Standard strategies and action models for the commercialization of applied research and development results. Two main ways of commercializing R&D results Commercializing scientific results

Today it is becoming increasingly clear that the transformation of scientific and technical developments into an innovative product suitable for production and interesting to the market is perhaps the most difficult stage in the chain linking science with the consumer. One of the reasons for the difficulties is the poor understanding of the needs of the market and the consumer by specialists. They have no technology entrepreneurship experience and related knowledge.

Implementation or commercialization?

Now every scientific institute is forced to one degree or another to develop a new direction for itself - the commercialization of the results obtained. This is done in every foreign university and in every research center operating in a market environment. Unfortunately, the majority of leaders of Russian research teams have a poor understanding of this special area. They used to do introducing and are trying to continue this work in the new economic conditions. However, implementation is a concept from a different economy.

The key link in the development of innovative activities in our country is not money and not even a regulatory framework, which, unfortunately, also slows down business, but training of personnel, specialists capable of competently commercializing scientific and technical developments, entering into contacts with foreign partners, to bring their developments to the world market.

Sellers and Buyers

In the process of commercialization, there are necessarily two participants: the seller and the buyer. Science, acting as a seller, has already matured to commercialization: the idea of ​​commercialization is taking possession of the minds of the heads of institutions. They began to understand that the state today is not able to spend money for these purposes and, most importantly, take risks. The state is no longer the only partner for the participants in the process of turning the results of research and development into a commodity, although in no country can commercialization develop widely without its support.

It's hard with buyers in Russia. The industries that are supposed to play this role do not see technology as a surface resource. They are interested in resources such as restructuring and prudent management of existing funds, although the search and implementation of new technologies are also gradually becoming the sphere of interests of enterprises.

Therefore, the interaction of Russian scientific, technical and industrial enterprises in the new market conditions is one of the main problems existing today.

Better inferior, but your own?

It is widely believed that in conditions of low domestic solvency, it is more expedient to finance the development of, if not the best, but sold in Russia product. This is not true. It is more profitable to bring a product already available on the world market or the technology for its production than to spend funds on mastering the release of even your own, but a mediocre product. More profitable because it is less risky and therefore cheaper. Without the competitiveness of the future new product, it is not advisable to invest in its creation. And the threshold level of the market volume for a new product is usually estimated at $ 100 million. Otherwise, the risk of failure is too great. On the regional market, such a volume is hardly achievable.

The question of whether it is worth supporting developments that are uncompetitive on the world market, but allowing to create goods that are urgently needed in Russia today, remains open.

If you have an idea, you will find money.

Usually everyone talks about the lack of funds to bring development to production and market. In fact, this problem is rarely the main one. In the market environment, if you go out with a commercially significant initiative, money is always there. However, in addition to an interesting idea, organization is important, that is, the ability of specific people to implement this idea. And only then can we talk about finances, which are given, however, not for the idea itself, but for management for its implementation.

Experience shows that in real conditions it usually takes three to four years from the idea of ​​creating a new product to the receipt of the first income from its sale on the market, in rare cases - less. This is the period of the innovative project. In order to bring the development from a laboratory prototype to an experimental batch, it takes about 1-2 million dollars (I do not consider here the costs associated with the development history). Nobody gives that kind of money right away. They are given in small portions for each separate step in the implementation of an innovative project. The basis for the investment is a legend called "the size of the future market for a new product". One can believe in a legend, or not believe - it is impossible to confirm it without a new product. As it is created and introduced to the market, the legend is refined, arguments are put forward in its defense. Even when an experimental batch and the first buyers appear, the legend still remains unconfirmed: there is no planned market for this product yet, and no one has yet pulled $ 100 million out of his pocket to buy it. However, it is already possible to make reliable forecasts.

It is at this moment, when the sale of pilot batches, begins the process of expanding production. Turning into mass production, a small business is usually sold, the price of which, as a rule, starts at tens of millions of dollars. This is the economic meaning of innovation.

Who will profit?

Who will receive the money as a result? The company and those who, at the time of the sale of the business, will have a stake in this enterprise, including the developer and manager who was involved in innovative work. Note that initially the author's share was 100 percent, but from a very small amount, which even few people could give.

A natural question arises, what percentage of the finish line remains for the developer? If he is not included in the number of managers, but remains a specialist dealing only with technical issues, he retains the status of the author and receives less than 10 percent "at the exit". This is a very decent amount of money. The fact that the opinion of the majority of scientists here is exactly the opposite, speaks only of the stereotypes prevailing in the mass consciousness.

To calculate the real contribution of everyone to the creation of new products, it is necessary to take into account that an innovative project goes through 4 main stages: analysis of the concept of a new product (conceptual stage), laboratory verification of the feasibility of an idea (laboratory stage), creation of a prototype product (technological stage), preparation of production pilot batch and its implementation (production stage). Each of these stages requires an order of magnitude increasing investment. And the one who brings money, "bites off" part of the property rights.

Scientists, as a rule, can carry out a maximum of the first two stages using their own resources. The technological base on which they work is not so perfect as to work out the production technology on it. Everything, except, perhaps, computer technology, requires testing at a pilot plant. It takes a lot of money for this! Who will give them to scientists? It is not yet possible to make money on the sale of new products - there is nothing to sell yet.

In this regard, the most important thing is the guarantees of the authors' rights to remuneration. Indeed, without their participation at all stages of creating a new product, no success can be achieved.

Why are technoparks needed?

In addition to the seller and the buyer, in the process of commercialization, an important role is played by infrastructure, of which technology parks are an element.

Technoparks have gone through three stages in their development. At the first stage, they provided innovative enterprises with preferential premises, actually performing real estate functions. At the second stage, technoparks were provided for the general use of support services. The third generation of technoparks has a different purpose. They manage and do it with the expectation of a share of future profits. With the help of the technopark, as a powerful information and financial channel, a small enterprise can open up new opportunities to enter the world market. When a technopark turns into an incubator, it contributes to the development of the business of a small innovative enterprise for its subsequent sale. This is the fate of this enterprise. Of course, a technopark must have enough personnel and authority for small businesses to entrust their technologies to it.

The Technopark is designed to help turn development into a business. His entire machine is designed to be transformed into a small, innovative enterprise, ready for sale, with or without human resources.

In the innovation sphere, many changes in the economic life of the country, which brought with them reforms, are clearly reflected. Issues of distribution of rights to research and development results between authors and various organizations in which they work, organizational and legal forms of commercialization of these results, peculiarities of financing risky innovative projects, search and interaction with a strategic partner, strategic business planning, intellectual property management, transfer technologies - these and other aspects of the process of converting scientific and technical products into goods are completely new for Russian scientists and industrial workers. Newness breeds doubts based on false stereotypes. The attitude towards small innovative entrepreneurship is not always friendly, especially in the institutions from which such enterprises arose. Therefore, the field for discussion is wide enough.

The course is dedicated to the commercialization of research and development results. It integrates both the necessary systemic knowledge that gives a general idea of ​​the mechanisms for promoting these results to the market and the economic interaction of science and business, as well as specific knowledge of the composition and interests of participants in the commercialization process, methods of managing the main risks of interaction between them, and the structure of innovation. cycle, the meaning and risks of each of its stages, about the terminology of the intellectual property market, research, development and technology, about the approaches and composition of legally significant actions for the management of intellectual property in the conduct of research and development and the implementation of projects to create new technologies. The course will also allow you to learn how to search, concentrate and analyze patent and market information, choose the most promising and least risky strategy for promoting your result to the market, make an initial assessment of its commercial potential, build realistic scenarios for market promotion and consciously choose the necessary partners at each stage. promotion.

Who is this course for:

Inventors, graduate students and students, especially engineering and natural science specialties, scientists, managers of innovation infrastructure, specialists responsible for the technological development of companies, members of teams of technology startups, and specialists who want to get a general systematic understanding of the promotion of research and development results To the market.

Formed competencies:

the ability to substantiate the relevance, theoretical and practical significance of the selected topic of scientific research;

the ability to use quantitative and qualitative methods for applied research and business process management;

preparation of analytical materials based on the results of their application;

knowledge of the methods of economic and strategic analysis of the behavior of economic agents and markets in the global environment.

You will know:

• composition and interests of participants in the process of commercialization of research and development results and technology transfer;
• methods of managing the main risks of interaction;
• the structure of the innovation cycle, the meaning, characteristics and risks of each of its stages;
• terminology of the intellectual property market, research, development and technology;
• approaches and composition of legally significant actions for the management of intellectual property in the conduct of research and development and the implementation of projects to create new technologies;

You will be able to:

• conduct a search, concentration and analysis of patent and market information necessary to assess the commercial potential of research and development results;
• conduct a cursory initial assessment of the commercial potential of the results of their research and development;
• develop scenarios for the commercialization of research and development results;
• formulate value market proposals based on the results of research and development; determine the "addresses" of potential partners in market promotion at each stage;

Course structure:

• Introduction and basic concepts
• Innovative "market thrust" and "technology push" modes
• Stages of commercialization of R&D results
• R&D results as the basis for intellectual property
• Assessment of the commercial potential of applied scientific development
• Finding potential partners to promote R&D results

Content language:

Direction of training:

Science-intensive technologies and economics of innovation

Course duration:

36 hours, 8 weeks

Number of credit points:

Prerequisites:

Higher education, knowledge of PC

Launch date:

Graduation document:

FAQ

• Bank card (VISA / Visa Electron, MasterCard). We work with the ChronoPay payment system;
• You can pay for access to the course by choosing one of the options convenient for you:
• Through branches of Sberbank;
• Bank transaction.

A personal account is a tool that allows you to quickly and easily get acquainted with the information necessary for training. The user can view their current tasks, edit personal information, ask questions to specialists, and view the schedule of their training events. The personal account consists of the following sections:

• My programs and courses (shows both the assigned programs and courses for which training is planned or undergoing, and already completed);
• Calendar (schedule of training events);
• Portfolio (copies of the user's personal documents, completed practical work, as well as issued certificates. All documents are available for download);
• Personal information (phone, e-mail and other information, personal data can be changed as needed);
• Help (detailed instructions on a personal account, FAQ, a system of calls to the training administrator and the system administrator).

What are the requirements for computer equipment and communication channels must be met for online learning?

Environment Requirements:

• Operating system windows vista / 7/8; mac os 10.5+
• Screen with a diagonal of at least 15 ";
• Pentium processor 1 GHz or higher;
• RAM 512 MB or higher;
• Free disk space 200 MB;
• Minimum horizontal display resolution of 1024 pixels;
• Minimum vertical resolution 768 pixels;
• Display color depth 16 bit (65536 colors) or higher;
• Sound card 16 bit, compatible with OS (for audio accompaniment);
• Google Chrome browser version 26 and higher; IE 8.0 and higher; Safari (Mac) version 6.0 or later.

Primary requirements:

• Component Adobe Flash Player, version 9 or higher (install from the Adobe website).
• Loudspeakers, headphones or a built-in speaker - for the soundtrack of the course.

UDC 378.33 / .4 (470.345): 001.895

S. E. Maikova, I. A. Golovushkin

COMMERCIALIZATION OF RESULTS OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AS A MAIN FACTOR OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY

Annotation. The main functions and tasks of managing the process of commercialization of the results of research activities of a higher educational institution are analyzed. The process of commercialization is considered as the most preferable form of introducing the results of research activities into economic circulation. The key points of the implementation of a new innovative product on the market are determined.

Key words: the process of commercialization of the results of research activities, the innovative activity of the university, the innovative infrastructure of the university.

Abstract. The article deals with the main functions and tasks for management of university R&D results commercialization. The authors describe the process of commercialization as the most preferred form of R&D results transfer. The article defines key aspects of bringing innovation to the market.

Key words: process of commercialization of research, innovation of higher school, university activities, university's innovative infrastructure.

The growing interest in the use of new products and technologies in various industries and spheres of activity resulting from scientific discoveries and inventions of scientists, as well as the expansion of the information space and opportunities for information exchange create conditions for the more active use of their research and innovation potential to meet the needs of society, improving the living standards of the population, developing the national and regional economy and social sphere.

National research universities, as a source of new knowledge, are actively involved in the innovative development of the domestic economy. The distinctive features of such a university are the ability to generate new scientific knowledge based on a wide range of fundamental and applied research, the ability to transfer technologies to the real sector of the economy, and the availability of an effective system for training highly qualified personnel. These signs determine the innovative way of development for the university. The innovative development of a national research university is associated with the introduction of new technologies, methods, new ideas and knowledge in the research process with the aim of their practical use.

The main factors directly determining the innovative development of a national research university are:

Development of the system of the scientific community, necessary for the generation of new knowledge;

Creation and commercialization of the results of research activities;

Development of an innovative infrastructure that coordinates and implements innovative projects and developments;

Selection and support of priority directions for the development of university science;

Formation and development of the educational, scientific and innovative complex on the basis of the university.

In the innovative development of the university, the leading role is given to the traditionally linear model of innovation, when the developed fundamental scientific idea is embodied in applied research. It is the practical implementation and commercialization of the results of research activities that serves as the basis for innovation, exacerbating the problem of finding a subject of innovative development.

In this case, close interaction between science and education should be achieved, their integration into such a common system should be ensured, which organically combines the functioning of each of these different, but at the same time deeply interconnected areas of human activity.

At the same time, integration will act as a process of providing conditions for science to obtain fundamentally new interdisciplinary knowledge by combining its various industries and directions. Science and education should be coupled through joining efforts to jointly achieve common goals with less effort and less time, they should become an important component of the formation of that qualitatively new environment in the university, which is required for the innovative development of a national research university

Knowledge as an economic resource has special properties, its direct consumption does not ensure satisfaction of needs, it is primarily associated with additional labor and financial costs, which do not always bring the expected effect. One of the main factors in the innovative development of a higher educational institution is the process of commercialization of the results of research activities, which ensures the achievement of competitive advantages when these results are introduced into economic circulation as a new product or new technology.

Typically, there are four main forms of transfer and commercialization of university developments and technologies:

Licensing and assignment of patent rights;

R&D commissioned by industrial enterprises;

Conducting scientific research at the expense of budgetary programs;

Formation of small companies based on scientific developments of universities.

The process of commercializing the results of research and development should cover all stages of the commercial use of the results of research activities:

Analysis of the external and internal environment of an organization performing research and development;

Inventory of intellectual property objects;

Marketing and patent research;

Assessment of the results of intellectual innovation, including their areas of application, commercial potential and economic benefits from their use;

Development of a strategy for the commercialization of the results of research activities (including strategies for their external and internal use);

Formation of a portfolio of intellectual property objects and plans for their commercialization;

Search for consumers of an intellectual product, suppliers, investors and other partners;

Settlement of ownership relations for the results of intellectual activity, including the assessment of the value of the created intellectual asset, the choice of the form of its external use and its introduction into economic circulation or putting it on the balance of the developer organization and use in its internal innovation process;

Monitoring and suppression of unfair competition;

Evaluation of the effectiveness of external and (or) internal use of the created intellectual asset;

Adjustment of management impact.

The listed stages represent the functions of managing the commercialization of the results of research activities and can be performed by various departments of the organization or, to a large extent, be within the competence of its intellectual assets management service. In any case, the above list of management functions necessitates the allocation of an independent management subsystem for the commercialization of the results of research activities as part of the organization's management system. The position of this subsystem in the general management system of the university is shown in Fig. one.

The objectives of managing the commercialization of research results (R&D) are:

Evaluation and selection of results of NIDs with high commercial potential;

Creation of a portfolio of technologies intended for commercialization, as well as a portfolio of orders for scientific developments required by the market;

Organization and implementation of patent research;

Provision of services to ensure the protection of various types of intellectual property and know-how;

Preparation of license agreements, contracts for the provision of engineering and consulting services, contracts for scientific, technical and industrial cooperation, etc .;

Assessment of the intellectual contribution to the created innovative enterprises;

Legal assistance in case of violation of the rights of patent holders and unfair competition;

Coordination of management of created small innovative enterprises for the commercialization of research and development results.

Accepted abbreviations:

UID - Department of Innovation;

CTT - Technology Transfer Center;

CM - marketing service;

UMC - Department of International Relations; UNI - Department of Scientific Research; FEU - financial and economic management; UBUiFK - Accounting and Financial Control Department;

UK - personnel management;

OMK - quality management department;

UIT - Information Technology Department;

UPE - Postgraduate Education Department;

IDO - Institute of Additional Education; RSPMB - regional structures for small business support;

RECs - scientific and educational centers

Rice. 1. The place of the subsystem for managing the commercialization of NID results in the general management system of the university

The significance and economic efficiency of managing the commercialization process lies in the growth of income from research activities of the university due to the organizational improvement of the conditions for the commercialization of scientific developments created at the university, methodological, informational and regulatory support of business processes of commercialization, expansion of the innovative infrastructure of the university, development and strengthening research networking.

The subsystem for managing the process of commercializing the results of research activities of the university should become the main organizational link in the management of innovative activities of the university and contribute to the creation of competitive intellectual property. Directions of her activity:

Strategic market research, examination of R&D conducted by the university, identification and protection of intellectual property rights, formation of intangible assets, certification of innovative

products, equipment leasing, regulatory support for project implementation;

Implementation of targeted investment programs and stimulation of private investments in the development of the innovative potential of the university;

Participation in the development of the market for innovative projects in the region, organizing and holding tenders for the participation of creative teams of the university in innovative projects;

Involvement of scientists, specialists and students in the innovation process, the use of innovative activities to improve the quality of training specialists in new economic conditions, in particular through the use of innovative teaching technologies, the development of modern educational equipment;

Formation of innovation infrastructure - technology transfer centers, innovation and technology centers, collective use centers, business incubators, small innovative enterprises at universities, etc. ...

The process of commercialization of the results of research activities covers all aspects of deriving commercial benefits from the use of intellectual property results and is associated with the search for the most effective forms of relationships between participants in commercialization, the organization of the transfer of rights and their proper registration. Involving research and development projects in commercial and economic turnover also presupposes an assessment of their market value and commercial potential.

National Research Universities (NRUs), as a new form of organization of scientific and educational activities of universities, are called upon to significantly intensify the innovative activities of higher education in the Russian Federation. National Research Mordovia State University is a large institution of higher education in the Republic of Mordovia and Russia. The main scientific potential of the republic is concentrated in it. The university is the executor of a number of state and regional scientific and technical programs.

Mordovia State University N.P. Ogareva is a leading scientific regional center of the Republic of Mordovia in the field of its activity, implements educational programs of higher and postgraduate professional education in many areas of training. The University carries out fundamental and applied scientific research in a wide range of sciences, implementing the formation of a system for generating and disseminating knowledge, competitive industrial technologies and innovations.

In addition to traditional activities, the priority area of ​​the Moscow State University. NP Ogareva is now becoming the commercialization of the results of research activities of the university. For its implementation in the structure of the Mordovia State University, an Innovative and Technological Complex was created and operates, which includes the Intellectual Property Management Department (Patent Department) and the Technology Transfer Center (CTT).

With the assistance of the Patent Department in 2011, Moscow State University. NP Ogareva received 58 documents of title for intellectual property, including 25 RF patents for inventions, 20 patents for useful models and 13 certificates for computer programs. During the first half of 2012, the university received 22 documents of title, including 18 certificates for computer programs.

The Technology Transfer Center, together with the university's innovative and technological divisions, assists in promoting research and development and technology in the Russian and international markets, attracting financial resources for fundamental and applied research at the university. Currently, these processes are coordinated in accordance with the priority areas of development of the national research Mordovia State University, which include:

Energy saving and new materials;

Fundamental and applied research in the field of Finno-Ugric studies.

Technology Transfer Center, Moscow State University N.P. Ogareva operates in the following areas:

Commercialization of the results of research activities of the university;

Marketing research of innovative markets;

Feasibility study and business planning of research results;

General coordination of the activities of the subjects of innovation activities of the university;

Creation of small innovative enterprises (SIE) on the basis of high-tech university research and development;

Technology manager training;

Search for investors for scientific research.

Commercialization of the results of research activities of the Moscow State University. N.P. Ogareva is carried out in the following directions:

1) the creation of business entities by the university for the purpose of practical application (implementation) of the results of intellectual activity within the framework of Federal Law No. 217;

2) the use of investments by state corporations;

3) sale of licenses for the right to use the scientific development of the university in the activities of a third-party enterprise;

4) creation and development of a small innovative enterprise within the framework of the "Start" program of the Fund for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere;

5) carrying out economic contractual research work.

Organization of the commercialization process at the Mordovian State University

aunt of scientific and technical developments is presented in Fig. 2.

With a developed infrastructure uniting research and innovation departments, Moscow State University. N.P. Ogareva acts as a basis for conducting effective innovative activities aimed at creating mechanisms in the region's economy to ensure

which accelerate the development and transfer into commercial circulation of new science-intensive technologies.

Rice. 2. The process of commercialization of the results of research activities of the Moscow State University. N. P. Ogareva

Existing at Moscow State University. NP Ogareva innovation infrastructure serves to enhance innovation and expands the sphere of interaction both between the scientific and innovation sectors of the university itself, and between business entities.

Young scientists, postgraduates and university students have been actively participating in the U.M.N.I.K. program since 2008, which contributes to the identification of talented youth, inclined to innovative activities, and the commercialization of scientific developments. Of the 82 projects presented in the program, in 2011 26 projects of the Mordovian State University became winners of the U.M.N.I.K. program, 25 projects of the Mordovian State University have been ongoing since 2010.

Currently, such a form of commercialization of research activities as the creation of small innovative enterprises, on the basis of which the results of innovative activities can be worked out and brought to the level of industrial application, is acquiring great importance, which significantly increases their attractiveness for subsequent implementation at a large industrial enterprise; at the same time, the possibility of independent development of a small innovative enterprise to the level of a medium or large enterprise remains.

The University's Technology Transfer Center is actively cooperating in promoting innovative scientific developments with the Russian Technology Transfer Network (YATTK), the Business Incubator of the Republic of Mordovia, and the information agency Business of Mordovia. In 2011, nine objects of intellectual property for a total amount of 216,146 thousand rubles were included in the budgetary accounting of the university as intangible assets; for the first half of 2012, two objects of intellectual property were registered.

In Mordovia State University, in accordance with the approved Regulations on Intellectual Property Objects, the issues of enhancing the research and innovation activities of scientific and pedagogical workers, graduate students and students, and the development of the innovation process are being addressed.

FSBEI HPE "Moscow State University. N. P. Ogareva "together with the Autonomous Institution" Technopark-Mordovia ", JSC" Electrovypryamitel ", FSUE" VIAM ", NTSVO RAS in order to implement innovative projects, two small enterprises have been created:

1) LLC "Polikomponent" with the project "Development of technology and creation of production of heat-conducting products of complex shape from metal-matrix composite materials with high physical and mechanical properties for power electronics and converting equipment";

2) LLC "Optic-Fiber" with the project "Creation of an engineering center for fiber optics with small-scale production of fiber optics for laser and sensor technology."

17 projects of the university were accepted for implementation within 11 technological platforms approved by the Government Commission on High Technologies and Innovations.

The growing role of the use of new knowledge and technologies in the development of economic entities of the country brings the research university into a number of full-fledged entities of the innovative economy focused on the commercialization of the results of research activities, the creation and introduction of new products into the economic circulation.

Thus, the system of commercialization of the results of research activities created and functioning at the university is a good prerequisite for the development of innovative activities, ensuring the effective implementation of scientific developments in the economy of the republic.

Bibliography

1. Vdovin, SM Integration of the process of generating new knowledge and commercialization of the results of research activities in the national research university / SM Vdovin, DV Okunev, IA Golovushkin // Integration of education. - 2011. - No. 3. - S. 3-9.

2. Vladyka, MV Commercialization of the results of scientific and technical activities of universities: goals, forms, problems / MV Vladyka // University management: practice and analysis. - 2009. - No. 5. - S. 54-63.

3. Fedorchuk, Yu. M. Development of innovative activity in the university / Yu. M. Fe-dorchuk // Heteromagnetic microelectronics. - 2011. - No. 11. - S. 124-130.

Maikova Svetlana Eduardovna

Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Marketing, Mordovia State University named after N.P. Ogareva (Saransk)

Email: [email protected]

Golovushkin Igor Anatolievich postgraduate student, Mordovia State University named after N.P. Ogareva (Saransk)

Email: [email protected]

Maykova Svetlana Eduardovna Candidate of economic sciences, associate professor, sub-department of marketing, Mordovia State University named after N. P. Ogaryov (Saransk)

Golovushkin Igor Anatolyevich Postgraduate student, Mordovia State University named after N. P. Ogaryov (Saransk)

Maikova S.E., Golovushkin I.A. Volga region. Social Sciences. - 2012. - No. 4 (24). - S. 110-118.

In the article, the authors define the term "commercialization", determine the sequence and essence of the stages of this process, identify, classify and characterize the participants in the commercialization process, conduct a comparative analysis of existing methods of commercializing scientific and technical products, identify problems that prevent the use of scientific and technical results for commercial purposes. developments in Russia. In connection with the active development of the market for scientific and technical products, an urgent problem is finding rational ways to commercialize the results of scientific developments, including those that were originally created as non-commercial products. The economic performance of activities in the field of scientific research depends on the competent solution of the problem of commercializing intellectual property objects. The purpose of the article is to study Russian practice in the field of commercialization of scientific and technical products and to establish the features of this process in the Russian market.

ways of commercialization

scientific and technical products

commercialization

1. Zinchenko VI, Minakova NN Commercialization of scientific developments (theory and regional practice). - Tomsk: Publishing house NTL, 2005.

2. Kozmetskiy J. Challenge of technological innovation on the threshold of a new era of global competition // Technology transfer and effective implementation of innovations / Ed. N. M. Fonshtein. - M .: ANKh, 1999 .-- 296 p.

3. Lyashin A. Strategies for the commercialization of innovations - a bridge between the innovator and the business [Electronic resource] // Economy and Life. - 2011, No. 36 (9402). - URL: http://www.eg-online.ru/

4. Mukhopad V. I. Essence, means and problems of commercialization of intellectual property in the Russian economy // Materials of the section meeting of the Third All-Russian Forum "Intellectual Property - XXI century" April 20-23, 2010 / Ed. E. V. Koroleva. - M .: Russian State Institute of Intellectual Property (RGIIS), 2010.

5. Scientific and informational materials on the topic "Commercialization of the results of research activities: basic models and mechanisms for the use of scientific and technical products", Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow - 2009.

Today, one of the tasks of the Russian economy is the development of industrial high-tech production, the development of various technological devices and the formation of stable market relations in industry to obtain domestic competitive products. To date, Russia has retained its high scientific and technical potential, despite the financial crisis and the difficult transition period to a market economy in the 90s of the XX century. In connection with the active development of the market for scientific and technical products, the search for ways to commercialize these products is currently becoming an urgent problem.

Commercialization is the process of developing and implementing a series of activities through which the results of scientific research and experimental design developments can be offered in the markets for goods and services for commercial purposes.

The commercialization of instrumental products involves the search and selection of developments for financing, attraction of investments, the introduction of developments into production and their further support.

In general terms, the commercialization process includes several main stages.

At the first stage, the most profitable scientific and technical developments are selected from a commercial point of view. When choosing a product, the analysis of the potential market takes place (determination of the market segment, the possible share of sales, the demand for the product from a potential buyer, etc.). For the successful promotion of scientific and technical products to the market, an organization must predict all the problems that may arise in the future. For this, it is advisable to use the SWOT analysis methodology.

After conducting a market analysis, it is necessary to highlight the functional characteristics of the development that are interesting to the market and for which effective demand is presented. At this stage, it is also possible to attract an intermediate investor who invests certain funds in the refinement of the technology and giving it a marketable appearance. The overall goal of the intermediate investor is to sell the technology to a strategic investor who will ensure it is brought to the stage of serial or mass production.

At the second stage of commercialization, the necessary financial resources are formed, as well as the consolidation and distribution of rights between all participants in the process.

The fourth stage of commercialization involves the launch of innovative development into the production process.

The participants in the commercialization process consist of two main groups: authors of technological developments and potential investors.

• universities and institutes that are funded by domestic and international grants, direct investments, etc .;
• research teams that do not have potential investors and are funded by small one-time grants;
• small innovative companies employing scientists and engineers who purposefully commercialize their developments;
• scientists and inventors who, for various reasons, separated from scientific institutions and work independently. Members of this group can offer a fairly large number of developments, but at the same time they are often limited in financial resources.

Among potential investors in the process of commercialization of scientific and technical developments, it is advisable to note:

• state and international funds and programs that have a significant impact on the development of Russian science, providing assistance in the commercialization of scientific and technical developments, while allocating a significant amount of financial resources;
• grants, targeted programs, non-state funds, international projects;
• venture funds that provide financial support to developers in exchange for the full or partial transfer of rights to the results of research and development;
• industrial companies that finance research for the purpose of their further use in their own activities.

At the same time, intermediaries are often involved in the commercialization process, who raise funds and search for technologies. Consulting companies that provide various services to promote the development to the market can act as intermediaries.

The main point in the process of commercialization of scientific and technical products is the choice of the method of commercialization. At the moment, there are three main ways of commercializing innovations in terms of the degree of transfer of development rights:

• independent use of the development, providing for the organization of production and bringing the development to the market, production and leasing of equipment (transfer of rights to use the equipment and the innovation itself), as well as engineering. When using this method of commercialization, developers have all the rights to develop, receive the maximum possible income in case of successful positioning and promotion of the product on the market. Among the disadvantages of the method are: very high risks, a long payback period, the presence of high start-up costs for organizing your own production;
• assignment of a part of intellectual property rights for development in the form of: sale of licenses (the owner grants certain rights to use a patent for his development in a specific territory, for a specific period and for a certain fee); franchising (acquisition of a license to use a patent for the production of products of the same trademark in a specific territory for a fee); a contract for joint development (an agreement with a consumer of finished products on the creation of a new enterprise for the purpose of joint use of all its resources); transfer of production secrets (transfer of knowledge and rights to use them in the amount stipulated in the license agreement). Advantages of the method: low costs in the implementation of activities; small risks in connection with the transfer of part of the property rights; it is possible to enter the market at the expense of other companies; payments from the use of royalties. Among the shortcomings, it should be noted that with this method of commercialization, incomes are quite low and there is a high risk of patent infringement;
• full transfer of intellectual property rights for development implies: alienation from rights (irrevocable transfer of copyright) or sale of patent rights (transfer of all rights to the licensee for a specified period). The advantages of the method include a low level of costs, low probability of risks, quick payback. Among the shortcomings, the main ones are considered: high costs of finding and attracting a buyer of rights, costs of legal advice, the risk of not receiving significant income from the use of the development in the future.

Thus, for scientific and technical developments of a narrowly targeted focus, which are in demand at a limited number of enterprises or for which there is only one or several buyers, it is advisable to use the second or third methods of commercialization. The third method is rational if it is problematic for the developer of scientific and technical products to use the development for commercial purposes in the future and it is economically expedient to direct efforts towards creating new products, rather than organizing serial or mass production of an already created product. For developments that can be offered for commercial purposes to a significant number of consumers in the market that are not related to each other, the first method of commercialization is preferable, since the use of the development under such conditions can give a significant economic effect in the future, which cannot be adequately estimated when selling rights to development at the current time.

In the case of independent use of the development, not including the transfer of equipment to leasing and engineering, the potential profit for a certain period can be estimated in accordance with the formula:

P T1 = tн∑tк V t× ΔП t× K dt,(1)

where: P T1 - potential profit from the sale of goods and services of own production for a certain period T, monetary units;

V t- sales volume of products per year, pcs;

ΔП t is the expected profit from the sale of a unit of production in the year t, in monetary units;

K dt - discount factor in year t;

tн and tк ​​are the initial and final years of the settlement period T, respectively.

In the case of the assignment of a part of the intellectual property rights for the development or their complete transfer, the following formula is used to calculate the profit:

P T2 = D × tn ∑ tк V t× ΔП t× K dt,(2)

where: P T2 - the potential profit for the period T from the sale of licenses or patents, including leasing, franchising, engineering, etc., in den. units;

D is the share of the copyright holder in the profit of the buyer of the patent or license, in%.

If, as a result of calculations P T 1 > P T2, then it will be more profitable for the enterprise to independently use the development, and if P T1< П Т2 - то выгоднее продавать лицензии или патенты на разработку .

The commercialization of the use of the results of research activities, which is carried out at the expense of budgetary funds in universities and scientific organizations, can be implemented using decentralized, centralized and mixed models. Within the framework of decentralized model an enterprise conducting research activities independently searches for directions of commercialization and investors for this process, using the most appropriate methods of commercialization from the point of view of economic, social and information efficiency.

V centralized model the methods of commercialization are determined by the parent organization, and the developer organization exercises only designer supervision over the products, in some cases it is engaged in the processing of scientific and technical products in order to impart certain consumer properties to it. V mixed model some of the developments most important for the state are commercialized according to a centralized model, less important developments are transferred to the full competence of the developer organization.

The advantage of using a decentralized model is a high degree of interest of the developer in the effective commercialization of products that are most in demand from the market point of view. The disadvantage may be the possible lack of funds and investors to bring products to production and the final consumer. In a centralized model, the advantages and disadvantages are directly opposite to the decentralized model: the availability of funding to promote the development to the market, but a lower interest of the developer in the results of the commercialization of scientific and technical products.

Among the problems of technology commercialization that arise in the Russian market, one can note:

• incompleteness of most of the research for the development itself. Thus, there is only a basic version of a product-development with a number of functional characteristics that need to be completed in order to give the development all the necessary properties of a product from a marketing point of view. In such cases, the existing sample reflects the main properties and characteristics of the future product, but does not determine the competitiveness of the product in comparison with similar goods or substitute goods, which, accordingly, reduces the value of the development itself. The solution to the problem can be conducting market research, identifying the main properties of the development that are of interest to potential buyers of such products, and finalizing scientific and technical products in accordance with the identified potential demand;
• the problem of finding the necessary financial resources for development and investors who will be ready to take on all the risks associated with this process;
• the problem of adequately assessing the commercial attractiveness of the technology is associated with the fact that in Russia the practice of searching for opportunities for the commercialization of scientific and technical products is not yet sufficiently developed, respectively, each developer is engaged in his own search for potential buyers and investors, while facing the reluctance of consumers in a number of cases to purchase innovative products or invest in its refinement to a form that will be of interest to consumers;
• low legal literacy of developers in the field of intellectual property protection and their market use, as well as, in general, the imperfection of legislation in this area.

Conclusion

The article highlights the features of the commercialization of scientific and technical products in Russia, identifies the participating objects that interact in the process of financing, creating and promoting the results of scientific developments for commercial purposes, a comparative analysis of the methods of commercializing scientific and technical products, identifies problems that hinder the development processes in the field of commercialization of the results of scientific and technical developments in Russia. As a result of natural progress in society as a whole, there is an increasing need to find opportunities for the commercialization of the results of scientific and technical developments. Based on the analysis carried out, it can be concluded that for the effective commercialization of instrument products, great attention should be paid to the choice of the commercialization method, since the size of the effect obtained by the developer in the future depends on it.

Reviewers:

Smirnov S.B., Doctor of Economics. sciences, professor, head. Department of Economic Theory and Business, St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St. Petersburg.

Krolivetskiy E.N., Doctor of Economics Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Management of Economic and Social Processes of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "St. Petersburg State University of Cinema and Television", St. Petersburg.

Bibliographic reference

The content of the process of commercialization of scientific research results. Objects of intellectual property, their classification. Copyright and exclusive rights to objects of intellectual property. Intellectual property patent protection. License and its types. The main organizational and commercial schemes for the commercialization of intellectual property. The main stages of managing the process of commercialization of intellectual property objects.

The commercialization of scientific research results is a process of their involvement in the economic (commercial) turnover in various segments of the national and global markets. To do this, they must be transformed in such a way that this intellectual product is in demand by the economy, has a demand.

The organization of bringing the research result to commercial "maturity" as a commodity is the subject of innovation management. This process, as a rule, ends for a scientific organization with obtaining a development license.

An indicator that an intellectual product has a potential for commercialization is the possibility of classifying it as one of the types of intellectual property, which gives the right to use this product in economic activity.

In the theory and practice of commercialization of intellectual property products, the following objects of intellectual property are distinguished, enshrined in current law:

• 1 Objects of copyright:
• 1.1 Works of science
• o development, etc .;
• o computer programs;
• o databases, etc.
• 1.2 Works of literature
• o art and journalistic publications;
• o educational publications;
• o theater and film scenarios, etc.
• 1.3 Works of art
• o musical;
• o cinema;
• o video;
• o photo;
• o fine arts;
• o architecture, etc.
• 2 Objects of industrial property:
• 2.1 Inventions
• o devices;
• o manufacturing methods;
• o substances, etc.
• 2.2 Industrial designs
• 2.3 Utility models
• 2.4 Trademarks
• 3 Manufacturing secrets - know-how
• o design;
• o technological;
• o calculated;
• o financial;
• o commercial, etc.

Intellectual property objects can be attributed to either copyright or exclusive rights.

The author's rights to works of science, literature, art are personal and inalienable. The author in the process of commercializing the ownership of their creative products are entitled to remuneration.

The exclusive right applies to industrial property and know-how. It gives the right to the developer - (an individual or legal entity) to use the innovation at his own discretion to allow or prohibit others to do so.

Exclusive right means the possibility of commercial use of an object of intellectual property in economic practice according to the rules of the market. For such an opportunity to appear, they need to be protected by special state protection documents: a patent or certificate. Only in the presence of these documents for industrial property objects, commercial relations are possible regarding the transfer of rights to use them with the receipt of the corresponding income (profit).

A utility model (design, technology) is protected by a registration certificate for a period of 10 years.

An industrial design during registration is protected by a patent or certificate for a period of 15 years.

A trademark is a symbolic image (description) of the differences between goods from different manufacturers, protected by a registration certificate for a period of 10 years with the subsequent right to extend this period.

Know-how - "I know how" - the secret of technology, drawings, circuits, models, etc. are not patented in the interests of confidentiality.

A form of know-how protection is keeping it secret. A necessary condition for the commercialization of know-how is the requirement for the participants in the implementation of the development not to disclose secrets and the absence of publications in the open press.

In Russia, all issues of patent protection are regulated by the Russian patent office - Rospatent, which, in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, implements a unified policy in the field of protection of industrial property, accepts applications for inventions, utility models, industrial designs, carries out state registration, issues patents, publishes official information, publishes patent rules.

Part 4 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation contains definitions of criteria for patentability of industrial property objects that are recognized as patentable.

A technical solution in any area related to a product (in particular, a device, a substance, a strain of a microorganism, a culture of plant or animal cells) or a method (the process of performing actions on a material object using material means) is protected as an invention.

Are not inventions:

• o opening;
• o scientific theories and mathematical methods;
• o decisions concerning only the appearance of products and aimed at meeting aesthetic needs;
• o rules and methods of games, intellectual or economic activities;
• o computer programs;
• o solutions that consist only of information.

Legal protection is not provided as an invention:

• o plant varieties, animal breeds and biological methods of obtaining them, with the exception of microbiological methods and products obtained by such methods;

A technical solution related to a device is protected as a utility model. A utility model is granted legal protection if it is new and industrially applicable. Legal protection is not provided as a utility model:

• o decisions related only to the appearance of products and aimed at meeting aesthetic needs;
• o topologies of integrated circuits.

An artistic design solution of an industrial or handicraft product, which determines its appearance, is protected as an industrial design.

An industrial design is granted legal protection if, by its essential characteristics, it is new and original.

The essential features of an industrial design include features that determine the aesthetic and (or) ergonomic features of the appearance of the product, in particular, the shape, configuration, ornament and color combination.

Legal protection is not granted as an industrial design:

• o decisions based solely on the technical function of the product;
• o architectural objects (except for small architectural forms), industrial, hydraulic engineering and other stationary structures;
• o objects of unstable form from liquid, gaseous, bulk or similar substances.

One of the main forms of commercialization of intellectual property objects is a license.

License - a state document giving permission to individuals or legal entities to use an invention protected by a patent, technical knowledge, technical and constructive secrets of production, a trademark, etc. The issuance of a license is a commercial operation, the object of a sale (purchase) agreement, according to which the owner patent (license) grants the buyer (licensee) a license to use, within certain limits, his rights to patents, know-how, trademarks, etc.

By the nature and scope of rights to use licenses, they are divided into the following types:

• o patent - in the case of transfer of rights to use a patent, including simple (non-exclusive), when the licensee and licensor have the rights to use the patent; exclusive, when the monopoly right to use the patent belongs to the licensee; full - in this case, the licensee uses the patent alone during the agreed contractual period;
• o non-patent - in this case, the rights to use the know-how are transferred under the conditions stipulated in the contract.

The non-exclusive license reserves the right of the licensor to grant the industrial property license to other buyers.

An exclusive license can be granted for the right to use objects with a limited scope of application (unique machines, devices), since only a limited number of such products can be sold.

The licensor generally makes the decision to sell a license based on the commercial terms of the licensee's benefit and on its own.

To assess these commercial conditions, the licensee conducts a pre-sale study of the composition and number of potential buyers of the license (that is, determines the segment and market capacity for a given object), market analysis.

Market analysis involves the study of the industry market (trends in the development of technology, technology, price levels, demand, etc.) and forecasting the dynamics of demand for a given product.

On the basis of the conducted market analysis, a decision is made on the form of the license implementation - sale for the right to use intellectual property (formalized in the form of a license agreement) or the creation of a joint venture for the production of new products, the use of a new technology (drawn up in a special agreement in which the parties' shares in the capital of the company are stipulated , the order of distribution of profits and other issues of joint use of technology).

Currently, in the practice of commercialization of intellectual property, there are six main organizational and commercial schemes:

1. Conclusion of a license agreement or transfer of an innovation as an intangible asset to the authorized capital of a small innovative enterprise being organized.

If the possibility of concluding a license agreement for the purpose of commercializing the development is limited, the patent holder may decide to create a small innovative enterprise.

When creating a small innovative enterprise, the exclusive right to industrial property objects, computer programs, know-how ownership, etc. can be transferred to it as intangible assets.

For an intellectual property object to be recognized as an intangible asset, it must have the potential to be profitable.

2. Creation by a developer (natural or legal person) of an enterprise for the production of a new product and its sale on the market.

Due to the lack, as a rule, of the developer of experience and knowledge in the field of commercialization of innovations, finance, legal conditions, etc., an innovation manager may be involved in the process of creating an enterprise - a specialist who has experience in the commercialization of intellectual property by organizing a small innovative enterprise on the terms of subsequent participation in profits (under the contract).

In this case, the manager solves the problems of assessing the commercial potential of the development, conducting marketing research, interacting with funds to support innovative entrepreneurship, working with clients, organizing advertising, etc.

In any case, the owner of the innovation and the manager will need to carry out the following activities:

• o obtain a patent for an industrial property object;
• o determine the market value of the product with the help of a certified appraiser;
• o carry out marketing of a new product;
• o prepare a business plan for a new product;
• o find an investor;
• o complete all the necessary documents and register a new legal entity - a small innovative enterprise;
• o negotiate with investors and secure their results in the form of an agreement on the subsequent redemption of the investor's share in the authorized capital, an agreement on the division of rights to intellectual property created in the course of the enterprise's activities;
• o start the production and sales activities of the new enterprise, fixing in the contractual documents a guarantee that the investor will not be able to oust the developer from the business after testing the production cycle or reduce his share in profits.
• 3. Organization by the developer of industrial production on the basis of a prototype of a pilot plant.

If a potential investor is not ready for innovative investments because of their high risks, then the owner of the prototype can choose the following scheme for its commercialization:

• o search for a strategic partner - an enterprise, a firm already operating in the same industry market, but not competing in the production of new products being launched and ready to support a partner, including in an investment fund or a venture capital company;
• o submit an application to a program or project for financing the development of priority areas of engineering and technology;
• o organize a small innovative enterprise with a partner - a participant in the enterprise;
• o conclude a tripartite agreement - developer - enterprise - fund - on the terms of financing a small innovative enterprise.

As domestic and foreign practice shows, a small innovative enterprise, as a rule, is not self-sufficient in competitive markets and is not independently able to transform into medium and large enterprises. Launching a new product on the market requires a combination of various resources (material, financial, investment, personnel) of a new level of management, which is beyond the power of a developer1.

Therefore, the practice of cooperation with large corporations and companies is used already at the early stages of creating an innovative enterprise.

• 4. Creation in the system of scientific and scientific-auxiliary structures of the developer of a special unit that ensures the selection of projects and the search for orders for the development and implementation of innovations.
• 5. Subdivisions separated from the structure of a research organization - an innovative enterprise affiliated with it.

The scheme should provide for the control of the research organization over the activities of the affiliated enterprise through the representative of the institute on the board of directors of the enterprise.

6. Creation in conjunction with a large corporation, joint venture firm to expand the commercialization of the development. In this case, the corporation provides financing and management of the development, and a small one - the intellectual component of the development.

The procedures for the commercialization of intellectual property objects vary depending on the degree of readiness of the development for industrial production, the source of funding, the form of strategic partnership and other circumstances and the specific conditions for the activities of enterprises and the market for innovative products.

The model of the commercialization process differs significantly in different cases. It depends on the type of innovation process, which has a fundamental or market-oriented marketing nature. Hence the difference between the initial stages of the commercialization process. When an innovation is developed based on the needs of the market, then the manufacturer is already in advance, before investing the main costs, ready for a certain profit and is basically confident in commercial success.

Aggregated management of the process of commercialization of intellectual property objects can be divided into five main stages.

• 1. Accounting, identification, identification, inventory of innovations. It is necessary to find out what type of innovation the commercialized innovation belongs to, since innovations are subdivided into technological, production, educational, organizational, etc., and also to take into account the possibility of classifying it as an object of intellectual property.
• 2. Legal protection of intellectual property. It is necessary to patent or consider the possibility of using the innovation as know-how. Such a decision depends on the technical significance of the facility, the stage of its readiness for mass production, the presence of competitors, market research, the internal and external environment of the innovative enterprise, and even on the scale of the enterprise and the number of employees working at it.
• 3. Assessment of the market value of intellectual property, which is one of the most difficult stages due to the imperfection of methods for assessing and auditing intellectual property. In addition, it is desirable to conduct an assessment at all stages of the life cycle of objects. Recently, such continuous cost estimation has already been called dynamic.
• 4. Commercialization - management of the use of intellectual property, ie. the very stage of bringing a scientific and technical product to the market, the search for buyers (if the products were not carried out by a specific customer), the use of the most effective and profitable ways to enhance the benefits of the facility. At this stage, there is an increase in the importance of marketing research.
• 5. Marketing policy is essentially innovative marketing, which is dynamic in nature. This stage includes conducting marketing research, analyzing the external and internal environment, situational analysis, searching for suppliers and consumers of an intellectual product, monitoring competitors, suppressing unfair competition, researching the need to modify and modernize intellectual property.

It is important to note that this stage is not the last in the chain of the commercialization process, it should be carried out in parallel with the rest. The previous stages are presented in proper chronological order, as commercialization takes place. Commercialization means the successful implementation of the innovation process.

In fig. 9 shows a control scheme for the commercialization of intellectual property objects.