Investment instruments: debt, financial, shares. Where to invest money? Overview of investment instruments Investment instruments for individuals

As you know, investing is the investment of funds with the aim of increasing them in the future. There are many ways to invest in order to make a profit. I will try to consider them as objectively as possible in this review.

Actually, investment instruments are everything where we can invest money to achieve profit. Naturally, no one will invest money in something else, unless, of course, this is charity or patronage. But in order to deal with the latter, you still need to reach the level of well-being at which you can afford it, and for this you just need to be able to choose the right investment tool. So, investment instruments are any type of investment that provides an opportunity to increase the invested amount in the future, and preferably in the near future.

Based on this offhand definition, it becomes clear that there are a lot of investment instruments - from buying a centner of potatoes for its subsequent retail sale with a markup per kilogram or purchasing a starter package of some type of network marketing like Avon to financial participation in the construction of a new skyscraper in Dubai or the development of an oil field in Siberia, which implies dividends from the successful implementation of these projects. All these types of investments, one way or another, relate to some kind of financial investment instruments. Let's consider the main ones.

First of all, investment instruments are divided by investment types into:

Real - capital investment;
intellectual - investment in education, retraining, etc.;
financial - securities, deposits, etc.

Each of the types of investment listed above includes some of its specific tools.
In this regard, the following investment instruments are distinguished in the economic literature:

1) bank deposits (or deposits);
2) insurance and pension accumulation programs;
3) securities (shares and bonds);
4) structured products of banks;
5) mutual investment funds (UIF);
6) shares of exchange-traded funds or exchange traded funds (ETF);
7) hedge funds;
8) precious metals (gold, silver, platinum, etc.);
9) real estate;
10) alternative - precious stones, antiques, luxury and art items, collections of old coins, wines, etc.

Recently, the possibility of Internet investment has also appeared, which allows you to make transactions related to almost all of the listed investment instruments through Internet banking, whether it is currency exchange, the purchase of mutual fund units or simply profitable investments of money at interest. If you have enough start-up capital, you can also invest in the development of an Internet business or open your own project on the global network.

Whatever investment tool you choose for yourself, each of them is associated with certain risks, therefore According to the degree of risk, investment instruments are divided into:

low-risk;
medium-risk;
high-risk.

Unfortunately, there is a direct correlation between the profitability and the degree of risk of any investment instrument: the higher the expected profit from the investment and the sooner it is expected, the more risky it is, as a rule. And it is the riskiness of the chosen instrument that is the main criterion for the investor when evaluating it. For this reason, we will consider all three types in more detail.

To low-risk include instruments that provide conditionally guaranteed income. The percentage of profitability of this group is comparable with the profitability of deposits of the most reliable banks, and its value is on average from 5 to 7% per annum.

This group of tools includes:

- deposits in state-owned banks of the country;
- accumulative programs;
— government bonds;
— storage of savings in foreign currency;
— bills of Sberbank and VTB.

The profitability of the listed instruments is practically guaranteed, and the invested capital will be returned to the investor, at least in absolute terms. The only risk here may be the refusal of the state to fulfill its obligations, which we have repeatedly encountered in the recent history of Russia. However, if we talk about accumulative programs, then some insurance companies take on guarantees of payments even in this case, because they themselves reinsure themselves with the most reliable foreign insurers.

— deposits up to 700 thousand rubles in commercial banks;
— bills of commercial banks;
— bills of commercial companies;
— bonds of commercial companies;
— shares of real estate funds;
— shares of bond funds;
- leased real estate;
- purchase of a ready-made business.

It is clear that the instruments of this group have commercial risks of losing from 30% to 50%, and in some cases, the entire invested capital. We encountered similar examples during the crises of 1998 and 2008, when many firms and entrepreneurs simply went bankrupt, and assets partially lost their value.

And finally to the high-risk group, suggesting a yield of 30% or more, include:

- creating your own business;
- stock;
— shares of equity and index funds;
— trading in currencies, stocks, derivatives market instruments and exchange commodities.

Using these tools, they do not exclude the loss of investments from 70% to 100%, i.e. the indicated percentages here are an indicator of the probability of loss of initial capital. There are also many similar examples. These are lost investments in the Forex market, and the fall of Sberbank shares in 2008 by almost 90%, and the same percentage of the death of a newly created business in the country in the very first year of creation, and in the next 5 years - the same number of 10% of "survivors » in the first year.
As you can see, the above formula for the dependence of return on risk is confirmed by these indicators. So what should a private investor invest in if he wants to receive relatively high returns with minimal risk?

Consider several popular types of investment instruments, which were mentioned above.

Financial assets- this is perhaps one of the most affordable types of investment today.
Of the instruments of the group with the least risk, a bank deposit is an investment and savings activity. However, taking into account inflation, bank deposits rarely give more than 2% return. This means that a bank deposit does not belong to highly profitable instruments, and its essence is reduced to the accumulation and preservation of capital.
Other types of financial assets do not have any guarantees, therefore, investors proceed from credibility, terms of existence on the market and the dynamics of the company's development. Although it also happens that the company has been developing steadily so far, namely, after your investment in it, it suddenly becomes bankrupt. In general, other instruments of this group require the investor to be able to understand some subtleties, without which the risk of losing money is very high. But if you have the necessary knowledge, it is really possible to get a good income from investments in securities, shares of enterprises or equity participation in them.

Money- these include real investments, such as, for example, precious metals, which seem more attractive in comparison with bank deposits.
The fact is that gold has never fallen in price over the past few decades, but has only grown. True, not every year its growth was stable. For example, during the years of the crisis, it even fell in price, but unlike other types of assets, it recovered faster than anyone else, returning to growth again.
Investing in gold involves many ways: these are trading futures contracts through the exchange; and non-VAT metal accounts, which are considered the most accessible and least dangerous; and etc.
Investment savings also includes real estate. Here it must be borne in mind that this instrument can be both an active and a passive investment. For example, if you rent out a purchased apartment, you have income not only from the increase in its value, but also from receiving rent for it. And if you live in it yourself, then the investment will already be passive, since maintenance, utility and tax payments, repairs, etc. may well cover the annual increase in the cost of the apartment in total. At the same time, we must not forget that if you suddenly want to sell it and do it quickly, you will have to make a tangible discount to the buyer, so this type of investment is usually made for the long term and is considered a kind of investment conservation.
Thus, real estate, for all its attractiveness and a good percentage of annual income, has its drawbacks in terms of liquidity, i.e. the impossibility of promptly converting it into cash.

Business investment- this type refers to investments, both in your own business and someone else's.
By "alien" is meant not only equity participation in a company, but also work in it, i.e. investing your labor and time and being rewarded for it in the form of a salary. And if you work in a good position and make good money, you can create seed capital to invest in your own business.
As you know, the most reliable, efficient and profitable will be a fully controlled investment, and 100 percent control is real only with full ownership of the invested business. However, the disadvantage of owning a business is often that you have to invest in it not only money, but at first all your time and effort, and also have business qualities, otherwise there is a high risk of losing all these investments. Another thing is if you are only a shareholder in a business project without direct management of the company. Then you risk only invested money, and, of course, nerves.

Stock or foreign exchange market. Here we must immediately make a reservation that the first is to some extent less risky and more predictable than the second.
For example, the Forex market is not regulated in any way by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and Russian brokerage companies are registered outside the country. This serves as a fertile ground for fraudsters, which has led to the emergence of a strategy that reduces the possibility of fraud to a minimum due to transparency for the investor of all transactions with his account.
Usually, investments in the currency and stock markets are made through trust management of one's capital, i.e. you entrust your capital with the aim of increasing it to some management company, which, by investing in certain types of assets, increases the invested funds.
The main advantages of trust management are considered to be: the possibility of investing relatively small amounts, the yield far exceeding deposits with high liquidity, and the possibility of depositing and withdrawing funds at any time. The main disadvantage is the high risk of losing the invested funds, even if you manage them yourself.

Summing up all that has been said, it remains only to admit once again that today there are no 100% tools for successful investment. It remains to rely only on your own knowledge, experience and flair. The investment instruments available in our country are very diverse, but you need to be well informed about the opportunities that each of them provides. In any case, experts give very optimistic forecasts of the dynamics of the development of Russian financial markets. However, their recommendations for maintaining positions in the most reliable instruments remain the same.
According to experts, the possibility of losing money on the stock exchange is much higher than the possibility of earning it. Nevertheless, according to the statistics of recent years, it is clear that more and more citizens of the Russian Federation are attracted to investments in securities: the desire to make a profit with the least risk against the backdrop of modern economic realities makes them look for new investment instruments.
In recent years, the popularity of commodity funds has been growing, but investing in them is somewhat hampered by Russia's low access to world commodity exchanges. In the light of recent trends, so-called “hybrid instruments” combining financial instruments and banking products are being created, when the bank deposit rate is tied, for example, to a stock index or some other indicator.
Thus, the wide range of tools available to today's investors provides a variety of options for a successful investment strategy.

Investing today is an absolutely legal and, no doubt, profitable way to generate income. However, it will be so only if the investor knows the principles of functioning of the entire investment market, and also has basic knowledge about the narrow area in which he finances. If he does not know this, is not oriented in the subject and does not understand what investment tools he should use, then such deposits are doomed to failure.

Indeed, even in the manufacturing sector, the manufacture of different types of products has its own characteristics, which form certain advantages and risks. Without taking into account such factors, it is impossible to make a successful investment.

In order to benefit from the investment of funds, the competent use of investment instruments will be required. What are they and what is their function, and most importantly - what is it all about?

Investment instruments are absolutely everything in which you can invest money and get a certain income from it. Such instruments are absolutely everything that generates income from a previous investment.

For example, this can include not only securities or deposits in a bank that bring a percentage of their volume, but also vegetables bought at a wholesale price, which will be sold at retail, will bring a certain income. This example simply illustrates more clearly how absolutely everything that can improve the well-being of an investor belongs to this financial category.

What tools are

All investment instruments can be divided into types of deposits:

• Real - this is an investment of capital, for example, in the construction or reconstruction of production and non-production structures;
• Intellectual - the contribution of funds to intellectual development - education in one's own country or abroad, retraining of personnel, advanced training, etc.;
• Financial are the most commonly used instruments. These include deposits, securities, and the like.

Popular investment instruments

Here is a small list of investment tools that are most commonly used:

1. Financial investments in banks, this also includes depository deposits. Income is derived from the percentage specified in the contract;
2. Savings programs of insurance companies, as well as;
3. Securities such as bonds and shares of organizations;
4. mutual funds or mutual funds. This tool involves the creation of a common capital for all investors, from which, in fact, income is obtained. Further, the management company divides this income between all investors, depending on the initial amount of investments of each participant;
5. Shares of exchange-traded funds. This is a new tool that is more progressive and compares favorably with the previous one. These shares constantly rotate on the stock exchange, but at the same time, all operations on them can be performed throughout the day, and their price also changes depending on the activity of trading and traders;
6. Funds that are engaged in the purchase and subsequent more profitable sale of shares - hedge funds;
7. Precious metals. This type of deposits will not bring any special income, however, it will keep the capital safe and sound, regardless of the economic situation in the world - precious metals practically do not change their market value;
8. Real estate;
9. And the last option is an alternative. This category of instruments includes all types not previously described - gems and antiques, collectibles, cars, antiques, stamp collections,

Good afternoon, dear readers! The topic of the article today is investments and investment instruments.

The question of where to invest money is being asked today by more and more people. says money should work for you, not you for money.

And I can't help but agree with his words. And investments just allow us to make money work for us.

Investment instruments are ways to invest money. There are more than fifty investment tools in total, but I will only talk about the main ones.

Investment tools

• Bank deposit. Today it is the most popular and least risky way to invest money. But the profit here is minimal: 5% - 10% per annum. It is not even able to cover inflation, but it is still better than keeping money at home.

When choosing a deposit, you should pay attention to the following points:

1. the possibility of replenishing the deposit;
2. the ability to withdraw part of the money without losing interest;
3. monthly capitalization of interest, that is, the addition of interest to the amount of deposits.

• Cumulative life insurance. You receive the accumulated money and the accumulated interest. This tool is suitable for those who are the only breadwinner in the family. For example, if you have children and you bring most of the income to the family. Endowment insurance is a financial protection plan: it protects your future and the future of your loved ones.
• Investment funds. The fund is the funds of a large number of investors. The fund is managed by an investment company that invests investors' capital in various securities.
• Stock . These are securities issued by companies to raise additional funds for business development. Shares are ordinary and preferred. Owners of preferred shares do not have the right to vote at the shareholders' meeting, but they receive regular dividends, which are declared when buying a share.

By buying stocks, you can earn two types of income:

1. Profit from growth in value. It is better to buy stocks for the long term (for several years). During this time, their value may increase several times. For example, a Gazprom share in early 1999 cost 8.55 rubles. Today it costs 121.85 rubles.
2. Dividends. The decision to pay dividends is made by the company itself. She has no obligation to pay them.

• Bonds. Another type of securities. They are issued for the same purpose as shares.

Bond issuers are:

1. state;
2. corporations;
3. local authorities.

Bonds are coupon and discount.

A coupon bond is a bond with a fixed interest rate, the income on which is paid periodically (1-2 times a year) at a predetermined percentage.

Interest payment is called coupon. The market value of such a bond is always either more or less than the face value, as a result of which, in addition to the coupon income, you can also get a discount profit. The discount is the difference between the market and face value of a bond. face value - the amount that the owner will receive when the bond is redeemed.

A discount bond is a bond that pays its income at a discount. Its market value is below par.

• Futures. This is a contract that obliges the persons who entered into it to complete a purchase and sale transaction on a fixed date in the future at a predetermined price. Investors use futures to speculate for profit.
• Options. Options are similar to futures, but with the difference that they do not oblige to make a deal, but only give the right to make a deal.
• Currency . I think everything is clear here. You buy a currency at a certain rate and hope that in the future you will be able to sell it at a profit.
• Forex. This is international. You sell one currency and buy another. This is a highly profitable, but also the most risky investment tool. Some even consider him a scammer. Forex trading is not worth it without special knowledge and experience, otherwise you can lose all the money invested. It's my personal opinion. What do you think?
• HYIP. They can be divided into two groups: and pyramids.

In the first case, the organizers receive income from Forex trading and investments in a highly profitable business.

In the second case, these are mainly online projects that promise huge percentages of 5-50% per day.

They exist due to the influx of investors' money. As soon as the money is no longer enough to pay and maintain the project (and often earlier), the project is closed and the payments stop. As a rule, such projects exist for only a few days.

If you invest money at the very beginning of the project and withdraw it in 1-2 days, you can get a good profit. But the risk of losing everything is also very high.

• Trust management. If an investor does not have enough knowledge or time to manage his money, then he can entrust it to a professional manager. The purpose of trust management is to obtain maximum profit with moderate risk.
• Stock exchanges. They trade in securities. You buy, for example, shares, wait for the moment when they rise in price, sell and make a profit.
• The property . It takes a lot of money to buy it. You can invest in the following properties:

1. Land;
2. Residential Properties;
3. Commercial real estate.

Profit can be obtained through the sale of real estate, renting out, increased passive capital due to an increase in the market value of real estate.

• precious metals. These are gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals. Their reserves are small and they have unique properties: they are not subject to corrosion and oxidation.

You can invest in gold in the following ways:

1. buying bullion;
2. buying coins;
3. opening a "metal" bank account.

• Investments in precious stones: diamonds, diamonds, rubies, sapphires
• Antiques and Collectibles. In my opinion, this is primarily a hobby and only then an investment tool. The merit of a collectible is that it provides inflation protection. The older the item, the more expensive it is. But it is quite difficult to sell and does not bring periodic profit. You can also invest in art and wine collections.
• Education . Have you ever considered your education as an investment? You received an education that allowed you to get a job with a high salary or create your own business. In this case, your investment was successful and you made a profit. companies spend money on staff training, as this will allow them to make more profits in the future. Investing in knowledge is the best investment, read about it.
• Business. It is also an investment tool. You create a business that becomes a source of income (or vice versa). Or invest in another person's business.
• Web sites . They can also be an investment tool. For example, you want to create, you must first make investments: buy hosting, a domain, spend money on site promotion.

This is where I will end my list. Now you know a little more about investment tools and where you can invest money. About where I invest money, you will learn on this page.

What are you investing in? Do you know other instruments where you can invest money?

In economics, investment refers to the use of capital with the main goal of making a profit. There are various financial instruments and investment strategies that help you consciously achieve successful and concrete results. Let's look at what investment instruments are, their main types and profit opportunities.

What are investment instruments

Investment instruments mean all kinds of ways to increase your own capital. This is a fairly broad concept that includes all sorts of ways to generate income. This includes not only investments in their traditional sense (bank deposits, shares, promising business projects), but also investing in your own education, etc.

It is very important to properly manage the opportunity to invest. There are big risks when funds are invested thoughtlessly, spent irrationally. Therefore, a preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of individual financial investment instruments is important. This will help to predict, assess risks, understand what kind of profit you can count on. At the very beginning, you need to set a clear goal and move in a specific direction. There are many types of investments that are selected depending on the opportunities, capital and willingness to actively participate in the management of funds.

Types of investment instruments

Let's consider investment instruments according to the degree of risk:

• low: profit is guaranteed, the percentage is low - these are deposits in state banks, state. bonds, various savings programs, savings in a currency that is stable;
• medium: significant profit (10-20%) with high risk - deposits in commercial banks, bills of banking and other organizations, real estate for rent, mutual funds;
• high: income over 30% - investing in stocks, own business, currency, stocks, financial instruments, profitable projects.

Different financial investment instruments may have different degrees of risk. The concepts of conservative, moderate and aggressive investments are also often encountered. The main pattern is that the higher the profit, the higher the risk.

Tools can be divided according to their type:

• real: this is the use of existing funds for investing in specific items and objects (for example, buying real estate, land);
• intellectual: here we are talking about human capital - education, training, courses (both for yourself and for employees of the enterprise as part of advanced training);
• financial: instruments that are usually of interest to investors - deposits in banks, working with currencies, shares.

All investments can be divided into large groups:

• short-term: usually funds are invested up to 1 year;
• medium-term: up to 3 years;
• long-term 3-5 years or more.

Stock market

The market for financial investment instruments includes stocks and bonds. Securities are backed by assets or capital. Investors carry out operations with them - they sell and exchange, then profit is made. Typically, securities are bought low and sold high. Competent and experienced traders can earn up to 100% profit in 1 year.

Stock

Stocks as an investment tool are always popular. Their essence lies in the fact that you buy a certain share in the company, which means that you become its co-owner. Profit is received in the form of dividends, and shares can also be sold at a higher price when their value is higher.

Bonds

These are debt investment instruments, which by their principle resemble receipts. Organizations and banks issue bonds that have a certain value. They are purchased by individuals and legal entities. Papers are bought for a certain period, the percentage of profit is set individually. The organization that issued the bonds is obliged to return the funds with a certain percentage, which was set in advance.

Bank deposits

Keeping money in the bank is a passive investment method. You can count on low profits, but it is less risky than getting involved in financial adventures or keeping savings at home. The main thing is to choose the right banking organization.

Operations with currency

There are two main options:

1. you use a large amount at once in order to get your benefits as quickly as possible;
2. the choice of currency, which, according to forecasts, is waiting for a big increase.

The problems of investing in currency are largely related to foreign policy. The growth and fall of the exchange rate can rarely be predicted by 100%. It is necessary to think over models for estimating the value of financial investment instruments in advance, to act quickly and accurately.

Business investment

Often companies do not have enough funds to implement projects. Therefore, citizens can support a profitable business. Quite a lot of investors are ready to invest in someone else's startup. You can also create your own business, invest in equipment, repairs.

Other options

There are a number of other ways to invest. Thus, the art market as a tool for international investment can become very profitable. But this option is quite complicated (you need to understand art). If you know a good expert or are one yourself, this option is for you.

You always have a real opportunity to deal with real estate objects. This is a particularly relevant topic in large cities. Real estate investment instruments involve the following actions:

• purchase of real estate to be rented out;
• financing of objects under construction;
• resale of real estate.

There are a large number of instruments that provide high returns. Choose the right one for specific tasks and act!

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Investments allow you to receive passive income, but for the most part, Russians are still skeptical about this way of earning. In fact, a lot depends on the way you invest money: there are both extremely risky and absolutely safe options. It is rare for first-time investors to correctly identify investment vehicles that are suitable for their purposes and correlate with the available funds. For everyone who wants to increase their capital, we have collected the most proven and reliable investment options.

Investment instruments are ways of investing finances aimed at preserving and increasing the investor's capital.

Benjamin Franklin said during his lifetime that investments in knowledge will bring the greatest dividends: it is better to spend time and, possibly, a certain amount of money studying the investment market than to understand it by trial and error, losing your capital.

To determine for yourself the most suitable channel for investing, you should first understand their types.

It is safest to invest money in legal projects and organizations

First of all, investment instruments are considered from the point of view of the purpose of investing resources. Based on this, there are such types of them:

• real - investments in material objects or objects, which should not necessarily lead to profit in the future (purchase of real estate, art, precious metals, etc.);
• intellectual - imply investments in education, advanced training, innovations in any field; for example, an intellectual investment can be both the purchase of a training course and a contribution to the development of innovations;
• financial - aimed at increasing money and include the purchase of shares, shares, bank deposits, currency transactions, and so on.

Smart and real investment tools do not necessarily have to lead to further profits. For example, an investor who has bought a house can live in it himself, or he can earn on it by renting it out, or even sell it. The same situation is with investments in education: it is supposed that this will allow you to earn more in the future, but in practice the diploma or skills obtained may not be useful.

Financial instruments are considered the most profitable for those who want to receive passive income, so they are of the greatest interest. However, it should be borne in mind that investments are not only an opportunity to increase capital, but also the risk of losing money. Moreover, different instruments have different degrees of risk, there are three general groups:

• conservative (low degree) pose practically no threat to the investor's capital, however, they increase it with less intensity than investment instruments with a higher risk ratio;
• moderate (medium degree) - investment instruments that have 10-20% profitability from the investor's investments.
• aggressive (high degree) with a competent and prudent approach bring their investors from 30% profitability from investments or more; at the same time, they are the most dangerous and poorly predictable in terms of loss of capital investments.

Most investors prefer to combine their assets, spreading funds among instruments with different levels of risk.

Popular financial investment instruments

Some tools can be used with only 1000 rubles, while others will require large investments.

Bank deposits and deposits

Deposits and deposits are among the safest types of investments. They are quite common among investors who are not looking to make a fortune in the shortest possible time. The profitability and profitability of these investment instruments is directly related to the fact that banks need financial reserves for the full implementation of their activities, therefore they always offer favorable conditions for depositors.

A myth has taken root in society that a deposit and a bank deposit are one and the same. In practice, a deposit implies the ability to invest not only currency, but also precious metals or securities, in contrast to deposits, which limit the investor to investing exclusively monetary resources.

When opening an account, the conditions offered by the bank become the determining factor. The main indicators of the profitability of investing in a deposit or contribution are as follows:

• interest rate - a fixed amount of income;
• the possibility of replenishment, thanks to which the investor has the right to increase the amount of his deposit at his own request, while the bank must directly increase the accrued dividends on the deposit in direct proportion;
• the possibility of capitalization - the addition of accrued interest to the body of the deposit, due to which the amount of income will increase in the future;
• the ability to withdraw money ahead of schedule (some banks in this case recalculate income at the minimum rate).

As an example, on the “Replenish” deposit in Sberbank for an amount from 1,000 to 100,000 rubles, the yield is 4.75-5.21%. In case of early withdrawal, interest is charged at the "on demand" rate, which is 0.1%. Thus, an investor who has invested 10,000 rubles will receive, in case of early withdrawal, not 10,475-10,521 rubles, but only 10,010 rubles.

Opening deposits and deposits allows you to save your money. In particular, state guarantees contribute to this: according to the federal law “On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks of the Russian Federation” dated December 23, 2003 N 177-FZ, each bank depositor has the right to a full return of invested funds in the amount of up to 1.4 million rubles.

Due to compulsory deposit insurance, the risks of such an investment instrument are significantly reduced

The disadvantage of this type of investment is only a low yield compared to other financial instruments.

The property

Like deposits with deposits, investing in real estate has a low degree of risk. This is due to the constant growth of the real estate market, as well as the fact that the need for residential and commercial space is quite high.

Youtube channel speaker Kira Yukhtenko talks about real estate investment trends in 2019:

The obvious disadvantage of such investments will be the initial need for a large amount for investment. However, even here there are alternative purchase options that allow you to save money. To reduce costs, you can buy real estate:

• during construction;
• in installments;
• jointly by a group of investors (more relevant for commercial real estate than for residential);
• in the secondary market, in order to carry out high-quality repairs and further more profitable sales.

These options are suitable for those who cannot immediately invest the required amount in a finished apartment, but have some funds to buy square meters on more loyal terms.

When choosing such an investment, it is worth considering not only future profits, but also the costs incurred by the maintenance of the premises, including the payment of taxes on it.

This tool also has its risks. For example, the collapse of the real estate market, in which the object will lose its value. However, the risks can be circumvented by holding the property in the hands of the investor and temporarily renting it out to compensate for the drawdown and sell it in the event of a subsequent rise in prices.

mutual fund

Mutual investment funds offer potential investors to acquire shares of companies in the formed portfolios in the form of securities. This type of investment does not imply quick profit and is suitable for those who seek to gradually increase their capital. As a rule, investments in mutual funds bring income proportional to the size of the redeemed share (registered security issued by the fund).

According to paragraph 2 of Article No. 11 of Federal Law No. 156 “On Investment Funds”, the funds transferred to the mutual fund become his property, therefore they cannot be taken away. You can get money back only as part of the income from the financial operations of the fund.

The main advantage is that the investor does not burden himself with unnecessary activities, but simply invests money and receives passive income. The profitability and risk level of a mutual fund directly depends on the size of the portfolio and the shares contained in it, as well as on whether the securities in the mutual fund will rise or fall in price.

Mutual funds collect investors, through whose investments they form the capital of the fund

Investors' finances are managed by a broker who receives a percentage of the profits. Accordingly, it is beneficial for him to correctly predict the further growth or fall of shares and purchase those securities that will bring the greatest income.

Previously, a certain threshold was set for investors to join mutual funds, usually at least 50,000 rubles. But to date, such a restriction has almost outlived its usefulness, and now the threshold is calculated individually from the investor's portfolio.

hedge funds

A hedge fund is an association of investors created to increase their profits. Their main difference from mutual funds is the absence of state regulation, due to which they offer investors more opportunities for financial investments. For example, they are not limited in their work only to stocks and bonds and actively work with futures, options, currencies and other assets.

Banker and financier Edward Dubinsky talks about the difference between hedge funds and mutual funds:

The first hedge fund was founded by George Soros in 1949, and after about half a century it proved its effectiveness: on the fall of the British currency on the so-called "Black Wednesday" (1992), he earned about $ 1 billion. Since that time, this method of combining and investment management began to gain popularity.

In addition, the work of hedge funds is always based on a certain investment strategy, which allows you to make a profit not only during the growth of the market, but also during the fall.

This is where their significant advantages lie. Experts also note the low risk of such investment. However, the probability of losses still remains, which is usually associated either with an incorrectly chosen investment strategy or with an erroneous assessment of the market situation.

As in the case of mutual funds, investors' investments are managed by a broker and receive a percentage of the profits for this.

The policy of hedge funds is based on what stocks, currencies, bonds they operate and in what market conditions they are. So, on a downtrend, a hedge fund can sell $100,000 worth of debt shares in one package for $80,000, and on a difference of $20,000 and with a deduction of $1,000 for the services of a broker, the hedge fund will earn $19,000 profit.

precious metals

Investing in precious metals is considered one of the most reliable and profitable types of investments, since gold has consistently shown a high growth rate for several decades. Sometimes the cost falls, and therefore it is necessary to carefully monitor the course in order to competently make financial transactions.

Kira Yukhtenko predicts the development of the precious metals market:

In addition to gold, precious metals include:

• platinum;
• palladium;
• silver.

There are several ways to invest in metals:

• buy bullion at the bank;
• buy coins;
• open an unallocated metal account.

The first two options involve storing precious metals with subsequent profit from the sale (if desired).

An impersonal metal account (OMS) is a cross between an investment and a deposit. In this case, the account holder does not receive metals in hand, and income is accrued due to the growth in prices for gold (Au), silver (Ag), palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) - these are the accounts that can be opened in Russian banks. When opening an account, it is necessary to invest the value of the selected metal at the exchange rate in monetary terms.

From the video you can learn about the features, advantages and disadvantages of opening OMS:

The minimum amount of investment in CHI in most banks is 1 gram.

In the future, you can withdraw money to your card. The withdrawal amount will be equal to the weight of the metal in the account.

The main advantages of CHI are: no need to rent metal storage cells. However, there are some risks: these accounts are not covered by the state insurance program, so if the bank is liquidated, the investor may lose his money.

Securities

Securities are documents confirming property rights to material or other benefits. There are basic and derivative types. The first ones include:

• stock;
• bonds;
• depositary receipts;
• bills;
• bank certificates;
• government securities.

Derivative securities appear when the value of the underlying asset changes. These include:

• swaps;
• options;
• futures.

All securities have a nominal and market value. The first is indicated in the document initially, the second is formed on the basis of the influence of external economic factors.

The most popular securities among investors are stocks and bonds. Both of these assets are considered investment instruments of the stock market, but they also have their own differences:

• a share gives the right to own a certain share in the company, as well as to receive part of its profits;
• A bond is a debt security, upon purchase of which the investor becomes the de facto creditor of the project.

The growth and fall of shares depends on a number of external economic factors and the profit of the enterprise, so the purchase of a share of the company does not guarantee regular income

The issuer (the company that issued the bond) returns the investor the face value along with accrued interest. In general, this scheme resembles a deposit by the principle of operation.

There are two types of bonds:

• coupon, dividends from which are paid gradually, while the value of the asset itself does not decrease.
• a savings certificate confirms the amount of the deposit invested in the bank, as well as the right not to return funds with accrued interest.

The profitability and risks of such investments directly depend on the success of the issuing company that issues specific assets. In addition, the value of securities may change depending on market conditions.

You can learn more about securities from the video:

Government bonds give an average of 3-7% stable profit per year. At the same time, shares of various enterprises can bring up to 20-30% or more, but at the same time they have increased risks. That is, in some situations, such securities may not only not give a profit, but also bring losses.

Shares of exchange-traded funds

The essence of investing in shares of exchange-traded funds (EIF) is that they are bought up at a low price, and at the peak of growth they come true, and the investor earns on the difference in rates.

This type of investment is more suitable as an additional than as the main one, due to the high degree of risk. Its disadvantage is that financial “swings” are extremely difficult to predict, and this forms a high risk factor for such investments.

Risks can be reduced by buying shares of popular companies, but they require a large initial capital investment.

Less common tools

Usually people trust proven tools, so the options below are rarely considered, especially by novice investors. In any case, they all have a fairly high degree of risk, so the approach to them should be as careful as possible.

Life insurance

Life insurance often acts as a necessity when you need to fly to another country or simply ensure safety for yourself and your health. However, you can earn money from it.

There are two types of life insurance:

• accumulative (NSZh), within the framework of which the investor purchases insurance for himself for a certain amount, further making deposits before the deadline;
• investment (ILI) - implies a one-time large investment contribution.

Unlike conventional insurance, ILI and UI provide a refund at the end of the contract.

Rami Zaitsman, speaker of the Economist for an Hour project, talks about investment life insurance:

However, both types work according to the same principle: the possible income of the investor is formed on the basis of the invested amount and the rate offered by the life insurance agency.

First of all, the HOA is considered as a variant of the savings account. In addition, banks invest money received from clients who have issued investment or endowment life insurance in large projects. In this case, you can claim to receive income within the framework of the "participation coefficient", the indicators of which are prescribed in the contract.

Most often, the "participation rate" is 50-80% of the total income: this is the percentage of the profit that the client can receive.

Financial experts note that Russia and its people have only recently begun to actively develop this type of investment after lowering interest rates on deposits. But in Western countries, it spread much earlier due to competent conditions and higher awareness of the population.

Trust management

This method involves the transfer of financial management authority for investment to another person - as a rule, a specialist providing this kind of service.

The manager plays a key role, since the profitability of such investments depends on his professionalism.

This option is similar to buying a mutual fund portfolio or investing in a hedge fund, but in this case it is not necessary to gather a group of other investors or enter it yourself.

Methods of communication with the manager depend on which group of assets it is supposed to work with. You can find a good specialist through:

• stock markets;
• exchanges;
• brokers.

As a manager, there can be a legal entity engaged in financial management, or a private person, whose qualifications the investor trusts. These professionals or companies charge 10 to 20% of the profits for their services.

MFI

Microfinance organizations (MFIs) specialize in issuing loans for small amounts and, as a rule, at high interest rates compared to banks.

Investor Andrey Knyazev talks about making money on partnership with MFIs:

Like banks, they need financial reserves to provide services, so many of them offer partners favorable conditions for high-yield investments. You can invest in MFIs in order to make a profit. The minimum investment amount is 1.5 million rubles, and the interest rate is 21-23%, provided that the investment is irrevocable for a year. But there is also an opportunity to make investments with the possibility of early withdrawal of money, their rate in this case is 16% -18%.

The risk of such investments lies in the fact that, unlike bank investments, they are not insured by the state. In addition, the MFI will withhold 13% of the investor's total income for taxes.

It is important to correctly approach the choice of a microfinance organization, otherwise there is a risk of falling for scammers.

Of all the listed financial investment instruments, the lowest in terms of riskiness are deposits, investing in real estate and government securities. And the most risky are trust management, MFIs, as well as shares of some exchange-traded funds. At the same time, it is the instruments with the highest degree of risk that are considered the most profitable.