of financial and operational risks and the development of internal mechanisms for managing them in order to strengthen the market position of the enterprise and increase the profitability of the business;

* development of a draft management decision to eliminate identified shortcomings and develop reserves to improve the efficiency of economic activity.

1. The free interaction of market entities, competition, burdened by forensic tendencies and the oppression of monopolies, commercial risk and the uncertainty of obtaining the expected economic benefits, the likelihood of the expected damage occurring or obtaining a result below the required value highlight the problem of choice. Hence, the task of substantiating the choice of optimal business solutions from the available alternatives becomes very relevant for analysis.

2. The system of economic analysis and evaluation of the activities of economic entities, developed in scientific and methodological aspects, makes it possible to identify, systematize and update the solution of the most complex and frequently occurring economic situations and develop the most effective recommendations for their elimination and way out of the current situation.

3. The theory of economic analysis should offer economic entities a wide range of tools and means to achieve the desired results (for example, minimizing costs, maintaining a balance between profitability and financial stability, preventing economic crises) and developing methods for diagnosing the likelihood of bankruptcy, etc.

4. Economic practice requires the use in the analysis of multidimensional assessments of the effectiveness of economic activity with the ability to solve social, environmental and humanitarian problems, the problems of using net profit and its capitalization, etc.

5. The theory of analysis is faced with the task of substantiating a new understanding of financial success, which is not profit maximization, but the successful elimination of the influence of uncertainty and risk: to a lesser extent - ensuring liquidity and profitability, and to a greater extent - achieving "shareholder welfare" taking into account commercial risks, which will ensure the necessary financial stability in the future.

6. An urgent task is to improve the methods for conducting such types of analysis as prospective, predictive, operational, marginal, functional cost and complex economic.

A look ahead of the consequences is relevant because it makes it possible to avoid the likely future bad business results, which is more important for the business than to correct the actual damage.

7. Improving the methods of studying the market and partners in it can be considered as an important independent task of analysis.

8. Not only modern methods of analysis are needed, but also their practical relevance by dynamically developing organizations with a large charge of high technologies, intelligence, creativity and responsibility. Analyst and manager must work in an interactive mode.

9. The implementation of traditional tasks of economic analysis, such as the mobilization of identified reserves for increasing production efficiency and strengthening its intensification, in the current economic situation is complicated by the need to take into account uncertainty and commercial risks, the probabilistic nature of events and their estimates, inflationary processes, modern characteristics of the cost of cash flows and etc. All this requires the improvement of the theory of economic analysis, without which it is not possible to strengthen its role in business management. It should be noted that among the methods and techniques of analysis, mathematical techniques come to the fore, including stochastic modeling, financial assessment techniques, the use of optimization models, etc.

2. Assessment of business activity

Business activity is characterized by qualitative and quantitative indicators. Qualitative criteria are: the breadth of sales markets (both internal and external), the business reputation of the organization and its customers, the competitiveness of the product, etc.

Quantification is given in two directions:

study of the dynamics and ratio of growth rates of absolute indicators: the main estimated indicators of the organization's activities (revenue and profit) and the average value of assets;

study of the values and dynamics of relative indicators characterizing the level of efficiency in the use of advanced and consumed resources of the organization.

When studying the comparative dynamics of the absolute indicators of business activity, compliance with the following optimal ratio, called the "golden rule of the organization's economy" is assessed: business - activity - revenue - sales.

Trchp > TrV > TrA > 100%,

where Trchp - the growth rate of net profit;

ТрВ - growth rate of sales proceeds;

TrA - the growth rate of the average value of assets.

However, deviations from this ideal dependence are also possible, and they should not always be regarded as negative. In particular, very common reasons are: the development of new promising areas for capital investment, the reconstruction and modernization of existing industries, etc. Such activities are always associated with significant investments of financial resources, which for the most part do not give a quick return, but in the future they can stimulate the economic company growth.

The implementation of the first ratio (Trchp > TrV) means an increase in the profitability of activities:

(Rd): Rd \u003d CHP / V * 100

The fulfillment of the second ratio (TrB > TrA) means the acceleration of asset turnover:

(Oa): Oa = B / A * 100

The outpacing growth in net profit compared to the increase in assets (TRPP > TRA) means an increase in the net profitability of assets:

(ChRa): CHRa=CHP / A * 100

The fulfillment of the last inequality (an increase in the average value of assets in dynamics) means an expansion of property potential. However, its implementation needs to be ensured only in the long term.

In the short term (within a year), a deviation from this ratio is acceptable if, for example, it is caused by a decrease in receivables or optimization of non-current assets and stocks. To implement the second direction, various indicators can be calculated that characterize the efficiency of the use of material, labor and financial resources.

1. Labor productivity. The indicator characterizes the generalized "financial" labor productivity and is defined as the share of annual revenue per one average employee.

2. Return on assets. The indicator characterizes the share of annual revenue attributable to 1 ruble of fixed assets.

3. Turnover of funds in settlements (in turnover). Characterizes the speed of turnover of receivables and the average number of days required for its repayment; the reciprocal of this indicator is the repayment ratio of receivables.

4. Inventory turnover (in turnovers) characterizes the rate of inventory turnover and the average time required for their write-off to the cost of production.

5. The turnover of accounts payable (in turnovers) characterizes the average time during which creditors' accounts will remain unpaid.

6. Duration of the financial cycle (in days). The financial cycle, or the cycle of circulation of cash, is the time during which funds are diverted from circulation. The operating cycle characterizes the total time during which financial resources are dead in stocks and receivables. Since the company pays supplier invoices with a time lag, the time during which funds are diverted from circulation, i.e. the financial cycle, is less by the average time of accounts payable circulation. The shortening of the operating and financial cycles in dynamics is seen as a positive trend. If the reduction in the operating cycle can be achieved by accelerating the production process and the turnover of receivables, then the financial cycle can be reduced both due to these factors, and due to some non-critical slowdown in the turnover of accounts payable.

7. Turnover ratios of own and total capital (resource return). They characterize the volume of sold products per ruble of funds invested in the activities of the enterprise. The growth of the indicator in dynamics is considered as a favorable trend.

8. The coefficient of sustainability of economic growth shows at what average pace an enterprise can develop in the future without changing the already established ratio between various sources of financing, capital productivity, profitability of production, dividend policy, etc.

Relative indicators of business activity characterize the level of efficiency in the use of the organization's resources, which is assessed using indicators of the turnover of certain types of property and its total value and the profitability of the organization's funds and their sources.

In the general case, the turnover of funds invested in property is estimated by the following main indicators: the turnover rate (the number of revolutions that the capital of the enterprise or its components make during the analyzed period) and the turnover period - the average period for which one turnover of funds takes place.

The faster the funds are turned over, the more products the organization produces and sells with the same amount of capital. Thus, the main effect of the acceleration of turnover is to increase sales without additional attraction of financial resources. In addition, since after the completion of the turnover, the capital returns with an increment in the form of profit, the acceleration of turnover leads to an increase in profit.

On the other hand, the lower the turnover rate of assets, primarily current (current), the greater the need for financing. External financing is costly and subject to certain restrictive conditions. Own sources of capital increase are limited, first of all, by the possibility of obtaining the necessary profit. Thus, by managing the turnover of assets, the organization gets the opportunity to be less dependent on external sources of funds and increase its liquidity.

The duration of funds in circulation is determined by the combined influence of a number of multidirectional external and internal factors. The first should include the scope of the enterprise, industry affiliation, the scale of the enterprise and a number of others. The economic situation in the country, the established system of non-cash payments and the associated business conditions of enterprises have no less impact on the turnover of assets.

Thus, inflationary processes, the lack of established economic relations with suppliers and buyers lead to a forced accumulation of stocks, which significantly slows down the process of turnover of funds.

However, it should be emphasized that the period of funds in circulation is largely determined by the internal conditions of the organization's activities, and primarily by the effectiveness of its asset management strategy (or lack of it). Profitability indicators are relative characteristics of the financial results and performance of the enterprise. They measure the profitability of an enterprise from various positions and are grouped according to the interests of the participants in the economic process.

Table 1. Initial data for calculating the influence of factors on capital productivity

Indicators	Conventions	Prior year	Reporting year	Rate of dynamics, %

Output of goods and services (excluding intra-factory turnover) in actual prices (excluding VAT and excise tax), thousand rubles
The average annual cost of fixed assets of the main activity, thousand rubles.
Average annual cost of machinery and equipment, thousand rubles
Average annual cost of installed equipment, thousand rubles
Average annual cost of operating equipment, thousand rubles
Number of operating equipment
Number of working days, days

Number of machine-(machine-) hours worked, thous.
Factor of machinery and equipment (p. 3: p. 2)
Installed equipment ratio (page 4: page 3)
Live equipment ratio (p. 5: p. 4)
Average cost of a piece of equipment, rub. (page 5: page 6)
Shift ratio (p. 8): p. 6*7))
Shift duration, hours (p. 9: p. 8)
Equipment productivity, rub. (page 1: page 9)
Capital productivity, rub. (page 1: page 2)

Table 2. Calculation of the influence of factors on the return on assets

Name of factors	The initial value of return on assets rub.	Percentage of indicator change, %	Return on assets, taking into account changes in the analyzed indicators, rub. (gr. 1*2):100	Influence on the return on assets of individual factors, rub. (gr. 3-gr. 1)

Coefficient of machines and equipment
Installed equipment ratio
Operating Equipment Factor
Average unit cost
Number of days of equipment operation
Adjacency ratio
Shift duration
Equipment duration

Table 3. Dynamics of the composition of the wage fund for workers and employees

	Prior year	Reporting year	Deviation (+, -)
	Amount, thousand rubles	Specific weight, %	Amount, thousand rubles	Specific weight, %	Amount, thousand rubles	Specific weight, %

1. Workers
Payment by piece rates
Time payment at tariff rates

Other awards

Payment for full-day downtime and hours of intra-shift downtime


Other types of wages

2. Employees
Basic salary payment
Performance Awards
Other awards
Compensation based on performance for the year
Payment of annual and additional holidays
Remuneration for long service, work experience
Other types of wages

Total wage fund for workers and employees

Table 4. Analysis of material costs for the release of the product

materials	Base period	Reporting period	Reporting value in comparable prices, thousand rubles	Cost deviation
	Quantity		Cost, thousand rubles	Quantity	The price of a unit of material, thousand rubles.	Cost, thousand rubles	Incl. at the expense
							quantities

1. Released for production of material "A" 1.1 Waste: a) refundable b) irrevocable 1.2 Product costs (clause 1 - clause 1.1)
2. Material "B"
3. Material "B"
4. Material "D"
Total per item

List of used literature

1. Federal Law No. 135-FZ of July 29, 1998 (as amended on December 28, 2010) “On Valuation Activities in the Russian Federation” (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on July 16, 1998) (as amended and supplemented, effective from 01.04. 2011).

2. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 19, 1997 N 1605 "On additional measures to stimulate business activity and attract investment in the economy of the Russian Federation".

3. A.N. Zverev, F.F. Glisin - Business activity of the industry in the first half of the year./Handbook. No. 2, 2010 - 68 p.

4. Analysis and evaluation of business activity. Estimation of enterprise profitability / A.S. Palamarchuk // Reference book of the economist. No. 12, 2009 - 30 p.

5. Kovalev V.V. The financial analysis. - M.: Statistics, 2011 - 112 p.

6. Lyubushin N.P., Leshcheva V.B., Dyakova V.G. Analysis of financial - economic activity. - M.: UNITY - DANA, 2010 -98 p.

7. Aleseeva A.I. Comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity. - M.: Statistics, 2009 - 72 p.

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Foreword

The textbook offered to readers will help to master the theoretical foundations of the economic analysis of economic activity in combination with production (management) and financial analysis.

Economic analysis is seen as a scientific discipline designed to:

Understanding the essence of economic phenomena and processes, their relationship and interdependence;

Systematization and modeling of factor models;

Determining the influence of factors on the results of the organization's activities;

Identification and calculation of economic reserves for business development;

Mastering the skills of organizing analytical work at the enterprise and improving the scientific and economic validity of business plans.

The study of economic analysis contributes to the formation of the competence-qualification characteristics of the graduate.

This textbook complies with the State Educational Standard of the specialty 060400 "Finance and Credit" and 060500 - "Accounting, Analysis and Audit".

Question 1
Subject, object and content of economic analysis

Term "analysis" comes from the Greek word analysis "decomposition, dismemberment".

Economic analysis is a way of cognition of objects and phenomena of the environment, based on the division of the whole into its constituent parts and the study of them in all the variety of connections and dependencies. For example, in order to understand the essence of the cost of production, it is necessary to know not only what cost items are included in it, but also on what factors the value of each type of expenditure depends.

Economic analysis is revealed through concepts such as theory of knowledge, judgment, conclusion, scientific abstraction, thinking.

The theory of knowledge determines the essence, necessity and sequence of economic analysis. The object of knowledge is practice and human thinking. Thinking as a creative process involves judgment and inference. Through judgment, something is denied or affirmed. Judgment can be from the particular to the general (induction) and vice versa from the general to the particular (deduction).

Induction and deduction are inextricably linked with each other and together represent an inference. The inductive-deductive way of thinking, which has undergone logical processing of objective data, reveals the essence of the studied economic phenomena, allows you to identify certain patterns and make competent management decisions.

Under subject economic analysis understand:

Economic processes of enterprises, socio-economic efficiency and final financial results of their activities, formed under the influence of objective and subjective factors, reflected through the system of economic information;

Causal relationships of economic phenomena and processes, i.e., the causes of changes, the knowledge of which allows us to determine the essence of economic phenomena and, on this basis, give a correct assessment and justification for any managerial decision.

Recently, most scientific researchers consider the economic processes of organizations, including organizational and production, commercial, financial, social, technical and technological spheres of activity, to be the subject of economic analysis.

Objects of analysis are the results of economic processes. These are indicators of sources and means of fixed and working capital, investment and innovation activities, efficiency in the use of enterprise resources, production volume, sales, profit and profitability. For example, in any field of activity, the objects of analysis include the production and sale of products, the provision of works and services, their cost, financial results, the degree of use of various types of resources (capital productivity, material intensity, labor productivity, etc.).

Question 2
Principles of economic analysis

Economic analysis, like any science, has principles or requirements that it must comply with.

Question 3
The purpose and objectives of economic analysis

Target economic analysis of the financial and economic activities of organizations is to find and measure reserves to improve production efficiency, increase competitiveness and financial stability. Tasks economic analysis:

Establishment of patterns and trends of economic phenomena and processes in the specific conditions of the enterprise. For example, the law of outstripping growth of labor productivity in relation to the level of its payment must be fulfilled not only on the scale of the entire national economy, but also at each specific enterprise and in its divisions;

Scientific substantiation of long-term plans and forecasts. Without a deep economic analysis of the results of the enterprise's activities over the past 5-10 years, without identifying the shortcomings and advantages that have taken place, it is impossible to develop a reasonable plan, choose the best option for a management decision;

Differentiation of subjective and objective reasons for the deviation of actual indicators from the base ones and their quantitative measurement;

Evaluation of the results of the company's activities in terms of the implementation of plans, the achieved level of economic development, the use of available resources and the potential of the organization, the choice of the optimal management decision;

Forecasting indicators for the future and developing measures for the use of identified reserves;

Control over the implementation of the developed measures, the implementation of the level of planned indicators and the economical use of resources.

Question 4
Classification of types of economic analysis

Types of economic analysis are classified:

according to the content and completeness of the studied objects(comprehensive analysis of all economic activities, local analysis of individual units, thematic analysis of individual issues). At integrated analysis of the activity of the enterprise is studied comprehensively, and when thematic - only its individual aspects, which at a certain moment are of the greatest interest;

by methods, study of objects(comparative, factorial, marginal, economic and mathematical, stochastic, functional cost, diagnostic analysis (express analysis)).

♦ Comparative the analysis is limited to a comparison of reporting indicators - the results of economic activity with the indicators of the plan for the current year, past years and competitor data.

♦ Factorial the analysis is aimed at identifying the quantitative value of the influence of factors on growth and the level of performance indicators.

♦ Margin analysis is a method of evaluating and justifying the effectiveness of management decisions in business based on the cause-and-effect relationship of sales volume, cost and profit and dividing costs into fixed and variable.

♦ Diagnostic analysis is a way to establish trends in changes in economic processes on the basis of their typical features. For example, if the growth rate of gross output outstrips the growth rate of marketable output, then this indicates an increase in the balance of work in progress. If the growth rate of gross output is higher than the growth rate of labor productivity, then this is a sign of non-fulfillment of the plan of measures for the mechanization and automation of production, improvement of the organization of labor and, on this basis, a reduction in the number of employees;

by frequency(annual, quarterly, ten-day, one-time, daily);

according to time(retrospective and prospective).

♦ Promising(preliminary) analysis is carried out before the implementation of business transactions. It is necessary to justify management decisions and predicted indicators, as well as to monitor the implementation of the plan and prevent undesirable results. Perspective analysis is widely used in the development of business plans and justification of investment projects.

♦ Retrospective(subsequent, historical) analysis is carried out after the commission of economic acts. It is used to monitor the implementation of development programs for firms over the years, identify unused reserves, and objectively evaluate the performance of organizations. The disadvantage of the analysis is that the identified reserves mean forever lost opportunities for increasing production efficiency, since they refer to the past period. Retrospective analysis is the basis of prospective analysis. In turn, the results of subsequent analysis depend on the depth and quality of the preliminary analysis for the future. Retrospective analysis is divided into operational and current. Operational(situational) analysis is carried out immediately after the performance of business transactions or changes in the situation for short periods of time (shift, decade, day, etc.). Its goal is to quickly identify shortcomings and influence business processes. It is widely used, for example, when analyzing the level of implementation of the retail and wholesale turnover plan for the day, the rhythm of production, the range and quality of products, cash flows, the availability of materials, and the use of working time.

A distinctive feature of operational analysis is the study of predominantly natural indicators, its inaccuracy associated with the approximation in the calculations. Current the analysis is carried out for important reporting periods of management, mainly on the basis of periodic, annual financial statements. The main task of the current analysis is an objective assessment of the results of commercial activities, a comprehensive identification of shortcomings in work, unused reserves and their mobilization to increase the economic efficiency of production, improve the financial situation in the long term. The current analysis is the most complete, accumulating the results of operational analysis and serving as the basis for prospective analysis. It is recommended for conducting a comprehensive identification and measurement of causal relationships in the use of enterprise resources;

by objects of management(technical and economic analysis, financial and economic, audit, socio-economic, economic and environmental and marketing analysis).

♦ Technique-economic the technical services of the enterprise are engaged in the analysis. Its content is the study of the interaction of technical, technological and economic processes and the establishment of their influence on the economic results of the company. An example of the use of energy-saving production technologies.

♦ AT financial and economic The analysis focuses on the financial results of the enterprise, the efficiency of the use of borrowed and equity capital, identifying reserves for increasing the amount of profit, increasing profitability, and solvency.

♦ Socio-economic analysis studies the relationship of social and economic processes, their influence on each other.

♦ Economic-statistical analysis is used to study mass social phenomena at different levels of management: enterprises, industries, regions.

♦ Economic and environmental The analysis examines the interaction of economic and ecological processes associated with the preservation and improvement of the environment and environmental costs.

♦ Marketing analysis is used to study the external environment for the operation of an enterprise, the market for raw materials and the sale of finished products, its competitiveness, supply and demand, commercial risk, etc.

♦ Managerial the analysis is more detailed and affects all areas of the enterprise, the data of primary and operational accounting. At the same time, the information subjected to management analysis is a commercial secret and the results of the analysis are used only for on-farm management.

♦ Financial the analysis is less reliable in the accuracy of assessing the financial condition, since many indicators of the official accounting statements are distorted in order to hide profits and the mechanism for obtaining them.

Each of the listed types of economic analysis is different in content, organization and methodology. In practice, several types of analysis are used simultaneously, representing a single system for making effective management decisions.

Question 5
Method of economic analysis, its characteristic features and classification

Method economic analysis is a systematic comprehensive study, identification, measurement and generalization of the influence of factors on the results of the organization's activities by processing the system of indicators with special techniques. It consists of a series of sequential actions:

Observation of the object, calculation of absolute and relative indicators, bringing them into a comparable form;

Systematization, grouping and detailing of factors, study of their influence on performance indicators;

Generalization, construction of final and forecast tables, preparation of conclusions and recommendations for making managerial decisions.

Characteristic features of the method following.

The need for constant comparisons.

The need to study internal contradictions, positive and negative aspects of each phenomenon, each process. For example, scientific and technological progress (STP) has a positive effect on productivity growth, profit growth and profitability, but it can also lead to environmental pollution.

Consistency and complexity of economic analysis; the study of the economic activity of enterprises is carried out taking into account all the relationships and interdependencies. So, with the introduction of new technology, production costs increase, but at the same time labor productivity increases, which, in turn, contributes to saving wages. And if the growth rate of labor productivity exceeds the growth rate of the costs of maintaining and operating new equipment, then the managerial decision is economically justified and lawful.

Establishing cause-and-effect relationships, i.e., identifying the causes of changes in economic indicators and forecasting possible trends.

Determination of the quantitative influence of factors on the performance of the company, the calculation of economic losses and reserves of the enterprise.

Classification of methods of economic analysis next: Unformalized methods are based on the reflection of analytical procedures at the logical level, and not on strict analytical dependencies. These include: the development of a system of indicators, the method of comparisons, the construction of analytical tables, the method of detailing, the method of expert assessments, methods of situational analysis and forecasting.

To formalized include methods that allow you to present indicators in strict dependence (mainly mathematical). Among them are:

Classical methods of economic analysis (balance method, methods of deterministic factor analysis (chain substitutions, absolute and relative differences), integral and logarithmic methods);

Traditional methods of economic statistics (average method, grouping method, index method);

Mathematical and statistical methods for studying relationships (correlation, regression, dispersion, cluster analysis);

Methods of financial calculations;

Decision theory methods (decision tree construction method, linear programming and sensitivity analysis).

FOREWORD

The textbook "Economic Analysis (theory, tasks, tests, business games)" reveals the theoretical foundations of economic analysis of economic activity in a harmonious combination of production (management) and financial analysis, accounting and auditing, management and marketing.

Economic analysis is considered as a scientific discipline designed to understand the essence of economic phenomena and processes, their interrelation and interdependence; systematization and modeling of factor models; determining the influence of factors on the performance of the organization; identification and calculation of economic reserves for business development; mastering the skills of organizing analytical work at the enterprise and improving the scientific and economic validity of business plans. The materials of the manual correspond to the state educational standard of the specialty 080105.65 "Finance and credit" and 080109.65 "Accounting, analysis and audit".

The tutorial consists of two sections. Section 1 includes the theoretical and methodological foundations of economic analysis, which are revealed in the subject, methods, techniques and types of economic analysis, its place in the system of economic sciences, organization and information support, history and development prospects, the system for searching and calculating reserves to improve the efficiency of financial and economic activities.

Section 2 reveals the methodology of analysis in business planning and budgeting; analysis of the state and use of fixed and working capital, labor and material resources; analysis of cost management, production and sales volumes; analysis of financial results, the effectiveness of investment activities and the financial condition of the organization.

Much attention is paid to the reserves of increasing the production potential and the economic stability of the company. The methodology for analyzing the main indicators of the economic, economic and financial activities of organizations is supported by examples of calculations and conclusions.

To consolidate the material and continuously improve the quality of education, after each topic, control questions, tasks for independent work, business games, tasks and tests are given.

Section 1. BASICS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Chapter 1. SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AS A SCIENCE AND PRACTICE

The term "analysis" comes from the Greek word and in translation means - I divide, I dismember.

Economic analysis is a way of cognition of objects and phenomena of the environment, based on the division of the whole into its constituent parts and the study of them in all the variety of connections and dependencies. For example, in order to understand the essence of the cost of production, it is necessary to know not only what cost items are included in it, but also on what factors the value of each type of expenditure depends.

There are general theoretical economic analysis, which studies economic phenomena and processes at the macro level (at the level of socio-economic formation, at the state level of the national economy and its individual sectors), and? - economic analysis at the micro level - analysis of economic activity, which is used to study the economy of individual enterprises.

Economic analysis as a science is revealed through the concepts: "theory of knowledge", "judgment", "inference", "scientific abstraction", "thinking".

The logic of analytical research represents the transition from the abstract to the concrete, to the transformation of theoretical propositions into practical deeds. This determines the relationship between science and practice.

Economic analysis, like any science, has principles or requirements that it must comply with (Table 1).

Economic analysis is indispensable in the practical activities of enterprises of all forms of ownership and activities. The competitiveness of the organization, the formation of its image and the further development of the business depend on the quality of its implementation. Analytical research methods - the basis for decision-making at the microeconomic level - at the level of a business entity. With the help of analytical procedures, shortcomings and priorities in financial and economic activities are identified, on the basis of which they build short-, medium- and long-term forecasts for the development of the organization.